| 释义 |
▪ I. allay, v.1|əˈleɪ|
Forms: 1 alecᵹ-an, 2–4 alegg-e(n, 4 aley-e, alai-e, 4–6 alay-e, 5–7 alay, allaye, 6– allay. pa. tense 1 aleᵹde, aléde, 2 aleiᵹde, 2–4 aleide, 3–4 aleyde, 4 alede, 4–5 alaide, 5–6 alayd(e, 5–7 alayed, alaid, 6–7 alaied, allayd, 6– allayed. pa. pple. 1 aleᵹd, aléd (etc. as in pa. tense), 6–9 allayed.
[f. a- prefix 1 + lay, OE. lęcᵹan, causal of licᵹan to lie. OE. alęcᵹan (cogn. w. Goth. uslagjan, OHG. irleccan, mod.G. erlegen) was inflected : Imper. aleᵹe, alecᵹað; Ind. pres. ic alecᵹe, þú aleᵹest, he aleᵹ(e)þ, we alecᵹað; pa. tense aleᵹde, aléde; Pa. pple. aleᵹd, aléd; whence ME. aleggen (əˈlɛdʒən); aleye, alaye |əˈlɛɪə, əˈleɪə, əˈleɪ|, aleggeþ; I alegge, þou aleyest, he aleyeþ, we aleggeþ or aleggen; aleyde; aleyd, -eid, -ayd, -aid; levelled c 1400, by substitution of aleye for alegge all through; as inf. to aleyen, alaye(n, alay(e; subsequently mis-spelt allay, after words from L. in all- (see ad- 2). In its two forms, alegge and aleye, this vb. was formally identical with 4 other vbs. of Romance origin; viz. 1. alegge, allege v.1:—L. alleviāre; 2 alaye, allay v.2:—L. alligāre; 3. aleye, allay v.3:—L. allēgāre; 4. alegge, allege v.2 = OFr. alléguer, L. allēgāre, a learned form of allay v.3 Amid the overlapping of meanings that thus arose, there was developed a perplexing network of uses of allay and allege, that belong entirely to no one of the original vbs., but combine the senses of two or more of them. Those in allay are placed at the end of this word.]
I. Unmixed senses: To lay from one, lay aside or down; put down; put down the proud, pride, tumult, violence; to quell, abate.
†1. To lay, lay down, lay aside. Obs.
c970Canons of K. Edgar in Anc. Laws II. 286 Alecᵹe þonne his wæpna. c1000Ags. G. Luke ii. 16 Hiᵹ ᵹemetton..ðæt cild on binne aléd. c1160Hatton G. ibid., Gemetton þæt chyld on binne aleiᵹd.
†2. To lay aside (a law, custom, practice); hence, to set aside, annul, abolish, destroy the legal force of (anything). Obs.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 91 Þenne beoð eowre sunnen aleide. Ibid. 115 He scal wicche creft aleggan. 1205Layam. 7714 Þurh þa luue of þan feo feond-scipe aleggen. 1297R. Glouc. 144 Gode lawes, þat were aleyd, newe he lette make. c1350Will. Palerne 5240 Þan william wiȝtli..a-leide alle luþer lawes. 1413Lydg. Pylgr. Sowle iv. xxxvi. (1483) 84 Worshyp is aleyde and neuer shal retourne.
†3. To abandon, give up (a course of action). Obs.
a1330Sir Otuel 38 Bi me he sente the to segge, Thou sscoldest Christendom alegge. c1380Sir Ferumb. 3300 Hot þat þyn assaut be noȝt aled ? and let by-gynne hit newe.
†4. To put down, bring low, quell (a person). Obs.
c1000ælfric Josh. x. 13 Hiᵹ aledon heora fynd. c1175Lamb. Hom. 91 Ic alegge þine feond under þine fot-sceomele. c1300in Wright Lyric P. xxxvii. 105 Alle thre shule ben aleyd, with huere foule crokes. 1387Trevisa Higden Rolls Ser. III. 237 [The Greeks] schulle be aleyde [obruentur] wiþ the multitude of Perses.
†5. To put down or overthrow (a principle or attribute of men). Obs.
a1000Sec. Laws of Cnut (Thorpe I. 380) Unriht alecᵹan. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 11 Unbileue is aiware aleid, and rihte leue arered. c1300Beket 1928 Forto awreke ous wel of him ·and alegge his prute. c1440Arthur 219 Thy pryde we wolle alaye. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, iv. i. 60, I, and alay this thy abortiue Pride. 1642Rogers Naaman 205 Wherby carnall reason is somewhat alaied and abated. 1659Pearson Creed (1839) 88 Sufficiently refuting an eternity, and allaying all conceits of any great antiquity.
†6. To put down by argument, confute, overthrow. Obs. rare.
a1250Owl & Night. 394 Heo ne miȝte noȝt alegge That the hule hadde hire i-sed.
†7. To cause to lie, to lay (dust, etc.). Obs. rare.
1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xiv. 413 That in Noahs floud the dust was but sufficiently allayed.
8. To put down or repress (any violence of the elements, as heat, wind, tempest); to calm, assuage, ‘lay’ a storm. (This and the next sense are perhaps influenced by allege v.1: see 11 below.)
1488Caxton Chastys. Goddes Chyld. 12 Hete is thenne ful colde and alayed. 1580Baret Alv. A 282 The tempest is alaied. 1610Shakes. Temp. i. ii. 2 If by your Art (my deerest father) you haue Put the wild waters in this Rore; alay them. 1781J. Moore Italy (1790) I. ii. 23 One of the virtues of the holy water [is] that of allaying storms. 1847Disraeli Tancred iii. iv. (1871) 183 The fervour of the air was allayed. 1862Trench Mirac. iv. 147 Having allayed the tumult of the outward elements.
9. To quell or put down (any disturbance in action or any tumult of the passions); to appease.
c1380Sir Ferumb. 1373 Y-blessed mot þou be, For aled þow hast muche debate. 1387Trevisa Higden Rolls Ser. IV. 293 Forto alegge þe outrage of þe kyngdom of Jewes. 1600Fairfax Tasso xix. xx. 340 Tancred..Asswag'd his anger and his wrath alaid. 1623Bingham Xenophon 35 To allay, if he could, these distrusts, before they broke out into open hostilitie. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 131 This deadly Fray, A Cast of scatter'd Dust will soon allay. 1711Addison Spect. No. 16 ⁋4 If I can any way asswage private Inflammations, or allay publick Ferments. 1855Prescott Philip II, I. ii. xi. 265 The best means of allaying the popular excitement. 1863Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. xiv. 236 Words tending to allay suspicion. 1880McCarthy Own Time III. xxxii. 48 Various efforts were made to allay the panic.
†10. intr. (for refl.) To subside, sink, abate, cease; to become mild. Obs.
1526Tindale Mark iv. 39 And the wynde alayed. [So 1557 (Genev.).] 1561Hollybush Hom. Apoth. 33 a, For as⁓sone as the stomake perceyveth the savoure of the bread, then doth the wambling alaye. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, i. iv. 146 And, when the Rage allayes, the Raine begins. 1723Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 78 If there were any room to hope that your hearts were allaying.
II. Confused with allege v.1 to lighten or alleviate, both verbs being in 14th c. alegge, and both used of pains, etc., so that alegge peine was in the one sense = quell pain, in the other = alleviate pain. Both senses might be expressed by abate, and they came to be regarded as the same word, so that from c 1400 alaye was used for alegge in both (cf. Caxton's ‘t’ alegge thurste,' see allege v.1 2, Gower's ‘to allay thurst’); and finally alegge became obs., and allay remained with the combined meaning.
11. To subdue, quell (any trouble, as care, pain, thirst); to abate, assuage, relieve, alleviate.
[c1220Ureisun Ure Lefdi 133 Þu miht lihtliche..al mi sor aleggen. 1250Lay. 25684 Al þis lond he wole for-fare ?bote þou alegge oure care.] 1393Gower Conf. III. 11 Which may his sory thurst allay. Ibid. III. 273 If I thy paines mighte alaie. 1578Lyte Dodoens 341 The roote Rhodia..alayeth head ache. 1667Milton P.L. x. 566 Fondly thinking to allay Thir appetite. 1681Wyndham King's Concealm. 76 The pleasantness of the Host..allayed and mitigated the weariness of the Guests. 1768Beattie Minstrel ii. xxxii, I would allay that grief. 1836Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. xix. 283 These Indians swallow quantities of earth for the purpose of allaying hunger.
III. Confused with allay v.2, to alloy, mix, temper, qualify. The two verbs were from the 15th c. completely identical in form, and thus in appearance only different uses of the same word. (The earlier of the following senses are more closely related to the next vb. than to this; but it is, on the whole, more convenient to place them here, than under a word which is obs. or arch. in its own proper sense.)
†12. To temper (iron, steel, etc.) Obs.
1409Roll for Building Durham Cloisters, Pro alayng secur', chyselle, wegges. 1486Bk. St. Albans (1810) h iij, Ye shall put the quarell in a redde charkcole fyre tyll that it be of the same colour that the fyre is. Thenne take hym oute and lete hym kele, and ye shall find him well alayd for to fyle.
13. To temper or abate (a pleasure or advantage) by the association of something unpleasant.
1514Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. 48 Because one service of them continuall Allayeth pleasure. a1670Hacket in Wolcott Life (1865) 175 If the comfort of our joy be not allayed with some fear. 1759Johnson Rasselas xxvi. (1787) 71 Benefits are allayed by reproaches. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 310 The principal circumstance that allayed the joys of victory. 1839Hallam Hist. Lit. III. iii. iii. §131. 115 But this privilege is allayed by another, i.e. by the privilege of absurdity.
†14. To dilute, qualify (wine with water, etc.). Obs.
c1450J. Russell Bk. Nurt. in Babees Bk. (1868) 132 Watur hoot & cold, eche oþer to alay. 1470Harding Chron. lxxii, He vsed the water ofte to alaye His drynkes. 1533Elyot Cast. Helth (1541) 32 White wyne alayd with moche water. 1655Culpeper Riverius xv. v. 419 Clysters..made of Vinegar allaied with Water. 1676Hobbes Odyss. ix. 212 Which when he drank, he usually allaid With water pure.
†15. fig. Obs.
1586T. B. tr. La Primaudaye's Fr. Acad. Ded., To alay the strength of the word of Christ with the waterish sayings and fables of men. 1650Fuller Pisgah Sight iv. vii. 125 God..allaying the purity of his nature, with humane Phrases.
16. To abate, diminish, weaken, mitigate.
1603Florio Montaigne (1634) 624 To allay or dim the whitenesse of paper. 1628Prynne Cens. Cozens 96 This pretence..will not mittigate nor allay his Crime. 1748Chesterfield Lett. 166 II. 111 Neither envy, indignation, nor ridicule, will obstruct or allay the applause which you may really deserve. 1805Foster Ess. ii. iv. 169 They must allay their fire of enterprise. 1842H. Rogers Introd. Burke's Wks. 59 To allay and temper its splendour down to that sober light which may enable his audience to see his argument.
▪ II. † allay, v.2 Obs. or arch.|əˈleɪ|
Forms: 4–5 alay(e, 5–8 allay(e, (8–9 alloy).
[a. ONFr. aleyer, alayer (mod.Fr. aloyer), a variant of alier, allier, ally:—L. alligā-re to combine, f. al-, ad- to + ligāre to bind. (Ligāre gave in OFr., according to accent, inf. lier, pres. t. leie, leies, leiet, lions, liez, leient, whence, by levelling of forms, two verbs lier, je lie, etc., and leier, je leie, etc. So ad-ligāre gave alie-r, and aleie-r (alai-er), now allier and aloyer (Cotgr. allayer), with differentiation of meaning. Cf. Fr. plier and ployer:—L. plicāre; OFr. desplier, despleier, desploier, mod.Fr. déployer, Eng. display:—L. displicāre.) At a later period the Fr. aloyer and n. aloi, in reference to metals, were explained by false etymology from à loi (reduced) to law, or to legal standard. In Eng. this vb. has been confused with the prec., from identity of form and contact of meaning. In the original sense it is now changed to alloy, after mod.Fr.]
1. To mix (metals); esp. to mix with a baser metal, so as to lower the standard or quality.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 346 Þe metal, þat is mannes soule With synne is foule alayed. 1530Palsgr. 420/1, I allaye, as mettals be alayde or as sylver or golde is with their mixture. 1587Harrison Engl. i. ii. xxv. 363 The finesse of the metall began to be verie much alaied. 1649Lovelace Poems (1659) 93 The Gold allayd almost halfe brasse. 1687Settle Dryden's Plays 51 That to convert gold Ore into silver, he allays it with common Sand. 1796Pearson in Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 439 Hardening copper..by allaying it with iron.
2. fig. To mix with something inferior, to contaminate, debase; to deteriorate or detract from.
1447O. Bokenham Lyvys of Seyntys 282 For both of men and wummen also The molde these dayis ys so sore alayde Wyth froward wyl. 1639Fuller Holy War v. ix. (1840) 257 Debased and allayed with superstitious intents. 1642― Holy & Prof. St. i. vii. 17 He doth not so allay his servants bread..to make that servants meat which is not mans meat. 1769Robertson Charles V, III. viii. 66 His extraordinary qualities were allayed with no inconsiderable mixture of human frailty.
¶ See at the end of the prec. word, a number of senses combining the ideas of allay, to alloy, or deteriorate, and allay, to put down, abate, reduce, which might equally follow here. When these arose, the two verbs, originally distinct, had come to be viewed as one.
▪ III. † aˈllay, v.3 Obs.
Forms: 4–5 aleye, alleie, alay.
[a. OFr. aleie-r, alaier, alleyer to declare on oath:—L. allēgā-re, adlēgā-re, to send to or for, cite, adduce, produce in evidence, f. ad to + lēgāre to depute, send. The popular OFr. aleyer was superseded at an early date by a(l)léguer, a forensic adaptation of the L. original, and in Eng. allege has similarly replaced allay.]
To cite, adduce, allege.
1356Wyclif Last Age of Ch. 32 He aleyeþ Gregor seiynge þus. c1380― Prelates vii. (1879) 70 Sathanas..aleid holy writt to crist. 1387Trevisa Higden Rolls Ser. VI. 371 Rollo..alleyeþ þe manere and usage of his contray. 1393Gower Conf. II. 66 She him preide, And many another cause alleide, That he with her at home abide. 1470Harding Chron. cxvii, Kyng Knowt to him alayde These wordes there, & thus to hym he sayde.
▪ IV. † aˈllay, n.1 Obs.
Forms: 4–6 alaye, alaie, 5–6 aley, 6 alay, 6–7 alley, allaye, 7–8 allay.
[a. ONFr. aley, alay (mod.Fr. aloi; med.L. alleium, alaium), f. aleier, alayer, aloyer: see allay v.2 Confused in late OFr. with the phr. à loi ‘to law, to legal standard,’ which probably influenced senses 3, 6. See also alloy. Further confused in Eng. with allay v.1]
I. Original sense; = alloy. lit. and fig.
1. Admixture of metals; esp. admixture with a baser metal. concr. A mixture of metals, a metallic compound.
c1386Chaucer Clerk's T. 1111 The gold of hem hath now so bad alayes [v.r. alayis, alaies, layes, laies] With bras. 1480Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 45 Trewe metalle requireth non alay. a1626Bacon Physiol. Rem. (R.) Gold incorporates with copper in any proportion, the common allay: gold incorporates with tin, the ancient allay. 1641Termes de la Ley 19 Allay is the temper or mixture of gold and silver with baser mettall. 1675Phil. Trans. X. 346 As many mixtures or degrees of allay as you think fit. 1719D'Urfey Pills (1872) II. 306 Those that know finest metal say, No Gold will coin without Allay. 1796Pearson in Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 421 This allay of ten parts of copper with one part of steel. 1809Tomlins Law Dict., Allay, the mixture of other metals with silver or gold.
2. Inferior metal mixed with one of greater value.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 342 As in lussheborwes is a lyther alay, and ȝet loketh he lyke a sterlynge; Þe merke of þat moneie is good, ac þe metal is fieble. 1473J. Warkworth Chron. 4 To the same ryolle was put viij d. of aley. 1605Camden Rem. (1657) 185 A pound of money containeth twelve ounces, two easterlings and one ferling, and the other allay. 1625Bacon Ess. i. (Arb.) 501 Mixture of Falshood, is like Allay in Coyne of Gold and Siluer; which may make the Metall worke the better, but it embaseth it. 1678Butler Hudibr. iii. ii. 482 For Fools are stubborn in their way As Coins are hard'ned by th' Allay. 1743Tindal Rapin's Hist. II. xvii. 62 Queen Elizabeth reduced the Silver coin to eleven Ounces, two Pennyweight fine, and eighteen Pennyweight allay. 1852A. Ryland Assay of Gold 2 The added metal is called the ‘allay’ or ‘alloy.’
3. Degree of purity or mixture of gold or silver; standard; intrinsic quality.
1424in Arnold Chron. 31 This yere was ordeyned y⊇ alay of golde. 1523Ld. Berners Froissart I. ccciv. 454 Money, bothe whyte and blacke, of the same forme and alay as is in Parys. 1586J. Ferne Blaz. Gentry 126 A large reuennue..if you will consider the computation and alley of money then currant. 1676Phil. Trans. XI. 814 To know adulterated Wares from those that be of the true standard-Allay. 1676Man. Goldsm. 4 Which degree of allay..is commonly called the Sterling Allay.
4. fig. Admixture of something that detracts from or diminishes the value, the intrusion or presence of any impairing element.
1599Fenton Guicciard. iii. 133 There is no earthly blisse so perfect, which hath not his aley with some bitternesse or bale. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. §12 The best and most excellent..had an allay of viciousness. 1660Waterhouse Arms & Armory 112 That were..a baston of allay [i.e. of bastardy] to that Gentleman. 1710M. Henry Comm. Gen. xxviii. 1–5 While there is such an allay as there is of sin in our duties, we must expect an allay of trouble in our comforts. 1796F. Burney Camilla v. i, Good-nature gives pleasure without any allay.
5. fig. Alien element, especially such as lowers the character of anything.
a1619Donne Biathanatos (1644) 71 The Authors..have somewhat remitted the intensnesse of Martyrdome, and mingled more allayes..and not made it of so great value. 1675Art of Contentm. i. §15. 180 If we compare our blessings with our allaies, our good things with our evil. 1774Bryant Mythology II. 276 He borrows many exalted notions from Christianity; and blends them with the basest allay.
6. fig. Intrinsic character, quality, temper, vein, composition, complexion. Cf. Fr. de bon aloi, de mauvais aloi.
1630Naunton Fragm. Reg. (1870) 15 Participating in this more of her Father than Mother, who was of inferiour allay. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. I. iv. 287 The Committee..prepared other Votes of a brighter allay. 1680–90Temple Pop. Discont. Wks. 1731 I. 268 Noble Families would not be exhausted by Competition with those of meaner Allay.
II. Senses affected by, or wholly derived from, allay v.1
7. Dilution (of wine, etc.).
1531Elyot Governour (1580) 36 Galen will not permit, that pure wine without alaye of water, should..be given to children. 1632B. Jonson Magn. Lady iii. i. 496 He only takes it in French wine, With an allay of water.
8. Abatement, tempering of the force of anything.
1614Raleigh Hist. World II. v. iii. §16. 454 Whose temper needed the allay of a more staied wit. c1618Fletcher Double Marr. v. i, You are of a high and cholericke complexion And you must have allayes. 1654Goddard in Burton Diary (1828) I. 84 Standing armies, at best, were dangerous..let us temper them with what allays we can. 1738Wesley Hymn ‘Come Holy Spirit’, ii, Come, Thou our Passion's cool Allay. 1758S. Hayward Serm. Introd. 19 A considerable allay to our grief.
9. Repression, check, stoppage, retardment.
1630Naunton Fragm. Reg. (1870) 37 He was one of the great allayes of the Austerian embracements. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ii. 80 All these his excellent Practices Bede dasheth with this Allay. 1672Marvell Reh. Transp. i. 123 Thereby to give more temper and allay to the common and notorious Debauchery. 1726Butler Serm. Rolls Chap. xii. 235 The Principles in our Mind may be contradictory, or checks and Allays only..to each other.
▪ V. † aˈllay, n.2 Obs.
Also 7–8 alay.
[a. Norm. Fr. alais = OFr. eslais, ‘élan, saut,’ f. eslaissier to let out, let off. Cf. relay = Fr. relais (with which this is confounded by Phillips and Ash.]
The act of laying on the hounds.
1486Bk. St. Alban's F j, Than let thyn houndes all togeder goo That called is an Allay. 1575Turberville Bk. Venerie 243 When they tarrie till the rest of the kennell come in, and then cast off, it is called an Allay. 1594Percy Faery Past. 150 (Halliw.) With greyhounds..I made the alay to the deere. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. i. 93 Avaunt-laye, Allaye, Relaye. [See abature.] 1658Phillips, Alay, a Term us'd in Hunting, when fresh Dogs are sent into the Cry. 1775Ash, Alay, an addition of fresh dogs to the cry. |