| 释义 |
hemi-, prefix|ˈhɛmɪ-, ˈhiːmɪ-|
[a. Gr. ἡµι-, combining element, from earlier *σᾱµι- = L. sēmi-, Skr. sāmi-, OTeut. *sâmi-, OE. sam-, all meaning ‘half-’. Several Gr. words containing this element were in use as technical terms in later L., e.g. hēmicyclium, hēmīna, hēmisphærium, hēmistichium. In the modern langs. they are very numerous, not only in terms adopted or adapted from Gr. (directly or through L.), but in new formations, scientific or technical, from Greek, or on Greek analogies. Words formed from Latin have the corresponding prefix semi-; but there are instances of hybridism in the use of both prefixes.]
a. Half-; one half, the half, pertaining to or affecting one half; esp. in Anat., Biol., and Path. Pertaining to one of the two halves (right and left) of the body, or of any of its symmetrical organs.
b. In Crystallography, denoting that a crystal has only half the number of faces which belong to the corresponding holohedral or perfect form; hemisymmetrical; as hemi forms, hemi-icositetrahedron, hemi-octahedron (hence hemi-octahedral adj.), hemi-scalenohedron, hemi-trisoctahedron, hemihedron, etc. (See also hemidome, -prism, -pyramid.)
c. In Chemistry, formerly applied to binary compounds in which the combining proportion of the electro-negative or chlorous radical, was supposed to be one half that of the electro-positive or basylous radical, as in ‘hemichloride of copper’, Cu2Cl (now Cu{pp}Cl or Cu2Cl2, cuprous chloride), ‘hemioxide of copper’, Cu4O (now Cu2O, cuprous oxide). These were called hemi-compounds. So hemi-hydrate, a compound of one molecule of hydroxyl (HO) with two molecules of an element or radical. Now frequently used to form the name of a derivative body, in which some constituent is present in half the proportion, or in a smaller proportion, than in other members of the group, as in hemibromhydrin, 2C3H8O3+HBr-4H2O (compared with monobromhydrin, C3H8O3 + HBr-H2O), or which forms one of the two substances into which a body may be split up, as in hemialbumin, hemicollin.
The following are compounds of hemi- in less general use; words of greater importance follow in their alphabetic places.
‖ hemiaˈblepsia Path. [see ablepsy] = hemianopsia. hemi-ˈacetal Chem., any of a class of compounds having the general formula R·CH(OH)(OR′), differing from an acetal in having an -OH group in place of one of the -OR groups. hemialˈbumin Chem., a substance thought to be one of the two original constituents of ordinary albumin; it is converted on digestion into hemiˈalbumose, which is probably an antecedent of hemipeptone. ‖ hemiˈalgia Path., unilateral pain. hemiˈamb, -iambus Pros., an iambic dimeter catalectic. ˌhemiamblyˈopia Ophthalm., amblyopia of half of the field of vision; hence ˌhemiamblyˈopic, one suffering from hemiamblyopia. ‖ hemianæsˈthesia Path. [anæsthesia], loss of sensation in one side of the body; hence hemianæsˈthesic a. ‖ hemianalˈgesia Path. [analgesia], insensibility to pain on one side of the body (Quain's Dict. Med., 1883). hemiaˈnatropous a. Bot. [anatropous], half-anatropous; = hemitropous. ˌhemiangioˈcarpic, -ˈcarpous adjs., designating a fungus in which the hymenium is enclosed during the early part of its development; characteristic of such a fungus. hemiaˈtaxy Path. [ataxy 2], ataxy of a limb on one side of the body. hemiˈatrophy Path. [atrophy], atrophy of one side of the body or an organ. hemiˈcatalepsy Path., catalepsy affecting one side of the body. hemiˈcentral a. Anat., of or pertaining to the hemicentrum, one of the pair of lateral elements which compose the centrum of a vertebra. hemiceˈphalic a. Anat., of or pertaining to the hemicephalum or sinciput (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1854). hemiˈcerebral a. Anat., of or pertaining to a hemicerebrum, i.e. either of the two cerebral hemispheres. hemiˈchordate a. Biol., partly or imperfectly chordate, as the anomalous genus Balanoglossus; n., a hemichordate animal. ‖ hemichoˈrea Path., chorea affecting one side of the body. ˌhemicoˈlectomy Surg., excision of part of the colon, esp. of the right or left half. hemiˈcollin Chem. [collin], a peptone-like body formed along with semiglutin, when a solution of gelatin is boiled for a long time. hemiˈcrystalline a., half or incompletely crystalline. ˈhemiˌdemiˈsemiˌquaver Mus., a note of half the length of a demisemiquaver, also the symbol for this note, resembling a quaver, but with four hooks. hemidiaˈpente Anc. Mus. [diapente], a diminished or imperfect fifth. hemiˈditone Anc. Mus. [ditone], a minor third. ˈhemidrachm |ˈhɛmɪdræm| [ἡµίδραχµον], an ancient Greek coin, a half-drachma. hemi-eˈlliptic, -ical adjs., half-elliptic; ‘applied to the recess of the vestibule of the external ear’. hemi-enceˈphalic a. Anat., of or pertaining to a hemiencephalon, or lateral half of the encephalon or brain. hemi-ˈepilepsy Path., an epilepsy producing convulsions on one side of the body only. hemiˈfacial a. Anat., of or pertaining to one side of the face. heˈmigamous a. Bot. [γάµος marriage], said of grasses, having one of the two florets of a spicule neuter, and the other unisexual. hemigeˈometer Entom., a caterpillar of the Noctuidœ, which in its mode of progression resembles the true geometer caterpillars. hemiglyph |ˈhɛmɪglɪf| Arch., the half-glyph or -groove at the edge of the triglyph in the Doric entablature. hemiˈgnathous a. Ornith. [γνάθος jaw], having one mandible much shorter than the other, as in the genus Hemignathus of sun-birds. hemiholoˈhedral a. Cryst., having half the number of planes in all the octants; sometimes said of the parallel hemihedral forms of the isometric system. hemihydrate Chem.: see c above. hemihyˈpertrophy, unilateral or partial hypertrophy. hemiˈkaryon Cytol. [a. G. hemikaryon (T. Boveri 1905, in Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss. XXXIX. 447), f. Gr. κάρυον: see karyo-] (see quot.); so ˌhemikaryˈotic a. hemiˈligulate a. Bot., half-ligulate: said of the irregular corolla of a composite flower, when it has only one lip of the limb. hemiˈmellit(h)ene, -ine Chem. = trimethylbenzine. hemimeˈllitic Chem., a crystalline tri-basic acid C9H6O6: see c above, and mellitic. hemiˈobol(e), -oˈbolion Numism. [ἡµιωβόλιον], an ancient Greek coin, half an obol. hemioctaˈhedron Cryst., a tetrahedron considered as to its relation to the octahedron: see b above; hence hemioctaˈhedral a. hemioˈlogamous Bot.: see quot. ˈhemione Zool. [ad. L. hemionus, Gr. ἡµίονος, f. ὄνος ass], the dziggetai. hemiˈorthotype a. Cryst. [orthotype] = monoclinic. hemiˈpalmate a. Biol. [palmate], half- or partially webbed, semipalmate (Mayne, 1854). ‖ hemiparaˈplegia Path. [παραπληγία stroke on one side], paralysis of one lower limb. hemiˈparasite Bot. [G. (F. Johow 1890, in Verhandl. Deutsch. Wissensch. Ver. Santiago II. ii. 67)], a facultative parasite, e.g. certain fungi; also a plant which is partially parasitic, drawing water and mineral nutrients but not synthesized foods from its host, e.g. certain higher plants, as the mistletoe; hence ˌhemiparaˈsitic a. ‖ hemipaˈresis Path. [πάρεσις slackening], paresis or impairment of muscular strength affecting one side of the body; hence hemipaˈretic a. hemiˈpenis Zool., one of the paired eversible copulatory organs in snakes and lizards. hemiˈpeptone Chem., a variety of peptone derived from hemialbumose by a continuance of the digestive process: see hemialbumin. hemiˈpetalous a. Bot., applied to a state intermediate between monopetalous and polypetalous, in which the petals have partly coalesced. ˈhemiphrase Mus., a half-phrase, usually occupying only one measure. hemiˈpinic a. Chem., in h. acid, a dibasic crystalline acid, C10H10O6, formed by the decomposition of Opianic acid, 2C10H10O5. hemiˈpinnate a. Bot., half or partly pinnate. ˈhemiplane Geom., half a plane. hemiˈprotein Chem.: see quot. 1878 under hemialbumin. hemiˈrhamphine a. Ichth., (a fish) having the upper jaw very short in comparison with the lower, as in the genus Hemirhamphus, or half-bills. hemiˈsaprophyte Bot. [ad. G. hemisaprophyt (F. Johow 1889, in Jahrb. f. wissensch. Bot. XX. 479)], a facultative saprophyte, being alternatively either parasitic or autotrophic; hence ˌhemisaproˈphytic a. hemiˈseptal a. Anat., of or pertaining to a hemiseptum, or lateral half of a septum or partition, as those in the heart and brain. ˈhemisome Biol. [σῶµα body], one half of the body of an animal. ˈhemispasm Path., a spasm affecting one side only of the body. heˈmitrichous a. Bot. [τριχ- hair], half clothed with hairs (Treas. Bot. 1866). hemiˈtriglyph Arch., a half triglyph (Gwilt Arch.). ˈhemitype, a half-type, that which is hemitypic. hemiˈtypic a. Zool., partially typical of a given group, of an intermediate type.
1893Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXIV. i. 563 (heading) *Hemi-acetals derived from substituted chloranils. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xiv. 273 Hemi-acetals are generally unstable intermediates in the formation of true acetals.
1876tr. P. Schützenberger's Ferment. 145 The hemiproteidin or *hemialbumin formed by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid on albumin. 1878Kingzett Anim. Chem. 365 When albumin is boiled with dilute sulphuric acid for a few hours it gives two kinds of syntonin, one of which he names hemiprotein..the other he terms hemialbumin.
1883Foster Phys. App. (ed. 4) 719 The *hemialbumose..was..isolated by Meissner; it is apparently the body called by him A-peptone.
1844Beck & Felton tr. Munk's Metres 272 Many Anacreontic poems which are written in *hemiambs.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. ii. 44 According to Loeb, the defect is a dimness of vision (‘*hemiamblyopia’) in which (however severe) the centres remain the best seeing portions of the retina. 1947F. B. Walsh Clin. Neuro-Ophthalm. i. 56/1 Along with hemiamblyopia, hemiachromatopsia is evidence for early and partial involvement of the primary visual pathways. 1960H.-L. Teuber et al. Visual Field Defects vi. 64 (caption) The hemiamblyopia was more disturbing to this patient than an outright hemianopia.
1933Mind XLII. 386 In *hemiamblyopics there is a tendency for a displacement, towards the sound side, of stimuli falling on the amblyopic area.
1878A. Hamilton Nerv. Dis. 100 *Hemianæsthesia is quite marked. 1880Bastian Brain xxv. 547 In many cases of Hemi-anæsthesia, the viscera remain at least as tender as ever under firm pressure.
1857Henfrey Bot. i. ii. 130 Another condition is..the amphitropous or heterotropous, or *hemianatropous, intermediate between orthotropous and anatropous. 1866Treas. Bot. 579/2 Hemianatropous, an ovule which is anatropal, with half the raphe free.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 558/2 Gymnocarpic and *Hemiangiocarpic:—Hymenomycetes.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, *Hemiangiocarpous, when the hymenium of some Fungi is for some time covered with a membrane, the gonidiophore is so termed. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 561/1 The Discomycetes and their immediate allies are termed Hemiangiocarpous, because however much their fructifications are closed at first, they ultimately open and expose the layers of asci. 1928C. W. Dodge tr. Gäumann's Compar. Morphol. Fungi xxv. 410 In the second, or hemiangiocarpous, stage..the sporiferous tissue is differentiated from the tissue in the interior of the fundaments. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens ii. 32 Henssen has recently traced consistent hemiangiocarpous development in a group of genera.
1886W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. I. 299 *Hemiatrophy of the Tongue.
1885Athenæum 28 Nov. 704/2 A species of Balanoglossus obtained..at Herm, Channel Islands, being the first recorded instance of the occurrence of this *hemichordate in any part of the British seas.
1926R. J. E. Scott Gould's Med. Dict. 596/1 *Hemicolectomy. 1963Lancet 19 Jan. 133/1 A man, aged 53, had had right hemicolectomy performed eight months previously on account of carcinoma of the cæcum.
1881Pritchard tr. Eder's Emuls. Photogr. 44 Semi-glutin, by standing, reduces silver nitrate without precipitating it, while *hemi-colline causes a flaky precipitate of the same.
1863Watts Dict. Chem. I. 669 *Hemi-Compounds ..are often called di-compounds.
1894Athenæum 19 Sept. 391/1 He..describes the principal igneous rocks in groups under the three heads, Holocrystalline, *Hemicrystalline, and Highly Glassy Rocks.
1853Shelton Rector St. Bardolph's ii. 22 Many a *hemi-demi-semi-quaver. 1959D. Cooke Lang. Mus. iii. 133 A bass of rushing hemi-demi-semi-quavers.
1823Crabb Technol. Dict., *Hemidiapente, an imperfect fifth.
1774Burney Hist. Mus. I. 30 (Jod.) The chromatick proceeded by two successive semitones and a *hemiditone, or minor third.
1841H. H. Wilson Ariana Antiqua 268 *Hemidrachm. Head of king, with fillet, to the right.
1836–9Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 530 The hemispherical and *hemi-elliptical depressions are separated by a ridge or pyramidal eminence.
1837Penny Cycl. VIII. 200/1 Let us suppose two diagonal lines to be drawn through opposite angles, and crossing each other on the faces of the Cube. It may be observed..that the solid angles at the extremities of all these diagonals are truncated to produce the octahedron; but it sometimes happens that the solid angles at the extremities of only one of those diagonals on one plane, and a transverse diagonal on a parallel plane, are truncated, producing a four instead of an eight-sided secondary figure; these are termed *hemi forms, from their presenting only half the number of planes which might be expected from the symmetry of the primary crystal.
1842Brande Dict. Sci., etc., *Hemigamous.
1816Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1828) II. xxii. 286 Other *hemigeometers..have only six prolegs.
1909Webster, *Hemihydrate. 1946Nature 6 July 13/2 Calcium sulphate exists in three states of hydration, anhydrite, gypsum, and the lower hydrate, generally known as hemihydrate or plaster of Paris. 1965New Scientist 18 Mar. 709/2 Gypsum is calcined to form the hemi-hydrate which sets after wetting to re-form gypsum.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 294/1 *Hemihypertrophy. 1922Proc. R. Soc. Med. XV Child. 51 Forty cases..of complete hemihypertrophy where all the structures on one side of the body were involved. 1964S. Duke-Elder Syst. Ophthalm. III. xvii. 1028 Facial hemihypertrophy is a much rarer condition which may involve the whole of one side of the body.
1895Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. §180 The *hemi-icositetrahedron, or tetrahedrid pyramidion..called also the trigonal dodecahedron, or twelve-icoscelohedron.
1925E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 3) 1132 *Hemikaryon, a nucleus containing the haploid number of chromosomes. Ibid. ix. 728 (caption) Karyoplasmic relation in embryos of the sea-urchin..stage of haploid (*hemikaryotic) dwarf, from merogonic egg-fragment.
1873Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 833 Mellophanic acid undergoes similar transformations, resulting in the formation of *Hemimellitic and Phthalic acids. 1877Watts Ibid. (ed. 12) II. 554 Hemimellitic acid..crystallises in colourless needles somewhat sparingly soluble in water.
1889Muir & Morley Watts' Dict. Chem. (rev. ed.) 671/1 *Hemimellithene,..formed by distilling (a)-cuminic acid with lime. Ibid., Hemimellithene may also be isolated from coal-tar oil. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 301/2 The great variety of organic compounds contained in this latest issue [of a text-book] may be indicated by mentioning azelanitrile,..hemimellitine, [etc.].
1921Brit. Mus. Return 81 A gold *hemiobol of the fourth century b.c. 1941Antiquity XV. 302 Issues of tetrobols and hemiobols.
1837Dana Min. i. (1844) 40 The resulting form is a tetrahedron or *hemi-octahedron. 1868Ibid. Introd. (ed. 5) 27 Monoclinic System..The octahedral planes are all *hemioctahedral.
1842Brande Dict. Sci., etc., *Hemiologamous, a term employed in speaking of grasses when in the same spikelet one of two florets is neuter, and the other hermaphrodite, as in several species of Panicum.
1891Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 70 Each of these classes, except the last, may be again divided into Holoparasites and *Hemiparasites. 1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 120/1 Hemiparasite, a facultative saprophyte, a parasite which can exist as a saprophyte. 1927Hemiparasite [see facultative a. 1 c]. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xiv. 437 There are..two main synusiae in the tropical rain forest—the root-parasites growing on the ground..and the semi-parasites (often termed hemi-parasites) growing epiphytically on the trees. 1970Nature 21 Mar. 1162/1 Annual hemiparasites characteristically form haustorial connexions (root grafts) with most of the plants that surround them.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 439/2 Loranthaceæ and Santalaceæ are chiefly *hemiparasitic. 1970Nature 21 Mar. 1161/2 The hemiparasitic flowering plants that live in annual grasslands are of special interest.
1893Funk's Stand. Dict., *Hemiparesis. 1952M. E. Florey Clin. Appl. Antibiotics ii. 37 One patient developed hemiparesis and prolonged convulsions.
1909Webster, *Hemipenis. 1913G. A. Boulenger Snakes of Europe ix. 83 Each hemipenis is lodged in a cavity on each side of the base of the tail. 1965R. & D. Morris Men & Snakes viii. 190 Male snakes possess two hemipenes. Only one hemipenis is inserted at a time and apparently males do not switch from one to the other during the same mating bout.
1883Foster Phys. App. (ed. 4) 718 In..normal peptic and tryptic digestion..*hemipeptone [is preceded] by a hemi-albumose.
1873Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 739 *Hemipinic Acid is also produced by oxidation of opianic acid and of narcotine.
1892G. B. Halsted Elem. Synth. Geom. 5 Any straight line in a plane cuts it into two parts called *hemiplanes.
1876tr. P. Schützenberger's Ferment. 65 *Hemi-protein is also soluble in dilute alkalis, and precipitated by acids.
1895Ann. Bot. IX. 337 The structure of the stele in absorbing rhizome-axes of *hemi- and holo-saprophytes is frequently remarkably like that of a root. 1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 120/2 Hemisaprophyte, a facultative parasite. 1909Groom & Balfour tr. Warming's Oecology of Plants ii. xxv. 90 Hemisaprophytes have the external appearance and structure of normal plants. 1927Hemisaprophyte [see facultative a. 1 c].
1895Ann. Bot. IX. 337, I have already shown that in a *hemisaprophytic Orchid (Corysanthes) there is an atrophy in the leaves of the absorbing rhizome.
1895Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. §273 Of the *hemiscalenohedron, instances are met with on certain crystals of phenakite, dioptase, and ilmenite.
1871Sir T. Watson Lect. Princ. & Pract. Phys. (ed. 5) I. xxv. 484 The phenomena of *hemispasm—of convulsions limited to the limbs of one side. a1883C. H. Fagge Princ. & Pract. Med. (1886) I. 534 Hemispasm—the ‘mobile counterpart’ of hemiplegia. |