| 释义 |
helotism|ˈhɛlətɪz(ə)m, ˈhiː-|
[f. as helotage + -ism.]
1. The condition of a Helot or helot; the system of serfage which prevailed in Sparta; a system under which a class of the community are treated as a permanently inferior order.
1823Blackw. Mag. XIV. 533 Lamenting over the Helotism of Ireland. 1845McCulloch Taxation i. iii. (1852) 105 Providing..for the exaltation of a few individuals by the irremediable helotism of the great majority. 1846Grote Greece ii. vii. (1849) II. 591 The subsequent state of Helotism into which they were reduced.
2. Biol. [ad. Sw. helotisme (E. Warming Plantesamfund (1895) ii. iv. 85), prob. after G. helotenthum (S. Schwendener Die Algentypen der Flechtengonidien (1869) 4).] A form of symbiosis in which one organism makes use of another as if it were a slave, by causing it to function to its own advantage; used esp. of the relationship of the fungus and alga in a lichen by those who regard it as neither mutualism nor parasitism.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 119/2 Helotism, Warming's term for the relation of the symbionts in the Lichen thallus. 1909Groom & Balfour tr. Warming's Oecology of Plants 85 The symbiosis between lichen-fungi and algae is obviously most correctly interpreted as helotism. 1932Fuller & Conard tr. Braun-Blanquet's Plant Sociol. i. 6 The original individualities of fungus and alga are lost and merged in a new and more aggressive organism, so that the term helotism does not seem any more fortunate than the term mutual parasitism. 1962C. J. Alexopoulos Introd. Mycology (ed. 2) xxii. 539 Botanists of a middle-of-the-road group..state that the fungus holds the alga imprisoned in a state of slavery, helotism being the word used, thus granting that the fungus has the upper hand. |