| 释义 |
▪ I. hough, n.|hɒk|
Forms: 4–5 hoȝ, houȝ, 5 howh, howgh, how, 5–7 hogh, 6–7 houghe, 5– hough; see also hock n.2; Sc. 5–6 hoch, houch, 6– howch; pl. 6 howis, 6– howes: see also houx.
[Known from 14th c. as hoȝ, houȝ. In Scotland still pronounced (hɔx); pl. also |hɔʊz|; in some parts of England the local pronunciation appears to be |hɒf, hʌf, haʊ, or həʊ|. The now usual |hɒk| appears to be an anglicizing of hoch |hox|: cf. loch, lough, shough. Its general prevalence appears to have given origin to the parallel spelling hock: see hock n.2 Evidently identical with OE. hóh, ho n.1, ‘heel’; as to difficulties of sense and phonology, see Note below.]
1. The joint in the hind leg of a quadruped between the tibia and the metatarsus or cannon-bone, the angle of which points backward; the hock.
(This joint, though elevated high in the leg of ruminants and perissodactyls, is homogenetic with the human heel and ankle, the cannon-bone being the homogen of the bones of the instep in man.)
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1357 Þay..henged þenne a[y]þer bi hoȝ es of þe fourchez. 1450–70Golagros & Gaw. 674 Thair hors vith thair hochis sic harmis couth hint. 1486Bk. St. Albans E viij a, She [the hare] hurcles vppon hir houghis ay. 1587L. Mascall Govt. Cattle (1600) 228 Put a small cord about the houghs of both the lambs feete. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. i. 99 The horses in lyke maner thay vse to bow thair hochis and to pase throuch mony partes. a1605Polwart Flyting w. Montgomerie 704 Thou puts the spauen in the forder spauld, That vses in the hinder hogh to bee. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 309 Griefs in the shoulders, legs, hips, houghes, joynts and hoofs, causing the Horse most commonly to halt. 1611Bible 2 Esdras xv. 36 Doung of men vnto the camels hough. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. i. 106 The hough or suffraginous flexure behinde. 1796W. Marshall Yorksh. (ed. 2) Gloss. (E.D.S.), Hoff, the hough, hock, gambrel, or hind-knee. 1816Scott Old Mort. xvii, Wae betide ye!..and cut the houghs of the creature whase fleetness ye trust in! 1822W. J. Napier Pract. Store-farm. 139 The quarters long and full with the mutton quite down to the hough.
2. The hollow part behind the knee-joint in man; the adjacent back part of the thigh. Chiefly Sc.
1508Dunbar Flyting w. Kennedie 190 His cair is all to clenge thy cabroch howis. 1513Douglas æneis ix. xii. 82 Of quham the howchys bath he smate in twa. a1550Christis Kirke Gr. xix, Syn traytourlie behind his back They hewit him on the howiss Behind [rimes mowis, powis, bowis]. 1550Lyndesay Sqr. Meldrum 1347 And hackit on his hochis and theis. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xxvi. xi. 298 The hindmost resting upon their houghes or hammes, made a shew of an arched building. 1681S. Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 52 After a pause and a cough, And sundry clawings of his hough. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. x, That ony ane..should ever daur to crook a hough. 1822― Nigel v, Clap your mule between your houghs and god-den with you.
3. A joint of beef, venison, etc., consisting of the part extending from the hough (sense 1) some distance up the leg: also technically called ‘leg’ of beef; it corresponds to the knuckle of veal, the knuckle-end or hock-end of a gammon of bacon, and the shank-end of a leg of mutton; cf. hock n.2 2.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 25 Howhys of Vele. Ibid. 37 An howe of vele. Ibid. 51 Hoghes of Venyson. 1611Cotgr., Trumeau de boeuf, a knuckle, hough, or leg, of Beefe. 1826Scott Woodst. xviii, When hough's in the pot, they will have share on't.
†4. hough and ham: ? with thin and thick ends laid side by side alternately. Obs.
1776G. Semple Building in Water 55 The thorough Foundation..is laid over with large Stones, Hough and Ham, and some pitched upon their Ends.
5. Comb., as hough-bone, hough-string; † hough-bony (see bunny1). Also hough-band, -sinew.
1470–85Malory Arthur xii. iii, The bore rafe hym [Sir Lancelot] on the brawne of the thyȝ vp to the *houghbone [ed. 1529 huckle bone].
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 317 Therefore I thought good to call it the *hough-bony. This sorance cometh of some stripe or bruise. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 152/2 The Hough boony is a swelling upon the tip or elbow of the Hough.
1609Holland Amm. Marcell. 129 (R.) Many men for old age feeble..had the calves of their legges or *hough-strings cut, and so were left behind.
Note. OE. hóh (ho n.1) has been noted only in the sense ‘(human) heel’, which does not at all correspond to 2 above. But the OE. compound hóhsinu, hough-sinew, used of horses, implies that hóh was also the hough or hock of a horse, as in sense 1 above. From the latter, 2 may have been transferred after the OE. sense ‘heel’ was obsolete and forgotten; the hough of a horse being in position analogous to the knee of man, and often popularly called the ‘hind-knee’. As to the phonology, OE. hóh would regularly give Sc. heuch, heugh |hʏx|, as in eneuch, teuch, pleuch, etc., while Sc. hoch, howch |hɔx| goes back to a form with short o, as in cough, trough, thocht, etc. The words can then be identical only if the ō in OE. hóh was shortened early enough to give howch, and not heuch, in Sc. The only apparent solution of this is that, as the compound hóhsinu (hough-sinew) was evidently shortened to hohsin, hoxen, hockshin, huckson, huxen (ó before the consonant-group becoming o), this reacted in some way upon the simple word, so as to give early ME. hoh, hoȝ, hogh, with short o, whence in later times Sc. hoch, Eng. hock. Perhaps the compound, with its derived verb, was in more general use than the simple word.
▪ II. hough, v.1|hɒk|
Forms: see prec.
[f. prec. n.: cf. also hock v.1, hox v.]
trans. To disable by cutting the sinew or tendons of the hough (see hough-sinew); to hamstring.
c1440Promp. Parv. 251/2 Howhyn (K. howghyn, H. howwhyn), subnervo. 1548W. Patten Exped. Scotl. in Arb. Garner III. 123 Some [corpses] with their legs off; some but hought and left lying half dead. 1551Bible Josh. xi. 6 (R.) Thou shalt hough theyr horses, and burne their charettes with fyre. 1580Acts Privy Council in Life of Melville I. 437 (Jam.) He sould hoch and slay him. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (1842) 25 They account of no man that hath not a battle axe at his girdle to hough dogs with. 1607Heywood Wom. Kilde with Kindn. Wks. 1874 II. 113 Hath he not ham-strings That thou must hogh? 1681S. Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 18 Some sythes had, men and horse to hough. 1851H. Martineau Hist. Peace iv. ix. (1877) III. 28 His cattle were houghed in the night.
Hence houghing vbl. n.
1581Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1597) §110 heading, Against the schamefull oppression of slaying and houching of Oxon. 1611Cotgr., Iarretade, a houghing, a slash ouer the hammes. 1878Lecky Eng. in 18th C. II. 393 We have seen how the houghing in 1711 and 1712 was attributed by many to a Jacobite source.
▪ III. † hough, v.2 Obs.
[Echoic.]
intr. To clear the throat.
1600W. Vaughan Direct. Health (1633) 81 (misp. 79) After long houghing, halking, and hacking, hauing their throats well washed with dreggish drugs. 1670–1710Grew (J), Neither could we hough or spit from us; much less could we sneeze or cough. 1755Johnson, To hough, to hawk. (This orthography is uncommon.)
▪ IV. † hough, int.
obs. spelling of ho int.1
a1553Udall Royster D. i. ii. (Arb.) 13 Hough, Mathew Merygreeke, my friend, a worde with thee. 1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. i. iv, I think this bee the house: what, hough!
▪ V. hough
see hoe n.2 and v.1, how, howe. |