| 释义 |
▪ I. hawk, n.1|hɔːk|
Forms: 1 hafoc, heafoc, -uc, (haefuc, habuc, hæbuc), 2 hauek, heauek, 2–4 havek, 3 havec, 3–4 hauck, 3–7 hauk(e, 5–6 halk, 5–7 hawke, 7 haulk, 7– hawk.
[Com. Teut.: OE. haƀuc, heafoc = OS. haƀoc- (in proper names) (MDu. havic, havec, hawic, Du. havik, EFris. hâfke, WFris. hauck), OHG. habuh, hapuh, MHG. habech, -ich, G. habicht, ON. hauk-r, from *hafukr (Sw. hök, Da. hög):—OTeut. *haƀuko-z; generally referred to root haƀ-, haf- to seize, as L. accipiter to capere.]
1. a. Any diurnal bird of prey used in falconry; any bird of the family Falconidæ. In Nat. Hist., restricted to a bird of the subfamily Accipitrinæ, with rounded and comparatively short wings, which chases its prey near the ground; distinguished from a falcon or bird of the subfamily Falconinæ, which has long pointed wings and lofty flight.
hawk of the fist, the lure, the soar: see quots. 1841, 1879.
a700Epinal Gl. 1023 Horodius, uualh[h]ebuc [Erfurt uualhhæbuc]. c725Corpus Gl. 1890 Soricarius, mushabuc. a800Leiden Gloss. 51 in O.E. Texts 112 Accipitres [-iter], haefuc. a1000Wyrde 86 in Exeter Bk. lf. 88 b (Bosw.) Sum sceal wildne fuᵹol atemian heafoc. c1175Lamb. Hom. 49 Þe habbeð feire huses..heauekes and hundes. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 179 Hundes and hauekes and hors and wepnes. a1250Owl & Night. 307 Þe havec folȝeþ gode rede He fliht his wei. c1325Rel. Ant. I. 125 Y gladie for no song, Of haveke ne of hounde. c1440Promp. Parv. 230/2 Hawke, falco. 1538Starkey England ii. ii. 189 Theyr haukys and theyr houndys. 1550J. Coke Eng. & Fr. Heralds §8 (1877) 60 We have hawkes of the towre, as leonardes, leonerettes, fawcons, jeafawcons, hobbes, & merlyons. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. iii. 42 His deepe mouth'd Hound to hunt, his long-wing'd Haulk to flie. 1614Bp. Hall Recoll. Treat. 161 The Soule, like unto some noble Hauke, lets passe the crowes. 1674N. Cox Gentl. Recreat. (1677) 162 The Age of a Hawk; The first year, a Soarage. The second year, an Interview. The third year, a White Hawk. The fourth year, a Hawk of the first Coat. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., When..carefully looked after, she [the merlin] proves an excellent hawk. 1801Strutt Sports & Past. i. ii. 33 The books of hawking assign to the different ranks of persons the sort of hawks proper to be used by them..The eagle, the vulture, and the merloun, for an emperor..The gos-hawk, for a yeoman..The sparrow-hawk for a priest. 1841Belany Falconry 6, Hawk of the Fist. One that flies direct off the fist without mounting or waiting-on. Ibid., Hawk of the Soar. One that mounts in the air, and waits-on until the game be put up. 1879E. D. Radcliffe in Encycl. Brit. IX. 6 The first class comprises ‘falcons’, ‘long-winged hawks’, or ‘hawks of the lure’;..The second class is that of ‘hawks’, ‘short-winged hawks’, or ‘hawks of the fist’. 1893Newton Dict. Birds, Hawk, a word of indefinite meaning, being often used to signify all diurnal Birds-of-Prey which are neither Vultures nor Eagles, and again more exclusively for those of the remainder which are not Buzzards, Falcons, Harriers or Kites.
b. With prefixed word indicating species, varieties, sorts used in hawking, etc.: as brush-, field-, fishing-, game-, long- or short-winged, etc. Also black hawk, the American rough-legged buzzard; jack-hawk, a male hawk; kitchen hawk (see quot. 1686); musket-, small-bird-, or spar-hawk, the Sparrow-hawk; ringtail hawk (Falco Hudsonius); sharp-shinned hawk (U.S.), a small species (Accipiter fuscus) with extremely slender shanks, also called pigeon hawk. (See under their first element duck-, fish-, lark-, mouse-, partridge-, quail-hawk; also goshawk, hobby-, pigeon-, sparrow-hawk. etc.).
1486Bk. St. Albans D iv, Ther is a Spare hawke, and he is an hawke for a prest. 1615W. Lawson Orch. & Gard. (1626) 45 If you have a..Spar-hawke in Winter to make the Black-bird stoop into a bush or hedge. 1674N. Cox Gentl. Recreat. (1677) 172 This is a great fault, and more incident to and worse in Field-Hawks than such as are fitted for the River. 1686R. Blome Gentl. Recreat. ii. 29 The Lanner..is a Hawk well known..being called a Kitchin Hawk. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Jack-hawk, the Male. 1772Forster in Phil. Trans. LXII. 382 This species [Pigeon Hawk] is called a small-bird hawk at Hudson's Bay. 1872Coues Key N. Amer. Birds (1884) 528 Accipiter fuscus, sharp⁓shinned Hawk, ‘Pigeon’ Hawk, so-called, but not to be confounded with Falco columbarius. Ibid. 549 American ‘Rough-legged Buzzard’ ‘Black Hawk’. 1873W. L. Buller Birds N. Zealand I. 222 The continuous screaming of the Bush-Hawk is understood by the natives to be a sure indication of change.
c. Proverbs and phrases. (See also buzzard n.1 1 b, handsaw b, heronsew.)
c1386Chaucer Reeve's T. 214 With empty hand, men may none haukes tulle [allure]. c1530H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture 740 in Babees Bk. 102 For empty fystes, men vse to say, cannot the Hawke retayne. 1832J. P. Kennedy Swallow B. (1860) 17, I entered Richmond between hawk and buzzard [= at twilight]. 1846G. S. Faber Lett. on Tractarian Secess. 171 As different from..modern Popery, as a hawk from a handspike.
2. With qualifying word as night-hawk, dor-hawk, gnat-hawk, moth-hawk, screech-hawk, applied to the goatsucker. (See these words.)
3. fig. Applied to a person, in various senses derived from the nature of the bird of prey: e.g. one who preys on others, a rapacious person, a sharper or cheat; one who is keen and grasping; an officer of the law who pounces on criminals (as in vagabonds' phrase, ware the hawk: see ware). Also in Politics, a person who advocates a hard-line or warlike policy, opp. to a dove (cf. dove n. 2 f). Also attrib. or as quasi-adj.
1548Hall Chron., Edw. IV, 199 b, If he might..allure the duke to his partie, that king Edward should be destitute of one of his best Hawkes. a1553Udall Royster D. iii. iii. (Arb.) 48 Ye were take vp for haukes. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Hawk, a Sharper. 1824Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) III. 328 Men are hawks when they view their interests singly, and beetles when they are to lose in crowds. 1834H. Ainsworth Rookwood i. iii. (Farmer), The game's spoiled this time..the hawks are upon us. 1843Lever J. Hinton ix. (1878) 56 He..ended by becoming a hawk, where he had begun as a pigeon. 1962,1964[see dove n. 2 f]. 1965Economist 25 Sept. 1189/2 President Ayub's difficulties in curbing the ‘hawks’ in his country. 1966,1967[see dove n. 2 f]. 1967D. Boulton Objection Overruled iii. 85 The committee seems to have become immersed immediately in a struggle between doves and hawks. 1969Guardian 21 Feb. 10/2 The hawks at the Treasury..want to have one more hack at consumption.
4. attrib. and Comb.
a. obvious combs., as hawk-cage, hawk-hood, hawk-perch; hawk-faced, hawk-headed adjs.
1483Cath. Angl. 179/1 An Hawke bage, cassidile. 1743–51G. Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds 165 The Hawk-Headed Parrot. 1812Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 27 The hawk-cage. 1832G. Long Egypt. Antiq. I. x. 222 The hawk-headed sphinx. 1859Tennyson Enid 280 O wretched set of sparrows..Who pipe of nothing but of sparrow-hawks! Speak, if you be not like the rest, hawk-mad. 1889O. Wilde in 19th Cent. Jan. 47 She has hawk-faced gods that worship her. 1891Kipling Man & Beast in India 55 The hawk-hood of soft deerskin..jesses, lures, and hawk-bells, are still regularly made in the Punjab. 1932Wodehouse Louder & Funnier 68 Just one more of those curt, hawk-faced amateur investigators. 1936Discovery Dec. 380/2 A hawk-faced negro of Benin type. 1954‘R. Crompton’ William & Moon Rocket iv. 101 Trying to look keen-eyed and hawk-faced, the two made their way round the cottage to the little back garden.
b. Special combs. hawk-cuckoo, an Indian cuckoo, Cuculus (Hierococcyx) varius, resembling a hawk in appearance; hawk eagle, an eagle of the genus Nisaetus; hawk-eye, (a) U.S., colloq. appellation of a native or inhabitant of Iowa, popularly called the ‘Hawk-eye State’; (b) (a person with) a keen eye like that of a hawk; cf. hawk's eye 1; also transf.; hawk-eyed a., having eyes like a hawk's; very keen-sighted; hawk-fly, a fly of the family Asilidæ, also called hornet-flies, which prey on other insects; † hawk's-foot, -feet, an old name for the columbine; hawk-kite, a kite made of silk or cotton in form of a hawk, used in shooting to make the birds lie; hawk's meat, food for a hawk; also fig. (cf. 3); hawk-nut, a name for the earth-nut or pig-nut; hawk-parrot, a parrot of the genus Deroptyus; hawk-swallow, a local name for the swift; hawkwise adv., in the manner of a hawk.
1862T. C. Jerdon Birds of India I. 329 The Common *Hawk-Cuckoo..is the common Cuckoo of the plains of India. 1901Westm. Gaz. 8 Aug. 8/2 The Zoological Society have lately received..a specimen of the hawk-cuckoo. 1960M. MacDonald Birds in my Indian Garden 41 It was the Common Hawk-cuckoo, whose monotonously, maddeningly reiterated phrase..gives it the nickname of Brainfever Bird.
1883Cassell's Nat. Hist. III. 284 *Hawk Eagles (Nisaëtus), remarkable for their long legs.
1823J. F. Cooper Pioneers II. 44 *Hawk-eye. 1826― Last of Mohicans III. vii. 160, I am the man..that got..the compliment of Hawk-eye from the Delawares. 1833[see hawk's eye 1]. 1839(title) Hawk-eye and Iowa Patriot. 1845[see corn-cracker 1]. 186.in F. Moore Songs of Soldiers (1864) 114 We have come from the prairies Of the young Hawkeye State. 1901Lady's Realm X. 552/2 The most contemptuous glances of her hawk-eyes. 1911C. Harris Eve's Second Husband 244 When he ran for Congress the hawkeye of more than one newspaper in the state was turned..upon him. 1913D. H. Lawrence Love Poems 45 'Er black hawk-eyes as I've Mistrusted all along! 1960Ottawa Citizen 18 Nov. 5/4 Across..Canada,..74 federal hawkeyes keep a watch on hundreds of millions of dollars being paid out to unemployed persons. 1966Listener 2 June 796/2 The head's wife was known behind her back as Hawk-eye from her habit of seeing everything.
1818Todd, *Hawk-eyed. 1849Robertson Serm. Ser. i. xiii. (1866) 227 The hawk-eyed deities of Egypt..implied omniscience. 1890Boldrewood Col. Reformer (1891) 335 The hawk-eyed Piambook had descried the stranded coach..about a mile off.
1747Gould Eng. Ants 6 The Dragon, or more properly, large *Hawk-fly. 1883Cassell's Nat. Hist. VI. 86 These insects (the Asilidæ)..from their habits, might very well be called ‘Hawk Flies’.
a1500Sloane MS. 5, lf. 6/1 Columbina, pes aucipitis, idem G[allice] columbine, A[nglice] *hauekesfet. Ibid. 10/2 Pes aucipitis, A[nglice] hauekesfot.
1888Ll. Pryce Pheasant Rearing 161 Who can make a really satisfactory *hawk kite?
1577Harrison England ii. i. (1877) i. 34 A minister taking a benefice..was inforced to paie to his patrone twentie quarters of otes, ten quarters of wheate, and sixteene yeerelie of barleie, which he called *hawkes meat. 1684R. H. School Recreat. 82 Wash your Hawks-meat with the Juice thereof when you feed him.
1724Ray's Synops. Stirp. 209 Earth-nut, or Kipper-nut.. by the Vulgar Pignuts..in some Places *Hawknut.
1885Swainson Prov. Names Birds 96 Swift..*Hawk swallow. From its habit of hawking for flies.
1818Keats Endym. iv. 514 Her steed a little higher soar'd, and then Dropt *hawkwise to the Earth.
▪ II. † hawk, n.2 Obs.
[Cf. heck n.1 2.]
A kind of fish-trap: see quots.
1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 252 There is a sort of Engine, by some termed a Hawk, made almost like unto a Fish-pot, being a square frame of Timber fitted to the place..and wrought with Wire to a point almost, so that what Fish soever go through the same, cannot go back again. 1705Act 4 & 5 Anne c. 8 §5 Nets, Pots, Racks, Hawks, Gins or other Devices to kill Salmon.
▪ III. hawk, n.3|hɔːk|
[Origin uncertain.]
A plasterer's tool: see quots. Hence hawk-boy.
1700Moxon Mech. Exerc. 12 Tools relating to Plastering..3. A Hawke, made of Wood about the bigness of a square Trencher, with a handle..whereon the Lime and Hair being put, they take from it more or less as they please. 1823Builder's Perp. Price-Bk. (Kelly) 142 Hawk-boy, per day 1s. 9d. 1842–76Gwilt Archit. Gloss., Hawk, a small quadrangular tool with a handle, used by a plasterer, on which the stuff required by him is served..He has always a boy attending on him, by whom he is supplied with the material. The boy in question is called a Hawk boy. 1892Sir G. Duffy in Contemp. Rev. Jan. 152 A plasterer called to the boy to bring him his hawk.
▪ IV. hawk, n.4
[f. hawk v.3]
An effort made to clear the throat; the noise made in such an effort.
1604T. M. Black Bk. in Middleton's Wks. (Bullen) VIII. 18 After a rotten hawk and a hem, he began to spit. 1755Johnson, Hawk..an effort to force phlegm up the throat.
▪ V. hawk
dial. form of hack n.1 1 b.
1808–18Jamieson, Hawk, a dung fork. 1893Northumbld. Gloss., Hawk, an implement or hand-tool for filling manure.
▪ VI. hawk, v.1|hɔːk|
[f. hawk n.1]
1. intr. To chase or hunt game with a trained hawk; to engage in or practise falconry.
1340–70Alex. & Dind. 299 For to hauke ne hunte haue we no leue. c1345Orpheo 294 Every on an hauke on honed bere, And went haukyng by the rivere. 1548Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 25 Thei hauke, thei hunt, thei card, thei dyce. 1697R. Pierce Bath Mem. i. iv. 81 [He] went hence, to his own House, to Hawk (after the Harvest was in) for a Month. 1884Tennyson Becket 45 Where is the King?..Gone hawking on the Nene.
b. trans. Cf. to hunt a cover.
1783Ainsworth Lat. Dict. (Morell) i. s.v., Let us first hawk this ersh, for here lieth a covey.
2. intr. Of birds or insects: To hunt on the wing.
1399Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 389 Thus hawkyd this egle, and hoved above. 1697Dryden Virg. æneid xii. 693 As the black swallow..Now hawks above, now skims along the flood To furnish her loquacious nest with Food. 1768G. White Selborne xxi. (1853) 89 The bird [a martin] was hawking briskly after the flies. 1852Thomas in Zoologist 3650 As daybreak advanced, I could see the fern-owls..hawking for moths. 1879Jefferies Wild Life in S. Co. 318 A dragon fly, hawking to and fro on the sunny side of the hedge.
b. trans. To pursue or attack on the wing, as a hawk does; to prey upon while flying.
1825R. P. Ward Tremaine III. xvii. 316 The lark sings to the moment when she is hawked. 1868Kingsley Christmas Day 15 Flitting bats Hawk the pale moths of winter.
3. to hawk at: to fly at or attack on the wing, as a hawk does. Of a person: To fly a hawk at.
1605Shakes. Macb. ii. iv. 13 A Faulcon towring in her pride of place, Was by a Mowsing Owle hawkt at, and kill'd. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Sacrifice xxiii, Who does hawk at eagles with a dove? 1690Locke Hum. Und. Ep. to Rdr. 7 He that hawks at Larks and Sparrows has no less Sport..than he that flies at nobler Game. 1872Ruskin Eagle's Nest §36 Will you hawk at game or carrion?
fig.1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. lvii. (1739) 106 He hawked at all manner of game, France, Scotland, England, Laity, Clergy. 1820Scott Abbot xx, To hawk at one brother with another, is less than fair play. 1886H. Smart Outsider I. ii. 28 Accustomed to be welcomed with smiles, and even hawked at by young ladies on promotion.
b. trans. To let fly.
1709Strype Ann. Ref. I. lii. 563 They straightway hawked at their adversaries the terrible name of the high commission.
†4. to hawk after (for): to hunt after, to endeavour to catch or gain. Obs.
c1510More Picus Wks. 15/1 All the aduauntage that ye hawke after, and all the fauour of the court. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xxiii. 107 To hawke for a vayne opinion of holines. 1581Marbeck Bk. of Notes 1076 When we do any good deed..we should not hunt and hauke after the praise of men. 1700J. A. Astry tr. Saavedra-Faxardo II. 98 It hawks after his Favour, with the Nets of Flattery. 1720Lett. fr. Lond. Jrnl. (1721) 9 A Bookseller..hawked at the Inn for Oxford Scholars.
▪ VII. hawk, v.2|hɔːk|
Also 6 hauk(e.
[app. a back formation from hawker n.2]
1. intr. To practise the trade of a hawker.
1542–3Act 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, c. 10 §2 Euill disposed persons..vse daily the craft and subtilty of hauking abroad in the Country, to Villages and to mens houses, putting the same naughty ware to sale secretly. 1676Marvell Mr. Smirke 33 The little Emissaryes..hawke about from London to Westminster with their Britches stiffe with the Copyes, and will sell them to any one. 1712Arbuthnot John Bull iii. iv, To go hawking and peddling about the streets, selling knives, scissors, and shoe-buckles.
2. trans. To carry about from place to place and offer for sale; to cry in the street.
1713Swift Imit. Hor. i. vii. 41 His works were hawk'd in ev'ry street, But seldom rose above a sheet. 1759Compl. Let.-writer (ed. 6) 215 They immediately hawked it about to every surgeon. 1833Alison Hist. Europe (1849–50) I. vi. §56. 51 Inflammatory addresses were hawked in every street. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xix. 457 Salt was hawked about by retail dealers.
b. transf. and fig.
a1745Swift Friendly Apol. (R.), All this with design..To hear his praises hawk'd about. 1801M. Edgeworth Belinda (1832) I. ii. 28 Last winter, when I was at Bath..this Belinda Portman was hawked about everywhere. 1847L. Hunt Men, Women, & B. II. x. 237 She consented to be hawked about as a sort of nurse and overseer. 1869Lowell Winter-Even. Hymn ix, I come not of the race, That hawk their sorrows in the market-place.
3. trans. To traverse as a hawker with something to dispose of; to canvass.
1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xiii. i. V. 3 That is all her Hungarian Majesty has yet got by hawking the world, Pragmatic Sanction in hand.
4. intr. slang. (See quot.)
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 328 They have a man..sometimes at a fair, to hawk, or act as a button (a decoy) to purchase the first lot of goods put up.
Hence hawked ppl. a., ˈhawking vbl. n.2 and ppl. a.2
1542–3Act 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, c. 10 §3 No..couerlet-makers..shall..vse the said craft of haukynge, or go as haukers. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Hawking, going about Town and Country, with Scotch-Cloth, &c. or Newspapers. 1708S. Centlivre Busie Body v. i, Those little Hawking Females that traverse the Park, and the Play-House, to put off their damag'd Ware. 1715M. Davies Athen. Brit. I. 346 Hawk'd-about Tryal-Pamphlets. 1862Trollope Orley F. vi, I call it hawking and peddling, that going round the country with your goods on your back. It ain't trade.
▪ VIII. hawk, v.3|hɔːk|
Also 6–7 hauk(e, 7 haulk.
[Of uncertain origin; probably echoic.]
1. intr. To make an effort to clear the throat of phlegm; to clear the throat noisily.
1583[see hawking below]. 1602Rowlands Greenes Ghost 9 Then they will hamme and hauke, and saie they are not euery bodie, and so take their mony. 1638Mede Rever. God's House Wks. (1672) ii. 349 Nor is it lawful for us..to hauk or hem in the Church. 1797Sporting Mag. X. 272 A man..began to hawk and spit. 1816Scott Antiq. xxx, ‘I shall prove a wretched interpreter’, said M'Intyre..coughing and hawking as if the translation stuck in his throat. 1877Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 299 There is a frequent tendency to cough and hawk.
2. trans. To bring up with a strong effort of clearing the throat.
1581Mulcaster Positions xx. (1887) 84 For hauking vp of blood. 1676Wiseman (J.), A stinking tough phlegm which she hawked up in the mornings. 1751Smollett Per. Pic. xiv, He hawked up, with incredible straining, the interjection ah! 1843Sir T. Watson Princ. & Pract. Phys. xxviii. (1871) 593 He hawked up in the course of the day a considerable quantity of ropy mucus.
Hence hawking vbl. n.3 and ppl. a.3
1583Stanyhurst æneis Ded. (Arb.) 7 In such hauking wise, as if he were throtled with the chincoughe. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. v. iii. 12 Shal we clap into 't roundly, without hauking, or spitting, or saying we are hoarse? 1831E. J. Trelawny Adv. Younger Son II. 149 A gawky..bilious, hawking Frenchman. 1892W. H. Hudson La Plata xx. 307 The violent hawking of a man clearing his throat. |