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▪ I. † proˈfess, n. Obs.
In 5 professe (prouese).
[Late ME. professe, either from profess v. or from L. professus n., profession of faith, or a Romanic *professa fem.: cf. obs. F. professe in same sense (1610 in Godef.).]
The declaration made by one entering a religious order; = profession 1; the document containing this. Also attrib.
c1400Rule St. Benet lviii. 38 When sho sall make hir professe, In þe Kirke bi-fore þame alle sal sho haite stabilnes and buxumnes, by-fore god and alle his haliȝes. Ibid. 39 Þe bref of hir professe sal sho noht haue, bot in þe kirke sal be gete. 14..Vespasian Ritual ibid. 145 Att þe bygynnyng of þe mese þe madyn þat salbe mayde nun sal sit in þe quere a-pon a stole be-for þe priores stayle with hir prouese in hir hand. Ibid., Scho with hir professe-boke in hir hand. Ibid. 147 When scho hase red hir professe.
▪ II. † proˈfess, a. Obs.
Also 3–4 profes, 4 -esse.
[ME. a. F. profès, professe = Pr. profes, Sp. profeso, Pg., It. professo, ‘that has taken the vows of a religious order’, ad. L. professus ‘having professed or declared publicly’, pa. pple. of profitērī to profess.]
Professed, that has made a profession, that has taken vows of religion. In early use const. also as pa. pple. Also absol.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 8944, & uor to be siker of ire stat þe abit of nonne heo tok, Ac me nolde hire profes noȝt make a none wise. c1315Shoreham Poems i. 1782 Monek, muneche, ne no frere, Ne no man of religion, Profes ȝef þat he were. 1340Ayenb. 238 Þet neuremor hi ne moȝe by spoused, zeþþe hi byeþ profes. 13..Metr. Hom. (Vernon MS.) in Herrig Archiv LVII. 276 Þis ilke Monk wiþ oute les Was Monk of Cleruaus profes. 1387–8T. Usk Test. Love iii. i. (Skeat) l. 130 Vnder whiche lawe (and vnworthy) bothe professe & reguler arn obediencer an bounden to this Margarit perle, & by knotte of loues statutes. [1896Blackw. Mag. Aug. 169 Young Fathers are, but do not seem [holy]; Profess Fathers both seem and are. ]
▪ III. profess, v.|prəʊˈfɛs|
[f. L. profess-, ppl. stem of profit-ērī to profess, f. pro-1 + fatērī, fass- to confess, own, acknowledge: cf. confess, also It. professare (Florio 1598), Sp. profesar, Pr. professar, mod.F. professer (1680 in Hatz.-Darm.). Before 1500 only in religious sense (see below), the earliest part occurring being the pa. pple. professed (answering to earlier profes(s), L. professus, F. profès, -fesse: see prec.).]
I.
1. trans. a. Orig. in passive form, to be professed (cf. profess a., professed ppl. a.), to have made one's profession of religion; to make one's profession, to take the vows of some religious order, esp. to become a monk or nun (= c); afterwards app. viewed as passive in sense, whence, in 15th c., b. the active voice to profess, to receive the profession of (a person), to receive or admit into a religious order.[The form to be professed app. either arose directly out of to be profess (see profess a.), F. être profès, or was due to rendering the L. deponent professus est as a passive.] c1315Shoreham Poems i. 1792 Relessed Schel hym nauȝt be religioun, Þaȝ he be nauȝt professed. 1390Gower Conf. III. 337 His wif,..Which was professed in the place, As sche that was Abbesse there. c1400Lansdowne Ritual in Rule St. Benet, etc. 143 Efter þe gospell on þe day þat sho sall be profeste, hir maistres sall cum til hir & lede hir til þe gree. And þare sho sall rede hir professiun. 1494Fabyan Chron. v. cxiv. 88 Than he sent his sone vnto Paris..and there causyd him to be professed in an howse of relygyon. 1523Fitzherb. Surv. 32 They be all onely p[ro]fessed to god to be his men and women and to none other. 1600Holland Livy xxxix. xii. 1030 When she was a very young wench..shee, togither with her mistresse, was there professed and consecrated. 1672Dryden Assignation ii. 1, A House of Benedictines, call'd the Torre di Specchi, where only Ladies of the best Quality are profess'd. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xi, Vivaldi was told that a nun was going to be professed. 1939A. Clarke Sister Eucharia i. 8 The day she was professed a year Ago. 1975Anglo-Saxon Eng. IV. 140 If the manuscript was a gift to William of St Calais around 1083 when the first monks were professed at Durham, it is written in a script..that would have been familiar to the new bishop.
fig.c1407Lydg. Reson & Sens. 3683 Folkys that ben amerous, Professed in Venus covent. 1560Ingelend Disob. Child (Percy Soc.) 25, I am profest for losse or gayne, To be thyne owne assuredlye.
b.c1430W. Paston in P. Lett. I. 30 To graunte..to the priour of Thetford..autorite and power as your..depute to professe in dwe forme the seyd monkes of Bromholm unprofessed. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 36 In the .ix. yere of his reigne, the Archbishop Anselme professed Gerard Archebishop of Yorke to the yoke of obedience. 1886J. Monahan Rec. Dioceses Ardagh & Clonmacnoise 6 The Bollandists hold that St. Mel professed St. Bridget in his own church at Ardagh.
c. refl. and intr. To make one's profession; to take the vows of a religious order.
c1510More Picus Wks. 8/2 He chaunged that purpose, and appointed to professe him self in the order of freres prechours. 1533Cranmer Let. to Archd. Hawkyns in Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 273 She had a commandment from God..as she said, to profess herself a nun. 1745Pococke Descr. East II. ii. i. i. 4 They [Calamarians] cannot profess before they are twenty-five years old. 1829Southey in Q. Rev. XXXIX. 394 The young man went back to France, and professed there in some religious order.
II.
2. trans. To declare openly, announce, affirm; to avow, acknowledge, confess: a. oneself to be (or do) something (often with omission of either refl. pron. or inf., or sometimes of both). In later use often coloured by 3.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 9 And professeth them selfe to be pilgrymes in this worlde. 1594T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. 5 Many professe themselues better Philosophers then good Christians. 1596Spenser F.Q. vi. vi. 10 Yet did her face and former parts professe A faire young Mayden, full of comely glee. 1605Shakes. Lear i. i. 74, I professe My selfe an enemy to all other ioyes. 1627W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 114 Saint Paul is too nice, and professeth Puritane, when hee reckons Fornicators, Adulterers..among the damned crue. 1662Bk. Com. Prayer, Pr. for all Conditions of Men, That all who profess and call them⁓selves Christians may be led into the way of truth. 1678Walton Life Sanderson 23 They shut up their shops, professing not to open them till justice was executed. 1774J. Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 337 Your plan of a newspaper to profess itself a general channel of American intelligence. 1794Paley Evid. (1825) II. 320 He probably was what he professes himself to be. 1838–9F. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 63 She professed herself much relieved. 1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 220 He..professed himself to be snugly lodged.
b. with object clause.
1557N.T. (Genev.) Matt. vii. 23 And then wil I professe to them, I neuer knewe you. 1619Visct. Doncaster in Eng. & Germ. (Camden) 101, I must professe the cheare was royall. 1670H. Stubbe Plus Ultra 38 Galileo professeth that in the moon there is no rain. 1716Addison Freeholder No. 50 ⁋1 He profess'd it was his Design to save Men by the Sword. 1826Scott Woodst. xxv, ‘I profess I thought I was doing you pleasure...’ ‘O ay!..profess—profess. Ay, that is the new phrase of asseveration, instead of the profane adjuration of courtiers and Cavaliers. Oh, sir, profess less and practise more.’ 1869F. W. Newman Misc. 43 It is professed that Mathematical science is demonstrative. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) II. 77 Who professes that he will not leave him.
c. with simple object.
1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iv. ii. 103 Lord Angelo hath to the publike eare Profest the contrarie. 1626Massinger Rom. Actor Ded., I were most unworthy of such noble friends, if I should not..profess and own them. 1709Steele Tatler No. 5 ⁋8 [He] took all Opportunities..to strike his Rival, and profess the Spite..which moved him to it. 1853J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. iii. 146 They one by one professed their faith in Christ, and were beheaded in the Sultan's presence.
3. a. To make profession of, to lay claim to (some quality, feeling, etc.); often implying insincerity, as ‘to profess and not practise’; to make protestation of; to pretend to. With simple obj. or inf.
1530Palsgr. 667/1 Wolde to God every man that professeth chastyte coude kepe it well. 1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 5 If a man woulde professe to wryte of Englande. 1604Bacon Apol. Wks. 1879 I. 436, I profess not to be a poet. 1644Milton Areop. (Arb.) 34 That love of truth which ye eminently professe. 1775Johnson Tax. no Tyr. 40 The right which their ancestors professed. 1784Cowper Tiroc. 194 Whose only care..Is not to find what they profess to seek. 1826[see 2 b]. 1842Macaulay Ess., Fredk. Gt. (1877) 658 It professes, indeed, to be no more than a compilation. 1869Freeman Norm. Conq. III. xiii. 269 William professed, and in many respects honestly practised, a devotion to religion beyond that of other men. 1884Manch. Exam. 3 May 6/1 Mr. Raikes..professed extreme regret at being compelled as an act of public duty to make these painful disclosures.
b. refl. and intr. To make a profession or professions; esp. to profess friendship or attachment.
1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. ii. 77 If you know, That I professe my selfe in Banquetting To all the Rout, then hold me dangerous. 1611― Wint. T. i. ii. 456 He is dishonor'd by a man, which euer Profess'd to him. 1775Sheridan Duenna iii. iii, In religion, as in friendship, they who profess most are ever the least sincere.
4. a. trans. To affirm or declare one's faith in or allegiance to; to acknowledge or formally recognize as an object of faith or belief (a religion, principle, rule of action; God, Christ, a saint, etc.).
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 20 b, John Phefercorne a Jewe that professed Christianitie. 1565Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 372 The securitie of thame professing the said religioun. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iv. ii. 192 By the Saint whom I professe, I will plead against it with my life. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 395 Who professed the rule of S. Augustine. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. 2 The first..that openly professed the faith himselfe. 1631Gouge God's Arrows iii. §2. 185 The Amalekites had forsaken the God..whom Israel still professed. 1755Young Centaur i. Wks. 1757 IV. 122 They, that profess deism for the credit of superior understanding. 1867R. Palmer Life P. Howard 137 In this year F. Vincent Torre professed two Religions.
b. absol. or intr.
1640Laud in Neal Hist. Purit. (1733) II. 383 As if he should profess with the Church of England, and have his heart at Rome.
5. trans. To make profession of, or claim to have knowledge of or skill in (some art or science); to declare oneself expert or proficient in; to make (a thing) one's profession or business. In quot. 1613 absol. or intr.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 6 Ozias as we reade professed husbandry. 1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, v. ii. 92, I thanke him, that he cuts me from my tale: For I professe not talking. 1611Bible Titus iii. 14 Let ours also learne to maintaine good workes [marg. professe honest trades]. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 827 They..beginne to professe in practise of Physick and Diuination. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvi. 142 The advice of one that professeth the study of the Law. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. xiii. (1869) I. 268 War was the only art which he professed. 1818in Lady Morgan Autobiog. (1859) 147 Playing on the harp and piano, which instruments she professes. 1882–3Schaff's Encycl. Relig. Knowl. II. 936/1 When passing his examination, he [Sir W. Hamilton] professed the whole works of Aristotle.
6. a. To teach (some subject) as a professor.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 1 The same time was Martin Luther an Augustine Frere, & professed diuinitie in the Vniuersitie of Wittemberge. 1611Coryat Crudities 62 The seuerall Schooles wherein the seuen liberall sciences are professed. 1638Rouse Heav. Univ. Advt. (1702) 2 That common learning which is profess'd and taught in our Universities. 1871C. J. Munro in Life Clerk Maxwell xii. (1882) 379, I hope it is true that you are to profess experimental physics at Cambridge. 1906Sir O. Lodge in St. George IX. 6 Several friends..professing different subjects at the University College in Liverpool.
b. intr. To perform the duties of a professor.
1610Camden's Brit. 533 No student in Oxford should publickly professe or reade at Stanford. 1706tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. 16th C. II. iv. xi. 457 The University..demanded, Who they were? and by what Right they undertook to Profess? 1850Browning Christmas Eve xvi, Down to you, the man of men, Professing here in Göttingen. 1867Lowell Lett. (1894) I. iv. 427 If I live this life much longer I shall do nothing but profess and review. |