| 释义 |
▪ I. hydraulic, a. and n.|haɪˈdrɔːlɪk, -ˈdrɒlɪk|
[ad. L. hydraulic-us, a. Gr. ὑδραυλικ-ός, f. ὕδωρ, ὑδρ- water + αὐλός pipe. In Greek ὑδραυλικὸν ὄργανον denoted a kind of musical instrument played by means of water (also called ὕδραυλις, ὕδραυλος); the extension of the word to other kinds of water-engines is first found in Latin authors (hydraulicae machinae in Vitruvius). Cf. F. hydraulique.]
A. adj.
1. a. Pertaining or relating to water (or other liquid) as conveyed through pipes or channels, esp. by mechanical means; belonging to hydraulics.
1661Humane Industry 37 Birds on the tops of Trees, which by Hydraulic art and secret conveyances of water..are made to sing. 1729Switzer Hydrost. & Hydraul. 69 Nero Alexandrinus, and other Hydraulick Writers. 1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 1364 A shaft moved by hydraulic power. 1860All Year Round No. 52. 35 A bale of dry goods..packed by hydraulic pressure. 1898Times 22 Aug. 6/3 Hydraulic pressure exerted against the deposits by what are known as..‘Monitors’, huge squirts... These huge jets of water strike against the mass of gravels with a force of many thousand horse-power.
b. Special collocations.
hydraulic engineering (see quots.); so hydraulic engineer; hydraulic gradient: (a line representing) the variation along a pipe or channel of the head due to elevation and pressure in a liquid flowing along it; hydraulic jump: an abrupt change from a fast, shallow flow to a slower, deeper flow at some point in a liquid flowing in an open channel; hydraulic mining: a method of mining in which the force of a powerful jet of water is used to wear down a bed of auriferous gravel or earth, and to carry the debris to the sluices where the particles of gold are separated; hydraulic radius or hydraulic mean depth: a length equal to the cross-sectional area of the liquid in a channel or pipe divided by the length of the wetted perimeter.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 382/1 Besides the construction of harbours for ships, the formation of the aqueducts which supplied the cities with water must have constituted an important part of the duties of the hydraulic engineer among the antients. 1916J. Park Textbk. Pract. Hydraulics p. x, A valuable work of reference for all hydraulic engineers.
1835Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1834 473 Practical works in hydraulic engineering of great magnitude and extent have been carried on in England. 1858G. R. Burnell Rudiments Hydraulic Engin. I. i. 1 Hydraulic Engineering will be considered to include..questions connected with building in water. Ibid. 2 Hydraulic engineering is principally confined to the operations in which water acts as an incompressible fluid. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 427/1 Hydraulic engineering, that branch of engineering chiefly concerned in the design and production of hydraulic machinery, pumping plants, pipelines, etc. 1956A. H. Compton Atomic Quest ii. 106 His..degree in hydraulic engineering at the University of Iowa.
1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 484/2 Hence [the line] CD is termed the virtual slope or hydraulic gradient of the pipe. 1935A. J. Martin Work of Sanitary Engin. viii. 92 If a series of open-ended vertical pipes were carried up from the main at intervals, the water would rise in each of them up to the line of the hydraulic gradient. 1951W. L. Russell Princ. Petroleum Geol. xii. 212 By using..high hydraulic gradients, oil globules and gas bubbles may be forced through these sandstones.
1922H. E. Babbitt Sewerage iv. 74 The hydraulic jump will occur when a high velocity of flow is interrupted by an obstruction in the channel, by a change in grade of the invert, or the approach of the velocity to the ‘critical’ velocity. 1969Chia-Shun Yih Fluid Mech. v. 226 Tidal bores observed in estuaries are hydraulic jumps propagating against flowing water.
1797Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 891/1 Column 1..contains the hydraulic mean depths of any conduit in inches... The column is continued to 100 inches, which is fully equal to the hydraulic mean depth of any canal. 1829Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) I. vi. 5/2 Suppose the whole quantity of water to be spread on a horizontal surface, equal in extent to the bottom and sides of the river, when the height at which the water would so stand is called the hydraulic mean depth. 1930Engineering 7 Feb. 180/1 By means of the following table, maximum scour can be calculated from calculated values of the hydraulic mean depth.
1873Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining xvii. 390 Hydraulic mining in California—The origin of this branch of mining dates back as far as the spring of 1852.
1876L. d'A. Jackson tr. Kutter's Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers i. 2, r is the mean hydraulic radius, or the quotient of the water section by the wetted perimeter. 1948D. W. Taylor Fund. Soil Mech. vi. 109 The ratio of volume to surface area of flow channel may be used as an alternative definition of hydraulic radius.
2. a. Applied to various mechanical contrivances operated by water-power, or in which water is conveyed through pipes; e.g. a hydraulic crane, hydraulic engine, hydraulic machine, hydraulic motor. Also used in connection with liquids other than water.
hydraulic belt, an endless woollen band passing over rollers for raising water by absorption and compression. hydraulic block (Shipbuilding), a hydraulic lifting-press made to occupy the place of a building-block beneath the keel of a vessel in a repairing-dock, so as to raise the vessel when needed. hydraulic brush, a brush with a hose connexion through its handle whereby it discharges water upon the surface scrubbed. hydraulic buffer, a device for checking the recoil of a mounted gun, consisting of a piston in a cylinder filled with liquid. hydraulic condenser (see condenser 4 c.) the chamber in which gas is cooled. hydraulic dock, a floating dock (see dock 4), on which a vessel is raised for examination and repairs. hydraulic elevator, or hydraulic lift, a lift or hoist worked by hydraulic power. hydraulic indicator, a gauge indicating hydraulic pressure. hydraulic intensifier, a device for obtaining an increase in pressure in a hydraulic system, usu. comprising two cylinders of different diameters containing pistons that are joined to one another. hydraulic main, in gas-works, a large pipe containing water, and receiving the pipes from the several retorts, which dip below the surface of the water so that the raw gas passes through the water and is partly purified on its way to the condenser. hydraulic organ, an ancient musical instrument in which water was used in some way, prob. to regulate the pressure of the air. hydraulic press = hydrostatic press. hydraulic ram, an automatic pump in which the kinetic energy of a descending column of water in a pipe is used to raise some of the water to a height above that of its original source; also applied to the lifting piston of a hydrostatic press. hydraulic valve, a valve formed by an inverted cup placed with its edge under water over the upturned open end of a pipe, so as to close the pipe against the passage of air. hydraulic wheel, a wheel for raising water by applied power.
1656Blount Glossogr., Hydraulick, pertaining to Organs, or to an Instrument to draw water. 1659J. Leak Waterwks. 30 The Pipes of the Organs in Hydraulique [mispr. Hydrautique] Instruments. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. s.v. Hydraulo-Pneumatical, A Description of the Common Hydraulick Engine used to Quench Fire. 1808Young in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 22 As a stream of water strikes on the valve of the hydraulic ram. 1838Penny Cycl. XI. 87/1 A much larger pipe, technically called the hydraulic main, which..receives the gas produced from all the retorts. 1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 210 Hydraulic presses of various kinds..among them the vast machine which was employed to lift the Brittannia tube into its place. Ibid. 236 Hydraulic lifting jack for railway engines and carriages. Ibid. 1194 Hydraulic crane. Ibid. 1228 Hydraulic clock..by keeping up a constant flow of water, the clock will never require winding up. 1856S. C. Brees Gloss. Terms, Hydraulic belt, an endless double band, formed of woollen cloth, for raising water. 1871G. E. Voyle Dict. Artillery Terms (ed. 2) 45/1 The Hydraulic Buffer. 1876Voyle & Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) 54/2 Where guns are mounted on carriages and platforms fitted for hydraulic buffers, the buffer will invariably be kept on the platform filled with the proper quantity of oil. 1899G. D. Hiscox Mech. Movements vii. 153 Hydraulic intensifier.—High pressure obtained from low pressure by differential pistons. 1959Chambers's Encycl. VI. 646/1 A hydraulic buffer or brake consists of a cylinder filled with liquid, a piston and a piston rod. 1962Walshaw & Jobson Mech. Fluids ii. 32 A 100 ton press with a 12 in. stroke is to be operated from a main in which the pressure is 40 lbf/in2 gauge, via a hydraulic intensifier with a 4 ft stroke.
b. hydraulic brake: (a) a brake that utilizes the resistance to motion experienced by a piston or rotor in a chamber full of liquid; also, a hydraulic buffer; (b) a brake that operates by means of friction but is actuated hydraulically; (c) a dynamometer that works on the principle of the hydraulic brake (sense (a)).
(a)1874Engineering 11 Sept. 194/3 (heading) Hydraulic brakes. 1894J. A. Ewing Steam-Engine ix. 269 Many governors are furnished with a dash-pot, which is a hydraulic or pneumatic brake, consisting of a piston connected to the governor, working loosely in a cylinder which is filled with oil or with water. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 897/1 The buffer-stop to be seen in terminal railway stations, and the hydraulic brakes of quick-firing guns, are examples. 1959[see sense 2 above]. 1962D. J. Myatt Machine Design i. 151 Because braking torque is a function of speed of rotation of the brake rotor, electric and hydraulic brakes should not be depended upon to hold a load stationary.
(b)1875Engineering 8 Jan. 29/1 The hydraulic brake comprises a pump, a cistern, and an accumulator for collecting and storing the power, a regulator, and apparatus for applying that power in retarding the speed of the train. 1876J. W. Barry Railway Appliances vii. 286 In the hydraulic break the pressure on the pistons is derived from the pressure of a small hydraulic accumulator. 1924Wright & Smith Automotive Construction & Operation xiv. 331 Several cars have adopted the hydraulic-brake system for all four wheels. 1963D. V. W. Francis Morris Minor i. 11/1 Lockheed hydraulic brakes operate on 7-in. brake drums.
(c)1890Min. Proc. Inst. Civil Engin. XCIX. 169 At the same meeting, Mr. William Froude gave an account of his hydraulic brake, for measuring the power of large engines. 1925A. W. Judge Automobile Engines i. vi. 170 The Froude hydraulic brake..is now largely employed for automobile engine tests. In this case the power is absorbed by hydraulic resistance.
c. Of a liquid: used, or suitable for use, in hydraulic brakes or other hydraulic equipment. (Not used predicatively.)
1941E. Molloy Hydraulic Equipment 86 A valve on the master-brake cylinder..allows the hydraulic fluid to escape, under pressure, to the brake cylinder in the wheel. 1951Adv. Chem. Ser. V. 241 Hydraulic fluids..include those made from petroleum, synthetic oils, and aqueous solutions containing antifreeze and rust inhibitors. 1967E. R. Braithwaite Lubrication iii. 161 Fire-resistant hydraulic oils represent a class of lubricants in which there is increasing interest. 1971Drive New Year 33/2 It is advisable to change hydraulic fluid every eighteen months or 24,000 miles.
3. Applied to substances which harden under water and so become impervious to it; as hydraulic cement, hydraulic lime, hydraulic mortar.
1829Arcana of Sci. & Art 246 When the bridge of Louis XVI was constructed, much advantage was derived from mixing with the hydraulic mortar which was used, a portion of the clinkers..which had passed through the grates of the glass bottle furnace, at Meudon. 1843Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. VI. 157/2 Hydraulic lime will harden in a very short time. Ibid., Roman cement, the most hydraulic of all mortars. 1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 135 Silica is an essential element in the formation of a good hydraulic cement. Ibid. 1114 Hydraulic chalk cement, hardening under water in a few minutes. 1863A. C. Ramsay Phys. Geog. xii. (1878) 167 Blue argillaceous limestone, largely quarried..for hydraulic lime. 1871Roscoe Elem. Chem. 218 Hydraulic mortars, which harden under water.
B. n.
†1. A hydraulic organ: see A. 2. Obs.
1626Bacon Sylva §102 The Sounds that produce Tones..such are the Percussions of Mettall, as in Bels;..And of Water, as in the Nightingals Pipes of Regalls, or Organs, and other Hydraulicks; which the Ancients had..but are now lost. 1661Humane Industry 109 He used onely warm water to give them motion and sound. Such Hydraulics are frequent in Italy.
2. a. Short for hydraulic engine, press, etc. (see A. 2). b. Applied hydraulic force.
1729Switzer Hydrost. & Hydraul. 347 The Hydraulick or Engine before mentioned, and its Effects, being thus explain'd. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 63 Great is the power of hydraulic! Here is a hole..squeezed out of a slab of steel with no more fuss than if the steel were piecrust! Ibid. 157 The hydraulic is again brought into play, and with a pair of huge pincers the rivets are nipped and finished.
Add:[A.] [1.] [b.] hydraulic fracturing = *hydrofracturing vbl. n.
1948Oil & Gas Jrnl. 14 Oct. 76/2 The hydraulic fracturing process, ‘Hydrafrac’, shows distinct promise of increasing production rates from wells producing from any type of formation. 1968E. Teller et al. Constructive Uses Nucl. Explosives vi. 251 Hydraulic fracturing..is accomplished by pumping a fluid into the formation under sufficient pressure to fracture the formation in the vicinity of the well bore. 1989D. Mader Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing p. xxxi, The effect of a tail-in terminal stage in hydraulic fracturing..is comparable to that of a gravel pack.
▪ II. hydraulic, v. U.S.|haɪˈdrɔːlɪk, -ˈdrɒlɪk|
[f. hydraulic in hydraulic mining.]
trans. To work or obtain by the methods of hydraulic mining. Hence hyˈdraulic(k)ing vbl. n.
1868Rep. J. Ross Browne Mineral Resources (U.S. Treas. Dept.) 94 They can hydraulic away about 300 feet along the face of their Claim, but beyond that the hill is too deep to pay for piping. 1880G. T. Ingham Digging Gold ix. 243 Two steam pumps have been..forcing water from French Creek up to these dry diggings for hydraulicing. 1892C. F. Lummis Tramp across Continent viii. 122 To run a fifteen-mile pipe-line from the Sandias to Golden, and thus bring water to hydraulic the enormous areas of gold-bearing gravel. 1904J. Lynch Three Yrs. Klondike (1967) ix. 127 Those grounds can only be dredged or hydraulicked. 1908W. R. Crane Gold & Silver v. 379 In 1903 the Crown Mountain Mining Company..hydrauliced the material in sluices to a 60-stamp mill. 1928W. A. Chalfant Outposts Civilization 42 From which it was said the owner hydraulicked $90,000 worth of gold. 1965Mineral Facts & Problems (U.S. Bureau of Mines) 231 Some kaolin deposits are mined by hydraulicking. |