| 释义 |
hydrogen Chem.|ˈhaɪdrədʒən|
Also 8–9 hydrogene.
[a. F. hydrogène, f. Gr. ὕδωρ, ὑδρ- water: see -gen 1.]
1. a. One of the elements; a colourless, invisible, odourless gas; it burns with a pale-blue flame, whence its former name of inflammable air. It is the lightest substance known, having a specific gravity of about one-fourteenth of that of air. Symbol H; atomic weight 1.
It occurs free in nature in small quantities in certain volcanic gases, and is an essential constituent of all animal and vegetable matter. It forms two-thirds in volume and one-ninth in weight of water (H2O), which is the sole product of the combustion of hydrogen in ordinary air. It is a constituent of all acids, in which it can be replaced by bases to form salts.
antimoniuretted hydrogen, arseniuretted hydrogen, carburetted hydrogen, phosphoretted hydrogen, seleniuretted hydrogen, sulphuretted hydrogen, telluretted hydrogen, early names sometimes still used for gaseous combinations of hydrogen with antimony, arsenic, carbon, phosphorus, selenium, sulphur, tellurium.
1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 132 note, Mr. Lavoisier and others of the French School have most ingeniously endeavoured to shew that water consists of pure air, called by them oxygene, and of inflammable air, called hydrogene. 1794G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. xii. 493 Inflammable air may be obtained in great purity by decomposing water, of which it is a constituent part. The French writers term it hydrogene, that is generator of water. 1794Pearson in Phil. Trans. LXXXIV. 391 A mixture of carbonic acid, hydrogen, and nitrogen gaz. 1799W. Tooke View Russian Emp. I. 283 Hepatic air or sulphurated hydrogene gas. 1820Shelley Œdipus i. 188 As full of blood as that of hydrogene. 1833N. Arnott Physics (ed. 5) I. 421 The carburetted hydrogen..is generally employed for filling balloons. 1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 620 Hydrogen is present, equally with carbon, in every organic compound. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 111 Most of our ordinary combustibles..are rich in hydrogen. 1893Sir R. Ball In High Heav. vii. 157 Dr. Huggins..succeeded in establishing the existence of hydrogen in these remote regions of space.
b. An atom of hydrogen.
1920Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLII. 1431 A free pair of electrons on one water molecule might be able to exert sufficient force on a hydrogen held by a pair of electrons on another water molecule to bind the two molecules together. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iii. 196 The hydrogens, owing to their capacity to form hydrogen bonds.., will act as if they had unsatisfied single valencies.
2. attrib.
a. hydrogen harmonicon, hydrogen lamp, hydrogen line, hydrogen spectrum; hydrogen (sc. hydrogen bomb) hydrogen warhead; hydrogen acid = hydracid; † hydrogen air, an old name for hydrogen, freq. also called hydrogen gas (cf. F. gaz hydrogène); hydrogen bomb, an immensely powerful bomb in which the energy released is derived from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei in an uncontrolled self-sustaining reaction initiated by a fission bomb; hydrogen bond, a weak bond between a strongly electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons in one molecule and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another strongly electronegative atom or group in the same or a different molecule; hence hydrogen-bonded pa. pple. and ppl. adj., hydrogen-bonding vbl. n.; hydrogen (gas) electrode, an electrode (usu. of platinum coated with platinum black) partially immersed in a solution that contains hydrogen ions and hydrogen gas, so that an equilibrium between the ions and the molecules is established on the surface of the electrode enabling it to be used as a standard of zero potential (e.g. in measurements of other electrode potentials and of pH); hydrogen ion, the positive ion H+ (the proton) derived from a hydrogen atom by the loss of its electron; a solvated form of this in a solution, esp. the hydrated form H3O+ (cf. hydronium).
1866S. Macadam G. Wilson's Inorg. Chem. Index, *Hydrogen acids, or hydracids.
1793Beddoes Calculus 212 Arterial blood exposed to the contact of hydrogene air loses its vermilion colour.
1947N.Y. Times 13 Apr. iv. 9/5 *Hydrogen bomb. New and improved atomic bombs were discussed at the recently held forum of the Northern California Association of Scientists. 1948Sci. News Let. 17 July 35/1 This is the ‘hydrogen bomb’ that certain high officials in past months have vaguely..hinted may be made. 1951C. Roberts Terrace in Sun i. 12 Would the hydrogen bomb that could reduce New York to a tangled skeleton penetrate thus far? 1954W. S. Churchill in Hansard Commons 30 Mar. 1840 The development of the hydrogen bomb raises strategic and political issues. 1972Sci. Amer. Dec. 13/3 China exploded a fission device in 1964 and a fusion device in 1967, and it has tested several hydrogen bombs since that date.
1923G. N. Lewis Valence ix. 109 The hydrogen atom can form a loose attachment to another pair of electrons, thus forming the *hydrogen bond. 1939L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond ix. 264 Although the hydrogen bond is not a strong bond..it has great significance in determining the properties of substances. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 387/2 Ordinary ice consists of water molecules joined together by hydrogen bonds in a regular arrangement. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. iii. 110 When double-stranded DNA is heated to near 100°C, the hydrogen bonds between the two chains break and the strands separate.
1950Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXII. 5349/2 Each residue is hydrogen-bonded to the third residue from it in each direction along the chain. Ibid., The second hydrogen-bonded spiral is the five-residue spiral.
1936Ibid. LVIII. 1903/2 One isomer should show complete hydrogen bonding detectable by appropriate physical methods.
1898Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXIV. ii. 89 A similar method may be used in the titration of acids and bases, if a *hydrogen electrode be employed..being made of gold electrolytically coated with palladium. 1942Glasstone Introd. Electrochem. x. 352 The hydrogen gas electrode cannot be employed in solutions containing oxidizing agents. 1964R. G. Bates Determination of pH ix. 230 The hydrogen electrode is the ultimate standard for the determination of pH values, but..other electrodes reversible to hydrogen ion are commonly employed for routine pH measurements.
1802–12Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) III. 315 An air-balloon, on the *hydrogen gas principle. 1805W. Nisbet Dict. Chem., Hydrogen Gas, sometimes termed inflammable gas, is formed by the union of hydrogen with caloric. It was discovered by Mr. Cavendish.
1866S. Macadam G. Wilson's Inorg. Chem. 93 This arrangement has been called the *hydrogen harmonicon; but any of the combustible gases will produce musical notes if burned in the same way.
1896Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXX. ii. 638 Etherification occurring, with or without the addition of a catalysing acid, is primarily caused by the activity of the *hydrogen ions present. 1935Discovery Nov. 322/1 Every process of manufacture is subject to constant scientific control, regulating temperature, humidity,..hydrogen-ion concentration. 1939L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond ix. 266 The positive hydrogen ion is a bare proton. 1942Glasstone Introd. Electrochem. ix. 308 The hydrogen ion in solution is not to be regarded as a bare proton, but as a combination of a proton with, at least, one molecule of solvent. 1968M. S. Livingston Particle Physics vi. 120 Experiments on the deflection of hydrogen-ion beams in electric and magnetic fields.
1893Sir R. Ball In High Heav. vii. 160 The spectrum of the star in the vicinity of the line G... The *hydrogen line in that neighbourhood.
Ibid. xv. 366 A bright line, such as one of those of which the *hydrogen spectrum is composed.
1954in Amer. Speech (1957) XXXII. 137 That missile, or I.B.M. as the experts call it, will be an accurately guided rocket..capable of carrying a *hydrogen warhead over a range of 4000 to 5000 miles.
b. In systematic names of chemical compounds of hydrogen with an element or radical = ‘of hydrogen’: as hydrogen bromide HBr, h. chloride HCl, h. iodide HI (also called hydrobromic, hydrochloric, and hydriodic acids); hydrogen monoxide or hydrogen protoxide H2O (water), hydrogen dioxide H2O2 (oxygenated water); hydrogen arsenide H3As, h. selenide H2Se, h. sulphide H2S (also arseniuretted, seleniuretted, sulphuretted h.); hydrogen disulphide H2S2, hydrogen potassium carbonate HKCO3, hydrogen sodium arsenate HNa.AsO4 + 12H2O. On the analogy of hydrogen chloride, etc., acids are often named as salts of hydrogen, e.g. hydrogen acetate C2H3O2.H, h. chlorate HClO3, h. chlorite HClO2, h. nitrate HNO3, h. sulphate H2SO4, h. sulphite H2SO3 (= acetic, chloric, chlorous, nitric, sulphuric, sulphurous acids); hydrogen cyanide, the more usual term in modern usage for hydrocyanic acid; hydrogen peroxide, a colourless, viscous, somewhat unstable liquid, H2O2, which can act as an oxidizing and a reducing agent, is usu. prepared as an aqueous solution, and is used esp. as an oxidizing and bleaching agent, in the manufacture of peroxides and organic compounds, as a weak antiseptic, and (in concentrated form) as a rocket propellant.
1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 105 Hydrochloric Acid or Hydrogen Chloride. Ibid. 197 Hydrogen Sodium Carbonate or Bicarbonate of Soda..is a white crystalline powder which on heating is readily converted into sodium carbonate. Ibid. 320 Acetic acid..hydrogen acetate. 1872Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXV. 922 (heading) Determination of nitrates, nitrites, and hydrogen peroxide by solution of indigo. 1873Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 193 Hydrogen Iodate, or Iodic Acid. Ibid. 206 Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless gas, having the odour of putrid eggs. Ibid. 215 Hydrogen Telluride is a gas, resembling sulphuretted and selenietted hydrogen. 1877Roscoe & Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. I. 519 In order to prepare the hydrogen arsenide in the pure state. 1882Jrnl. Chem. Soc. Index of Subjects 1873–1882 215/2 Hydrogen cyanide. 1907G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) ii. iii. 226 When such a discoloured picture [in oils] is washed over with dilute hydrogen peroxide, the black sulphide is oxidised into the white lead sulphate. 1948New Biol. IV. 71 The most common fumigants in use in this country are hydrogen cyanide;..methyl bromide; [etc.]. 1951A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therapeutics xxv. 514 Hydrogen peroxide solution differs from most other disinfectants in the short duration of the action, which passes off as soon as all the oxygen is liberated. 1962J. Glenn in Into Orbit 192 The hydrogen peroxide jets began to turn the capsule round to orbital attitude.
c. In journalistic and colloquial use: of the age, era, etc., marked by the advent of the hydrogen bomb.
1953Ann. Reg. 1952 403 [Pres. Truman's] references to the bomb..firmly dated the beginning of the ‘hydrogen era’ as occurring in the period of the Truman Administration. 1954Commonweal 10 Dec. 279/2 An unexpected wind shift and fallout of radioactive ashes made some unfortunate Japanese fishermen..the first public victims of the hydrogen age. 1959Times Lit. Suppl. 29 May 315/1 His naval reforms..seem unimportant..in the hydrogen age.
3. Comb. hydrogen-like a. Physics, consisting (like the hydrogen atom) of a nucleus to which is bound a single negatively charged particle; characteristic of such an atom.
1927E. N. da C. Andrade Struct. Atom (ed. 3) ix. 190 An atom of helium from which one electron has been altogether removed, and an atom of lithium from which two electrons have been altogether removed, constitute similar systems, and may be called hydrogen-like. 1927J. Fisher tr. Born's Mech. Atom iii. 155 The orbit of the radiating electron was hydrogen-like for large values of k, since it is situated in an approximately Coulomb field of force. 1951S. Dushman Fund. Atomic Physics ix. 131 A hydrogenlike atom, having a nucleus of charge Ze and one electron revolving about this nucleus in a circular orbit. 1969K. Ziock Basic Quantum Mech. v. 89 Muonic atoms have hydrogen-like spectra.
Delete ‘h. sulphate H2SO4’ at sense 2 b in Dict. and add: [2.] [b.] hydrogen sulphate, (a) † sulphuric acid, H2SO4 (obs.); (b) (freq. as one word) an acid salt containing the anion HSO4- , or the anion itself; an ester of the type RHSO4 .
1869H. E. Roscoe Less. Elem. Chem. (ed. 2) xiii. 130 (heading) Sulphuric acid, or hydrogen sulphate. 1893Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXIV. ii. 97 Ferrotitanium can only be dissolved by fusion with sodium hydrogen sulphate and treatment with cold water. 1962P. J. & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorganic Chem. xxi. 846 The sodium salt [sc. sodium disulphate] is made by heating sodium hydrogen sulphate. 1981J. W. Buttle et al. Chemistry (ed. 4) xi. 261 Most sulphates and hydrogensulphates are soluble in water and are therefore prepared usually by the neutralization of sulphuric acid by base, followed by crystallization. |