| 释义 |
▪ I. hospital, n.|ˈhɒspɪtəl|
Also 4 -ayle, 4–6 hospyt-, 4–7 -ale, 5–7 -alle, 5–8 -all.
[a. OF. hospital, mod.F. hôpital, ad. med.L. hospitāle place of reception for guests, neut. sing. of hospitālis (see next). Of this word, hostel and hotel are doublets, and spital an aphetized form.]
1. A house or hostel for the reception and entertainment of pilgrims, travellers, and strangers; a hospice. Hence, one of the establishments of the Knights Hospitallers.
c1300Beket 84 Ther is nouth an hospital arerd of Seint Thomas. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 135 To temples in Acres he quath fiue þousand marke, & fiue thousand to þe hospitale. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) x. 40 Before þe kirke..es a grete hospitale..of whilk þe hospitalleres hase þaire first fundacion. 1500Melusine xxi. 122 How they chaced two galleyes of the hospytal of Rodes. 1540Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 24 §2 The said William Weston or any of his bretherne or confreers of the said Hospitall or house of Sainct John of Hierusalem in England. 1598Hakluyt Voy. I. 102 (R.) The countrey of Prussia, which the Dutch knights of the order of Saint Maries hospitale of Jerusalem haue of late wholly conquered and subdued. 1765H. Walpole Otranto iii. (1798) 52 An adjacent hospital founded by the princess Hippolita for the reception of pilgrims.
2. a. A charitable institution for the housing and maintenance of the needy; an asylum for the destitute, infirm, or aged. Obs. exc. in Eng. legal use and in proper names like Greenwich Hospital, orig. a home for superannuated seamen.
1418E.E. Wills 31, I bequethe to þe pore hospitales..to eueryche hospitall, to parte a-monge pore folk, there xx s. 1548Hall Chron., Edw. IV 200 An olde and riche Hospitall, dedicated to Saincte Leonarde, in the whiche Almose⁓house the poore and indigente people were harbored. 1581W. Stafford Exam. Compl. i. (1876) 18 Yee knowe the hospitall at the townes ende, wherein the freemen decaied are releaued. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 44 Send into England for rug Gowns, such as poor people wear in Hospitals. c1710C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 38 We go by St. Cross [Winchester] a large hospitall for old men and I thinke most is for ye decayed schollars. 1838Penny Cycl. XII. 316/2 Hospitals intended merely for the relief of poor and indigent persons in England are peculiarly called Alms-houses.
†b. A house for the corporate lodging of students in a university; a hostel or hall. Obs.
1536Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 42 §1 Halles Hostelles Hospitalles. 1589Nashe Pref. to Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 11 Saint Johns in Cambridge, that at that time was..shining so farre aboue all other Houses, Halls, and Hospitalls. 1706Estcourt Fair Examp. iii. i, England, instead of being..the Hospital of Fools wou'd be an entire College of Learned Men.
c. A charitable institution for the education and maintenance of the young. Now only in Sc. legal use and in names of ancient institutions such as Christ's Hospital, London, and Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh.
1552Huloet, Hospitall for children to be brought up, brephotrophia. 1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. ii. i, I tooke him of a child, up, at my doore..gave him mine owne name Thomas, Since bred him at the hospitall. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 164 Among the blew coats in Ch. Ch. Hospital. 1837Penny Cycl. VII. 347/2 An hospital..is sometimes a place of learning, as Christ's Hospital, London. Ibid. IX. 275/1 Edinburgh has some noble hospitals and charitable institutions. Among these are..Heriot's Hospital..Watson's Hospitals, Merchant-Maiden and Trades'-Maiden Hospitals, Orphan Hospital, and Gillespie's Hospital. 1870Ramsay Remin. v. (ed. 18) 118 She was brought up in one of the hospitals here. 1880Chambers' Encycl., Hospital, in Law..in Scotland more frequently signifies a mortification or endowment for the education as well as support of children.
3. spec.
a. An institution or establishment for the care of the sick or wounded, or of those who require medical treatment. (The current sense.)
Such institutions are either public or private, free or paying,—or both combined,—general or special with respect to the diseases treated.
[c1425Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) xliii, Oure hoely places, callyd the Priory of seynt Bartholomew yn Smythfyld, and..the hospital by olde tyme longyng to the same.] 1549Order resp. St. Barthol. in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. iii. 137 For the better sustentation and comforte of the diseased and impotent persons within the said hospitall. 1552Ordre Hosp. St. Barthol. Pref. A v, This Hospital..where..there haue bene healed of the pocques, fystules, filthie blaynes and sores, to nombre of .viij. hundred. 1573–80Baret Alv. H 665 An Hospitall, or spittle for poore folkes diseased. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 299 The money..is sent to the Hospitals of the diseased. 1789W. Buchan Dom. Med. (1790) 81 Physicians, surgeons, and others who attend hospitals, ought, for their own safety, to take care that they be properly ventilated. 1869Lecky Europ. Mor. II. i. 85 A Roman Lady..founded at Rome as an act of penance the first public hospital.
transf. and fig.1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. ii. §11 For the world, I count it not an Inne, but an Hospitall, and a place, not to live, but to die in. 1681J. Flavel Meth. Grace x. 217 The world is a great hospital full of sick and dying souls, all wounded by one and the same mortal weapon, sin.
b. A similar establishment for the treatment of sick or injured animals.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 482 The publike Hospitall, which the Citizens..had founded for all kindes of Birds, to cure them in their sicknesse. 1884Daily News 23 July 7/1 The Great Northern Railway has just set up a hospital for their sick or injured horses.
c. Short for hospital-ship.
1709Lond. Gaz. No. 4562/3 Her Majesty's Ships the Dover..Pembroke-Hospital, and Carcass-Bomb. 1723Ibid. No. 6141/3 Serpent Bomb, Smirna Factor Hospital.
d. in (into) hospital: under medical treatment in a hospital. In quot. 1885, transf. of vessels.
1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 113 More than half the survivors were in hospital. 1885U. S. Grant Pers. Mem. xxii. I. 305, I saw the absolute necessity of his gun⁓boats going into hospital.
†4. A house of entertainment; ‘open house’.
c1400Apol. Loll. 33 Ne coueytous of foul wynning, but to holde hospital. 1592Greene Groat's W. Wit (1617) 9 The house where Lamilia (for so we call the Curtezan) kept her Hospitall.
†5. A place of lodging. In first quot. fig. Obs.
1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxv. 77 (To the Virgin Mary) Hospitall riall, the lord of all Thy closet did include. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xii. 74 An unclene spirite..banished from his olde hospital. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. ix. 10 They spide a goodly castle..Which choosing for that evening's hospitale, They thither marcht.
6. attrib. and Comb., as hospital-assistant, hospital management, hospital nurse, hospital practice, hospital surgeon, hospital tent, etc.; hospital-treated adj.; hospital bed, (a) a (metal) bed as used in hospitals, higher than an ordinary bed to facilitate nursing, and freq. adjustable in several ways; also hospital bedstead; (b) an available place in hospital for a bed patient; hospital blue(s), the blue uniform worn by wounded soldiers in the wars of 1914–18 and 1939–45; hospital-boy, a boy brought up at a hospital, a charity-boy; hospital corps, the medical corps in the U.S. Navy; so hospital corpsman; cf. corpsman; hospital fever, a kind of typhus fever arising in crowded hospitals from the poisonous condition of the atmosphere due to exhalations from diseased bodies; hospital gangrene, a spreading, sloughing, gangrenous inflammation starting from a wound and arising in crowded hospitals; also called sloughing phagedæna; hospital letter, a letter referring a patient for free treatment in a hospital; hospital-man, mate, an assistant in a hospital on board ship; hospital paper = hospital letter; hospital pass Rugby Football, etc., a pass to a player likely to be tackled heavily as soon as he receives it; hospital porter (see porter n.2); Hospital Saturday, a particular Saturday in the year on which collections of money for the local hospitals are organized in workshops, in the streets, and elsewhere; hospital ship, (a) a vessel fitted up for the reception and treatment of sick and wounded seamen; so hospital berth, hospital cabin, hospital hulk, hospital vessel; (b) a ship for conveying sick and wounded soldiers to their own country or to an area remote from the battlefield; hospital steward, (a) a non-commissioned staff-officer in the U.S. army who makes up prescriptions, administers medicine, and has general charge, under the direction of an army surgeon, of the sick and of hospital property; (b) in the navy, the designation formerly given to the apothecary (Cent. Dict.); Hospital Sunday, a particular Sunday in the year on which collections of money are made in the places of worship of a town or district for the local hospitals; hospital train, a train for conveying wounded soldiers from the front to the base hospitals; hospital ulcer = hospital gangrene.
1816A. C. Hutchison Pract. Obs. Surg. (1826) 168 Examined during the night by the nurse of the ward, or by an *hospital-assistant.
1823C. Mathews Let. 7 Feb. in A. Mathews Mem. Charles Mathews (1838) III. 365, I slept in a bed on the road without even posts for curtains—a regular *hospital-bed. 1952Oxf. Jun. Encycl. X. 190/2 Small sums paid weekly during health might entitle contributors to a hospital bed in time of need. 1970New Yorker 29 Aug. 55/1 He lends people hospital beds, which he happened to get at a good price. 1973C. Mullard Black Brit. iv. 46 Overnight, blacks were suddenly held responsible for the unemployment figures.., lack of adequate social services, schools and hospital beds.
1860F. Nightingale Notes on Nursing viii. 47 *Hospital bed⁓steads are..very much less objectionable than private ones.
1758J. Blake Plan Mar. Syst. 53 That the *hospital-birth be appointed..between decks.
1919‘I. Hay’ Last Million vi. 67 Convalescent soldiers in *hospital blue. 1920J. M. Barrie Kiss for Cinderella (1928) iii. 445 Danny, who is slightly lame and is in hospital blue. 1920[see airer]. 1957R. Campbell Portugal ii. 29, I was clothed in army hospital-blues. 1973B. Turner Hot-Foot iv. 20 Some day I would be spotted as a wanted man by someone who knew me either in khaki or in hospital blues.
1677A. Horneck Gt. Law Consid. iv. (1704) 210 A thing only fit for alms-men and *hospital-boys.
1899Statutes at Large U.S.A. XXX. 474 June 17, 1898..Be it enacted..That a *hospital corps of the United States Navy is hereby established. 1945Amer. Handbk. (Office War Information) xxvi. 386 Men of the Hospital Corps include pharmacists... They may be found in the amphibious units of the Marine Corps, in the dressing stations of warships, and in submarines.
1901E. Root in Bacon & Scott Mil. & Colonial Policy U.S. (1916) 374 An order was made fixing the enlisted strength..exclusive of *hospital corps men, at 77,287. 1943Sci. News Let. 29 May 343 Soon a Hospital Corpsman with a larger kit of supplies comes along and quickly ministers to the wounded man.
1750Pringle (title) Observations on the Nature and Cure of *Hospital and Jail Fevers. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 690 It [putrid fever] possesses the additional names of Jail, Camp, and Hospital Fever.
1813J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 456 The particular ulcer, to which surgeons now give the name of malignant ulcer, or *hospital gangrene.
1890W. Booth In Darkest Eng. i. iii. 26 He had hoped to have obtained a *hospital letter at the Mansion House so as to obtain a truss for a bad rupture.
1828P. Cunningham N.S. Wales (ed. 3) II. 217, I also allow each captain of the deck and *hospital-man two pounds of tobacco for use on the voyage.
1809Wellington Let. to Ld. Liverpool 7 Dec. in Gurw. Desp. (1838) V. 341, I also hope your Lordship will..send us out *Hospital Mates.
1848Thackeray Van. Fair lvii. 514 Women..who are *hospital-nurses without wages. 1893O. Wilde Lady Windermere's Fan iv. 120 You would like me to retire into a convent or become a hospital nurse, or something of that kind. 1936A. Thirkell August Folly ix. 265 Jessica got up and the hospital nurse left. 1962A. Christie Mirror Crack'd ii. 13 In real illness you could have a proper hospital nurse, at vast expense and procured with difficulty, or you could go to hospital.
1838C. M. Yonge Let. 25 Sept. in C. Coleridge C. M. Yonge (1903) iv. 139 Mr. Rudd, the tall man we took the *hospital paper to, is dead. 1890― More Bywords 260 Jane Cox is come for a hospital paper, ma'am.
1978Times 27 Nov. 9/3 The centres were always cramped for room, but the distribution was not always quick or accurate enough and *hospital passes were not unknown. 1986Guardian 17 Mar. 29/7 It was not exactly a hospital pass but... He made three yards before he was smothered.
1683Lond. Gaz. No. 1877/4 The Swallow is arrived in the Downs..as likewise an *Hospital Ship, with old and sick Soldiers. 1758J. Blake Plan Mar. Syst. 51 It is proposed, that..an hospital-ship be appointed. 1888E. J. Mather Nor'ard of Dogger 282 Numbers of poor fellows..eager to seize the first opportunity of boarding the hospital-ship. 1899Westm. Gaz. 20 Nov. 6/2 The American hospital-ship Maine. 1916‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 172 Swinging at top speed down the line to the base and the hospital ship and home. 1944F. Clune Red Heart 12 I've seen my mates consigned to the deep on a hospital ship..in war-time.
1856R. Glisan Jrnl. Army Life (1874) 350 Besides the sick, *hospital steward, hospital attendants, and some three others, there will be no troops. 1895Outing (U.S.) Dec. 255/2 The non-commissioned staff comprises a sergeant-major, a quarter master-sergeant, a commissary-sergeant, and a hospital steward.
1873Punch 1 Feb. 43/2 Munificence to medical charities upon ‘*Hospital Sunday’. 1876J. Irving Ann. Time Suppl. (ed. 2), [June] 15 [1873].—The first ‘Hospital Sunday’ held in London; above 27,400l. collected in connection with the different services.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 687 One reason why nurses, and perhaps *hospital-surgeons, escape so often without injury.
1812Niles' Reg. II. 131/1, 300 *hospital, horsemen's and common tents. 1862G. B. McClellan Let. 31 July in Own Story (1887) 458 They are nearly all in hospital-tents and are well provided for. 1936C. Day Lewis Friendly Tree i. 14 Holding the wound shut..until he reaches the hospital tent.
1874B. F. Taylor World on Wheels i. xxiv. 162 The saddest train upon which the writer ever took passage was the *Hospital Train, with its maimed and mangled burden. 1916‘Boyd Cable’ Action Front 172 That he might be lying warm and comfortable in the soothing ease of a bed in the hospital train. 1937V. Bartlett This is my Life iv. 51, I spent my twenty first birthday in a hospital train... The Medical Officer in charge..was an old school friend.
1799Med. Jrnl. I. 430 Ulcers..which are known by the term of *hospital ulcers.
1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 620 The true sanatorium for the Coast would be a *hospital vessel attached to each district.
Hence ˈhospital v. trans., to place in a hospital.
1840Fraser's Mag. XXII. 182 Like a deserving pensioner, hospitalled in the comfort..of fond protection.
Add:[6.] hospital gown: see *gown n. 6.
Add:[7.] hospital trust: in the U.K., a self-governing administrative body within the National Health Service, comprising a hospital (or often a group of neighbouring hospitals) which has withdrawn from local health authority control.
1989Independent 4 Nov. 3/1 Mr Clarke has still knocked some district bids off the list. The St George's teaching *hospital trust—which was virtually the whole of the Wandsworth health authority's services—is currently excluded, for example. 1993Private Eye 4 June 10/3 At St Clements hospital in Bow, part of the Royal London hospital trust.
▪ II. † ˈhospital, a. Obs.
[ad. L. hospitālis hospitable, f. hospes, hospit-em host, guest: see host n.2 and -al1.]
1. = hospitable.
a. Of persons.
1570Levins Manip. 14/28 Hospitall, hospitalis. 1600Abp. Abbot Exp. Jonah 307 And it is said that a Bishop..should be hospitall, that is an entertainer of strangers. 1616Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 482 For Men they had not an Hospitall, that were thus Hospitall to Fowles. 1680Morden Geog. Rect., Wales (1685) 27 Their Gentry brave and Hospital.
b. Of things, qualities, feelings, etc.
1600Holland Livy xlii. xl. 1138 Hospitall and friendly courtesies. 1638Heywood Lucrece Wks. 1874 V. 222 Her kinde hospitall grace. 1697Potter Antiq. Greece iv. xxi. (1715) 416 He had contemn'd the Salt, and overturn'd the Hospital Table.
2. In phr. hospital Jove, hospital Jupiter, or hospital God, a translation of L. hospitālis or Gr. ξένιος ‘protector of the rights of hospitality’; also of Gr. ξενικός.
1382Wyclif 2 Macc. vi. 2 Thei weren, that enhabitiden the place, of Iouis hospitale [Vulg. Iovis hospitalis]. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xxx. ii. 380 In the very sight of the Hospitall God. 1658Rowland tr. Moufet's Theat. Ins. 1052 They are sacred to hospital Jupiter. 1697Potter Antiq. Greece iv. xxi. (1715) 416 Out of a pious regard to the Hospital Alliance. 1807Robinson Archæol. Græca i. xx. 93 στέϕανοι ξενικοὶ, hospital crowns. |