| 释义 |
hyper-, prefix|haɪpə(r)|
repr. Gr. ὑπερ- (ὑπέρ prep. and adv., ‘over, beyond, over much, above measure’); in Gr. combined adverbially with verbs, in the local sense ‘over, above, beyond’, as ὑπερβαίνειν to step over, overstep, cross, ὑπερβάλλειν to throw over or beyond; and hence in the adjectives and substantives thence derived, as ὑπερβατός going across, transposed (cf. hyperbaton), ὑπερβολή a throwing over or beyond, overshooting, excess, extravagance, hyperbole, ὑπερβολικός hyperbolic. Also with adjectives formed on substantive stems, implying that the thing or quality is present over or beyond the ordinary degree, as ὑπέρθῡµος over-daring, high-spirited, ὑπέρβιος of overwhelming might; and later with ordinary adjectives with the sense ‘exceedingly’, as ὑπέρµεγας immensely great, ὑπέρκαλος exceedingly beautiful. In this sense also sometimes with verbs, as ὑπεραγαπᾶν to love exceedingly, ὑπερεχθαίρειν to hate exceedingly. Also combined prepositionally with ns., forming adjs. with the sense of lying or going beyond, surpassing, as ὑπερβόρεος that is beyond the north wind, hyperborean, ὑπερόριος lying over the frontier, ὑπερουράνιος that is above the heavens, ὑπέρθεος more than divine, ὑπέρµετρος going beyond measure (or metre); whence also with ns. from adjs., as ὑπερθύριον the lintel of a door, ὑπερµετρία a passing all measure.
Comparatively few of these have come down or been adopted in English, hyperbole, hyperborean, with their derivatives, being the chief; but from the 17th century hyper- has been extensively used, more or less on Greek analogies, in the formation of new compounds, and has even become a kind of living element, freely prefixed to adjectives and substantives, as in groups 1 and 4 below.
I. Formations in which, as in hyperborean, the prefix has the prepositional force of ‘over, beyond, or above’ (what is denoted by the second element).
1. General formations:
a. adjectives, as hyper-angelical, hyper-archæological, hyper-archiepiscopal, hyper-barbarous, hyper-constitutional, hyper-creaturely, hyper-diabolical, hyper-equatorial, hyper-magical, hyper-magnetic, hyper-miraculous, hyper-pathetic, hyper-prophetical, hyper-stoic, see also hyperethical, hyperrational, etc., below.
b. Rarely in substantives (except abstracts from the adjs.), and verbs; e.g. hyper-analysis, hypergoddess, hyperdeify: see below.
1650R. Gell Serm. 27 The divine, intellectual, *hyper-angelical world.
1882H. Goodwin in Trans. Cumbld. & Westmld. Archæol. Soc. VI. 234 A *hyper-archæological chapter in the history of the world.
1657J. Goodwin Triers Tried 25 Authority..not so *hyper-archepiscopall, so super-metropolitan.
1831T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle ii. (1887) 27 A *hyperbarbarous technology, that no Athenian ear could have borne.
1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xiv. 98 A kind of paramount, and what I may call *hyper-constitutional law.
1856R. A. Vaughan Mystics (1860) I. 100 Virtues which are unhuman, anti-terrestrial, *hypercreaturely—forgive the word.
1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 199 A hyperbolicall, diabolicall, nay *hyper-diabolicall plot.
1820Shelley Witch Atl. Introd. vi, Scorched by Hell's *hyperequatorial climate.
1837Carlyle Diam. Neckl. xiv. Misc. Ess. 1872 V. 184 Such a *Hyper-magical is this our poor old Real world.
1680R. Fleming Fulfill. Script. (1801) II. iii. 179 By a touch of this *hyper-magnetic power.
1826Southey Vind. Eccl. Angl. 483 Though introduced..by such *hyper-miraculous miracles.
1866Lond. Rev. 15 Sept. 288/2 That which is *hyper-pathetic, which is really too deep for tears.
1613Jackson Creed ii. xxii. §4 His [Christ's] *hyperpropheticall spirit.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. I. ix. 48 A crude egoismus, a boastful and *hyperstoic hostility to nature.
1870Temple Bar Mag. Mar. 41 Listening to that *hyperterrestrial singing.
2. Mus.
a. In the names of the musical modes hyperæolian, hyper-dorian, hyper-ionian, hyper-lydian, hyper-mixolydian, hyper-phrygian, denoting either (a) the acute modes in ancient Greek music, which began at a definite interval above the ordinary æolian, Dorian, etc., or (b) the ‘authentic’ modes in mediaeval music (the same as æolian, Dorian, etc.) as contrasted with the ‘plagal’ modes hypoæolian, -dorian, etc.
b. Also formerly in names of intervals measured upwards, as hyperdiapason, hyperdiapente, hyperdiatessaron, hyperditone (see diapason, etc.). (Cf. hypo- 3.)
1761Stiles in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 1760 LI. 713 The modes being thus augmented to fifteen..their meses will be found to stand..in the following order. Hyperlydian, Hyperæolian, Hyperphrygian or Hypermixolydian. Ibid. 722 They placed the Hypermixolydian at a diapason from the Hypodorian, towards the acute, giving it that denomination from its position above the Mixolydian. 1867Macfarren Harmony i. 14 The fourth mode Ambrose selected is the Hyper-Lydian sometimes called Mixo-Lydian. 1873H. C. Banister Text-bk. Mus. 31 The authentic modes were also called Hyper-Ionian, Hyper-Dorian, etc. 1922Joyce Ulysses 493 It is susceptible of nodes or modes as far apart as hyperphrygian and mixolydian.
3. a. In various terms of modern Mathematics, as hyperconic, hypercycle, etc. (see below); esp. in adjectives applied to functions, etc., related to or resembling those denoted by the simple adjectives, but involving some extension or complication, as hyper-complex, hyper-elliptic, hyper-geometric (-ical), hyper-jacobian, hyper-spherical. See also hyperdeterminant.
1816tr. Lacroix's Diff. & Int. Calculus 574 These series, in which the number of factors increases from term to term, have been designated by Euler..hypergeometrical series. 1881Athenæum 22 Jan. 136/1 ‘On the Periodicity of Hyper⁓elliptic Integrals of the First Class’, by Mr. W. R. W. Roberts. Ibid., The Differential Equation which is satisfied by the Hypergeometric Series. 1893Forsyth The. Functions 32 The hypergeometric series, together with all its derivatives, is holomorphic within a circle of radius unity and centre the origin.
b. In substantives in which hyper- has the sense ‘the analogue in a space of four or more dimensions of (what is denoted by the second element) in ordinary three-dimensional space’; as hypercube, hyper-cylinder, hyper-plane, hyper-sphere, hyper-surface.
1895Proc. R. Soc. LVIII. p. xxxi, The manifoldness in this space..is the quadri-quadric two-dimensional amplitude common to thirteen quadric hyper-cylinders. 1903C. M. Jessop Treat. Line Complex xiii. 244 Any linear equation of the form σ51aiXi = 0 singles out ∞3 points from S4, which will then form a space of three dimensions; the locus of these ∞3 points will be called a hyperplane. Ibid. 251 In four-dimensional space, the three-dimensional quadric spaces through the intersection of S23 and X5 = 0..may be termed ‘hyperspheres’. 1909Sci. Amer. 3 July 6/2 Just as portions of our space are bounded by surfaces,.. so portions of hyperspace are bounded by hyper⁓surfaces (three-dimensional), i.e., flat or curved 3-spaces. Ibid. 6/3 Of these [regular hyper-solids], C8 (or the hyper⁓cube) is the simplest, because, though with more bounding solids than C5, it is right-angled throughout. 1955O. Klein in W. Pauli Niels Bohr 100 Let..x1, x2, x3, x4 be the four space-time coordinates regarded as c-numbers, x1, x2, x3 forming a space-like hypersurface for any given value of the general time coordinate x4. 1966A. Battersby Math. in Managem. v. 122 When the number of variables exceeds three..we could represent the process of solution by a series of three-dimensional solid bodies showing successive cross-sections of the solution space when cut by the ‘hyper-plane’ of P. 1968Rosenberg & Johnson Geom. xiii. 520/2 If the solid cube moves in a direction ‘perpendicular’ to its original space, it may trace a solid hypercube. 1969R. J. Bumcrot Mod. Projective Geom. ii. 30 Subspaces of dimensions 1, 2, n–1 are called, respectively, lines, planes, and hyperplanes. 1970E. E. Kramer Nature & Growth Mod. Math. vii. 160 To say that a relation like x2 + y2 + z2 + w2 = 9 is a hyper⁓sphere with radius 3 is so much easier than to state that the relation is the set of all ordered quadruples of real numbers such that the sum of the squares of these four numbers is always 9. 1972Computer Jrnl. XV. 214/1 The problem of optimising a function globally over the vertices of a hypercube is encountered, for example, in hierarchical classification.
II. Formations in which, as in hypercritical, hypercritic, the prefix has the adverbial sense of ‘over much, to excess, exceedingly’.
4. General formations, comprising adjectives (with their adverbs), substantives, and (a few) verbs; often corresponding to one another in meaning.
a. adjectives (with corresponding adverbs): as hyperaccurate, hyper-acid, hyper-active, hyper-acute, hyper-archaic, hyper-brutal, hyper-carnal, hyper-civilized, hyper-classical, hyper-colloquial, hyper-composite, hyper-confident, hyper-conscientious, hyper-educated, hyper-elegant, hyper-excitable, hyper-excursive, hyper-fastidious, hyper-grammatical, hyper-hilarious, hyper-idealistic, hyper-latinistic, hyper-logical, hyper-lustrous, hyper-metaphorical, hyper-metaphysical, hyper-modest, hyper-moral, hyper-mystical, hyper-neurotic, hyper-obtrusive, hyper-orthodox, hyper-pure, hyper-ridiculous, hyper-saintly, hyper-sceptical, hyper-sentimental, hyper-speculative, hyper-superlative, hyper-torrid, hyper-tragical, hyper-transcendent, hyper-tropical, hyper-wrought, etc. b. substantives, as hyperacidity, hyper-activity, hyper-acuteness, hyper-archaism, hyper-characterization, hyper-civilization, hyper-climax, hyper-conformist, hyper-conscientiousness, hyper-conservatism, hyper-determination, hyper-dialecticism, hyper-dialectism, hyper-division, hyper-exaltation, hyper-excitability, hyper-federalist, hyper-hypocrisy, hyper-orthodoxy, hyper-panegyric, hyper-paroxysm, hyper-pietist, hyper-plagiarism, hyper-ritualism, hyper-scrupulosity, hyper-sensibility, hyper-subtlety, hyper-vitalization, etc. c. verbs, as hypercharacterize, hyper-emphasize, hyper-realize, hyper-vitalize.
1893Sir R. Ball In High Heav. iii. 60 The reader must not think that I am attempting to be *hyper-accurate in this definition of the North Pole.
1897Allbutt Syst. Med. III. 525 A *hyperacid gastric juice is secreted.
Ibid. II. 915 This [grinding] pain I believe to be due to *hyperacidity.
1867Anstie in Bienn. Retrosp. New Syd. Soc. 89 The..*hyperactive condition of the brain in acute mania.
1888Medical News 2 June 608 Organs..in a state of *hyper⁓activity.
1888F. Winterton in Mind July 389 Subtlety and *hyperacuteness were the bane of Scholasticism.
1956K. Clark Nude 380 Considering that they were spoken of as ‘*hyper-archaic’, his restorations were remarkably self-effacing.
1956Archivum Linguisticum VIII. 124 Attributable to assimilation and *hyperarchaism.
1890Ch. Times 17 Jan. 56/3 The *hyper-carnal views which predominated prior to the Reformation.
1957Archivum Linguisticum IX. 79 If a given linguistic formation develops in such a way as to allow..one of its distinctive features to stand out more sharply than at the immediately preceding stage, one may speak of *hypercharacterization (or hyperdetermination) of that feature, in the diachronic perspective.
Ibid. 80 One may analyse Sp. dial. Jesuso and Raquela as *hypercharacterized, with respect to gender, in comparison with standard Jesús and Raquel.
1844Fraser's Mag. XXIX. 52 The conventional trammels of *hyper⁓civilisation.
1915Times Lit. Suppl. 13 May 160/3 Only in a *hyper⁓civilized and introspective society such themes would be possible.
1844Fraser's Mag. XXIX. 55 The *hyper-classical may dispute as they will.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. (1882) xxii. 212 His feelings are alternately startled by anticlimax and *hyper⁓climax.
1940O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. V. xxiii. 437 It sounds *hyper-colloquial..when too many don't, isn't are substituted for do not, is not, etc. in reading serious prose aloud.
1894Westm. Gaz. 10 Jan. 3/2 The *hyper-confident tone in which the gentlemen referred to presume to lecture the executive.
1702Thoresby Diary (ed. Hunter) I. 259 For fear the..*Hyperconformists should..prevail against the Bishops themselves and the moderate party.
1845O. A. Brownson Wks. VI. 369 It seems that the sin of Rome is *hyperconservatism.
1960T. B. W. Reid Historical Philol. & Ling. Sci. 6 Reactions such as those known as hyper⁓urbanism and *hyperdialecticism.
1925P. Radin tr. Vendryès's Lang. i. ii. 50 There are many *hyper-dialectisms, for instance, in the Doric of the Pythagorean authors.
1838Blackw. Mag. XLIII. 644 [He] falls into the easy error of *hyperdivision.
1914J. Joyce Dubliners 238 The generation which is now on the wane..had certain qualities of hospitality, of humour, of humanity, which the new and very serious and *hypereducated generation..seems to me to lack.
1893Bookseller's Catal., ‘Ape’ and ‘Spy’ have succeeded in *hyperemphasizing the peculiarities of manner, appearance and dress of all the leading men of the day.
1882Trans. Victoria Inst. 177 A *hyper-exaltation of the tree of knowledge above the tree of life.
1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 167 A stage of muscular *hyper-excitability.
1886Lancet 13 Mar. 485/2 Even normal mental impulses may cause undue motorial demonstrations if the spinal centres are *hyper-excitable, as is seen in strychnine poisoning, hysteria, &c. 1972Nature 10 Mar. 74/1 The animal became hyperexcitable with exaggerated startle response.
1849Poe Marginalia Wks. 1864 III. 538 The harum-scarum, *hyperexcursive mannerism.
1807J. Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 592 The..tories, and *hyperfederalists will rebellow their execrations against me.
1834Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) III. 89 A few quakerly or *hypergrammatical individuals linger by the olden forms.
1839J. Rogers Antipopopr. xv. ii. 314 What hypocrisy! what *hyper⁓hypocrisy!
1884Athenæum 27 Dec. 852/2 The *hyper⁓idealistic speculations of..Ibsen.
1819Coleridge in Blackw. Mag. VI. 197 [Sir Thos. Browne is] often truly great and magnificent in his style and diction, though,..too often big, stiff, and *hyperlatinistic.
1883Edin. Rev. Jan. 27 The *hyperlogical cerements that held his mind in bondage.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. iii. xii, This piebald, entangled, *hyper-metaphorical style of writing.
1668H. More Div. Dial. ii. 465 This is *Hypermetaphysical..very highly turgent and mysterious.
1886Sat. Rev. 25 Dec. 848/1 *Hypermystical solutions are avoided.
1829E. H. Barker Parriana II. 101 note, This *hyper-orthodox and ultra⁓Tory divine.
1800W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. X. 319 Another fault or misfortune of Klopstock, is his *hyperorthodoxy. 1877Dawson Orig. World vi. 135 A piece of pedantic hyperorthodoxy.
1852Lyell in Life II. 185 There was no *hyperpanegyric.
1801W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XII. 224 Sneezing indicates over-action, super-irritation, *hyper-paroxysm.
1804Southey in Ann. Rev. II. 548 The whole volume is made up of these *hyper⁓plagiarisms, where the theft is not more daring.
1873F. Hall Mod. Eng. 39 Masters of *hyperpolysyllabic sesquipedalianism.
1958Times Rev. Industry June 26/2 Production of *hyper-pure silicon entails purifying the selected chemical to a very high degree.
1892Temple Bar Mag. June 149 The Burgomasteress..*hyper-realised, perhaps, how much Elias was to blame.
1859I. Taylor Logic in Theol. 224 The *hyper⁓reverential regard.
1882T. Mozley Remin. I. xliv, There is not the slightest..palliation of my little piece of *hyper⁓ritualism.
1874Farrar Christ (ed. 2) II. xliv. 117 note, The cold *hyper-saintly ones might say..surely she might wait yet one day longer!
1638Chillingw. Relig. Prot. i. vi. §38. 357 If you will be so *hyperscepticall as to perswade me, that I am not sure that I doe beleeve all this.
1881Blackie Lay Serm. ix. 312 The *hyperscrupulosity of a verbal conscience.
1883F. M. Crawford Dr. Claudius iii, The blandishments and caressing *hypersensualism of Delmonico.
1868Mrs. Whitney P. Strong vii, ‘One less little life in the world’, said I, *hypersentimentally.
1859Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 144 The *hyperspeculative points we have been discussing.
1877Black Green Past. xiv, *Hyper-subtleties of fancy.
1663Cowley Verses & Ess., Liberty (1669) 83 If the person be Pan huper sebastus, there's a *Hupersuperlative ceremony then of conducting him to the bottome of the stairs.
1825Southey in Q. Rev. XXXII. 372 Souls in Purgatory, and even beyond it, in the *hyper-torrid Zone of the spiritual world.
1800W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. X. 502/1 The two devils..rant and roar somewhat *hypertragically.
1877E. Caird Philos. Kant vi. 117 Such *hyper-transcendent conceptions.
1885L. Oliphant Sympneumata 210 In this struggle for a curative *hypervitalisation.
Ibid., Those *hypervitalised vegetable and mineral substances.
1859I. Taylor Logic in Theol. 319 A *hyper-wrought theology.
5. Specific and technical terms, esp. of Pathology and Physiology, as hyperacuity, hyperalbuminosis, etc.: see below. Also hyperæmia, etc.
III. 6. Formations in which hyper- qualifies the second element adverbially or attributively, signifying that this is itself the higher in position of two or more, or the highest in serial order or degree; as in hyperapophysis, hypercoracoid, hyperhypostasis.
7. In Chemistry, hyper- denotes the highest in a series of oxygen compounds (cf. hypo- 5), e.g. hyperchloric, hyperiodic, hyperoxide; but this is now more commonly expressed by per-.
1795Pearson in Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 341 It may be called, according to the new nomenclature, hyper-carburet of iron. 1842Parnell Chem. Anal. (1845) 303 Treat the residue with alcohol, by which hyperchlorate of soda and the excess of hyperchlorate of barytes are dissolved. 1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Hypercarbonates, a former term for the salts now called Bicarbonates. Ibid., Hypersulphuret.
IV. The more important words belonging to all these groups appear in their alphabetical order as main words; others of less importance or less frequent use, and mostly of recent introduction, follow here. (For many of these no statement of derivation is needed, as they are simply formed by prefixing hyper- to another word, the etymology of which will be found in its place: e.g. hyperacuity, f. hyper- + acuity, q.v. In the following words e often replaces æ, œ, esp. in U.S. usage; the alternative spelling is not given for each word individually.)
hyperabˈduction, extreme abduction (sense 3); so hyperabˈduct v. trans., -abˈducted ppl. a.; hyperaˈcuity, excessive or morbid acuteness (of the bodily senses); ‖ hyperalbumiˈnosis Path., excess of albumen in the blood; ˌhyperaldoˈsteronism Med., any condition characterized by excessive secretion of aldosterone; aldosteronism; ‖ hyperalgesia |-ælˈdʒiːsɪə|, ‖ hyperalgia |-ˈældʒɪə| Path. [Gr. ὑπεραλγέ-ειν to be pained exceedingly, -αλγία, ἄλγος pain], excessive sensitiveness to painful impressions; hence hyperalgesic |-ælˈdʒiːsɪk| a., pertaining to or affected with hyperalgesia; hyperalgic |-ˈældʒɪk| a. Path., of, pertaining to, or affected with hyperalgia (hyperalgesia); hyperanalysis: (see quot.); hyperˈanarchy, a condition beyond or worse than anarchy; hyperaphic |-ˈæfɪk| a. Path. [Gr. ἁϕ-ή touch], excessively sensitive to touch (Mayne, 1855); ˈhyperarchy [Gr. ἀρχή, -αρχία rule], excess of government; hyperasˈthenia, -ˈastheny Path. [asthenia]: see quot.; ˌhyperbilirubiˈnæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of bilirubin in the blood; hyperbrachycephalic |-ˌbrækɪsiːˈfælɪk| a. Craniol., extremely brachycephalic; applied to a skull of which the cranial index is over 85; so hyperbrachycephaly |-brækɪˈsɛfəlɪ|, the condition of being hyperbrachycephalic; hyperˈbranchial a. Zool., situated above the gills or branchiæ; hypercalcæmia |-kælˈsiːmɪə| Physiol. [calcium + Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of calcium in the blood; so hypercalˈcæmic a.; hypercalcuria |-kælˈsjʊərɪə|, -calciuria |-kælsɪˈjʊərɪə| Physiol. [-uria], an abnormally high concentration of calcium in the urine; hyperˈcapnia Physiol. [Gr. καπνός smoke], an abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood; so hyperˈcapnial (rare), -ˈcapnic adjs.; ‖ hyperˈcardia Path. [Gr. καρδία heart], hypertrophy of the heart (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); hypercaˈthexis (pl. -exes) Psychol., an excessive degree of cathexis; ˌhypercelluˈlarity Path., an excess of cells at a site in the body; so hyperˈcellular a., containing more than the normal number of cells; ˌhyperchloˈræmia Physiol., an abnormally high concentration of chlorides in the blood; ˌhyperchlorˈhydria Physiol. [chlorhydric a.], an abnormally high concentration of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice; so ˌhyperchlorˈhydric a.; ˌhypercholesteˈræmia, -cholesteroˈlæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of cholesterol in the blood; so ˌhypercholesteroˈlæmic a.; hyperchromatism |-ˈkrəʊmətɪz(ə)m|, abnormally intense coloration; hyperˈchromatopsy (see quot., and chromatopsy s.v. chromato-); ˌhypercoagulaˈbility Med., an excessive tendency (of the blood) to coagulate; so hypercoˈagulable a.; hyperˈconic a. Geom., relating to the intersection of two conicoids or surfaces of the second order; hyperˈcosmic a., above the world, supramundane; ˈhypercycle Geom. [a. F. hypercycle], name given by Laguerre to a class of curves comprising the hypocycloid with four cusps, the parabola, the anticaustics of the parabola, etc. (1882 Comptes Rendus XCIV. 778, etc.); hyperˈdactyly Zool. [Gr. δάκτυλ-ος finger] = polydactyly; † hyperˈdeify v. trans., to exalt above God; hyperdiˈstributive a., distributive in relation to more than one variable (see distributive a. 6); n. a hyperdistributive function; hyperdyˈnamic a., excessively violent or excited, as the vital powers in certain morbid conditions (Mayne, 1855); ‖ hyperemesis |-ˈɛmɪsɪs| Path., excessive vomiting; so hyperemetic |-iːˈmɛtɪk| a., pertaining to or affected with hyperemesis (Mayne, 1855); hypereˈmotional a., affected by or displaying an abnormal degree of emotion; hence ˌhyperemotioˈnality, hyperemotional behaviour; hyperˈethical a., beyond the sphere of ethics; hypereuˈtectic a., (of an alloy of iron) containing a higher proportion of carbon than the eutectic composition (i.e. more than about 4·3%); (in quot. 1902 = hypereutectoid, eutectoid itself not having been coined at that date); hypereuˈtectoid a. (of steel) containing a higher proportion of carbon than the eutectoid composition (i.e. more than about 0·8%); ˈhyperform Linguistics [contraction of hypercorrect form], a hypercorrect spelling or pronunciation; ˈhyperfragment Nuclear Physics [hyperon], a hypernucleus, esp. one produced by the breaking up of a heavier one (see quot. 1964); hyperˈfunction Med., over-activity or over-production (in a gland or other part of the body); so hyperˈfunctional a., hyperˈfunctioning vbl. n. and ppl. a.; ˌhypergammaˌglobuliˈnæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of gamma globulins in the blood; hence ˌhypergammaˌglobuliˈnæmic a.; ‖ hypergenesis |-ˈdʒɛnɪsɪs|, excessive production or growth; so hypergenetic |-dʒɪˈnɛtɪk| a., pertaining to or characterized by hypergenesis (Mayne, 1855); hypergeusia |-ˈgjuːzɪə| Med. [Gr. γεῦσις taste], excessive acuteness of the sense of taste; ˌhyperglobuliˈnæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of globulins in the blood; hence ˌhyperglobuliˈnæmic a.; hyperglyˈcæmia Physiol., an abnormally high concentration of sugar in the blood; so hyperglyˈcæmic a.; hyperˈgoddess, a being of higher rank than a goddess, a supreme goddess; hyperhiˈdrosis, -idrosis (erron. -hydrosis) Path., excessive sweating; hyperhyˈpostasis: see quot.; † hyperhypˈsistous a. [Gr. ὕψιστ-ος highest], exalted above the highest; hyperideˈation, excessive flow of ideas, extreme mental activity, or restlessness; hyperiˈmmune a. Med., subjected to, resulting from, or produced by hyperimmunization; having a high concentration of antibody; ˌhyperimmuniˈzation Med., the production of a high concentration of antibody in the serum of an animal, esp. by the repeated injection of the same antigen; so hyperˈimmunize v. trans., to produce such a condition in (an animal); hyperˈimmunized ppl. a.; hyperinˈfection Med., continued infection with parasitic worms owing to their larvæ developing into adult worms without leaving the body; so hyperinˈfective a., causing or characterized by hyperinfection; hyperinflation (also hyphened), an acute form of economic inflation; ˌhyperinsuliˈnæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of insulin in the blood; hyperˈinsulinism Med., a condition in which the body produces excessive insulin, usu. as a result of a tumour of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; the presence of an excessive amount of insulin in the body; ˌhyperirritaˈbility Med., increased irritability; abnormally high responsiveness to stimuli; so hyperˈirritable a.; hyperkalæmia |-kəˈliːmɪə|, -kaliæmia |-kælɪˈiːmɪə| Physiol. [mod.L. kalium potassium (see kali) + Gr. αἷµα blood] = hyperpotassæmia below; hence hyperkaˈlæmic a.; ˌhyperkeraˈtosis Path., (a) (see quot. 1848); now rare or Obs.; (b) excessive development of the horny layer of the skin; hyperkiˈnesia Path. = hyperkinesis (s.v. hyper- IV); ‖ hyperkinesis |-kaɪˈniːsɪs| [Gr. κίνησις movement], abnormal amount of muscular movement, spasmodic action; so hyperkinetic |-kaɪˈnɛtɪk| a., pertaining to or affected with hyperkinesis; ˌhyperleucocyˈtosis, -leukocyˈtosis Path. = leucocytosis; hyperliˈpæmia Physiol., an abnormally high concentration of fats (or lipids) in the blood; any condition characterized by this; ˌhypermagneˈsæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of magnesium in the blood; hyperˈmania Psychiatry, (a) sometimes used to mean a severe degree of mania with partial or complete disorientation, often accompanied by violent behaviour and forming a stage in manic-depressive illness; (b) used erron. for hypomania (quot. 1928: see also quot. 1956 for hypermanic); hence hyperˈmanic a.; hypermaˈture a. Ophthalm., applied to a cataract in its final stage (see quots.); so hypermaˈturity; hypermediˈcation, excessive use of medicines; hypermeˈtabolism Physiol., metabolism at a high rate; so ˌhypermetaˈbolic a., of hypermetabolism; hyperˈmnesia [Gr. µνῆσις remembrance], unusual power of memory; hypermoˈbility Med., abnormally great freedom of movement or flexibility in a joint; so hyperˈmobile a., characterized by or exhibiting hypermobility; ˈhypermorph Genetics [Gr. µορϕ-ή form], any allele which is functionally more effective than the corresponding wild-type allele; so hyperˈmorphic a.; hypermoˈtility Med., excessive movement, esp. of the stomach and intestines; hypernaˈtræmia Physiol. [natrium + Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of sodium in the blood; hence hypernaˈtræmic a.; hypernatural a., beyond what is natural (in quot. as n.); † hyperˈnephelist [Gr. ὑπερνέϕελ-ος above the clouds, νεϕέλη cloud], one who goes above the clouds; hyperneˈphroma Path. [nephro- + -oma], a malignant tumour of the cortical parenchyma of the kidney; orig. such tumours were believed to derive from misplaced tissue of the suprarenal gland (whence the name) and were described in other tissues besides that of the kidney; so ˌhyperneˈphromatous a.; hyperˈnomian a. [Gr. ὑπέρνοµ-ος transgressing the law, νόµος law], above or beyond the scope of law; ˈhyperˌnote, an additional or supplementary note; hyperˈnucleus Nuclear Physics [hyperon], a nucleus in which a hyperon replaces one of the nucleons; a composite particle in which a hyperon is bound to one or more nucleons; hence hyperˈnuclear a.; hypernuˈtrition, excessive nutrition: = hypertrophy; hyperorˈganic a., beyond or independent of the organism; hyperorthognathic |-ɔːθəʊgˈnæθɪk| a. Craniol., excessively orthognathic; applied to a skull in which the cranial index is over 91; so hyperorthognathy |-ɔːˈθɒgnəθɪ|, the condition of being hyperorthognathic; hyperosˈmotic a. Physiol. = hypertonic a. 2; const. to; hyperphagia |-ˈfeɪdʒ(ɪ)ə| Med. [Gr. -ϕαγία -phagy], an abnormally great desire for food; excessive eating; hence hyperphagic |-ˈfædʒɪk| a., of or exhibiting hyperphagia; hyperphalangia |-fəˈlændʒɪə|, -phalangism |-fəˈlændʒɪz(ə)m|, -phalangy |-ˈfæləndʒɪ| Med. and Zool. [L. phalang-: see phalanx], the condition of having more digital phalanges than normal, esp. in cases where polydactyly is absent; hyperphaˈryngeal a. Zool., situated above the pharynx; ‖ hyperphasia |-ˈfeɪzɪə| Path. [Gr. ϕάσις speaking; after aphasia], excessive talking occasioned by a want of control over the vocal organs, due to cerebral affection (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); hence hyperphasic |-ˈfæzɪk| a., affected with hyperphasia; hyperpheˈnomenal a., superior to what is phenomenal, noumenal; hyperˈphoria Ophthalm., latent strabismus in which there is a tendency for one eye to be directed above (or below) the line of sight of the other; so hyperˈphoric a.; ˌhyperphosphaˈtæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of phosphates (or other phosphorus compounds) in the blood; so ˌhyperphosphaˈtæmic a.; hyperpiesia |-paɪˈiːzɪə|, -piesis |-paɪˈiːsɪs, -ˈpaɪəsɪs| Med. [Gr. πίεσις pressure], high blood pressure, hypertension, esp. when without evident cause (the two words were distinguished in meaning by Allbutt: see quots.); hence hyperpiˈetic a.; ˌhyperpigmenˈtation Med., excessive pigmentation; so ˌhyperpigˈmented ppl. a., exhibiting hyperpigmentation; hyperpiˈtuitarism Path. [pituitary a. + -ism], increased hormone secretion by the pituitary body; hence hyperpiˈtuitary a., of, pertaining to, or affected with hyperpituitarism; ˈhyperploid a. Genetics [-ploid], having one or a few extra chromosomes (orig. also chromosome fragments) in addition to a haploid, diploid, triploid, etc., set; containing such cells; also as n., a hyperploid cell or individual; so ˈhyperploidy, the condition of being hyperploid; hyperpnœa |haɪpəˈniːə, -pniːə| Physiol. [Gr. πνοή breath, breathing], deep and rapid breathing; panting; so hyperˈpnœic a.; ˌhyperpotaˈssæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood; so ˌhyperpotaˈssæmic a.; hyperproˈsexia Psychol. [Gr. προσέχ-ειν to turn (one's attention) (ἔχειν to hold, possess mentally)], the concentration of attention on one stimulus to the exclusion of all others; ˌhyperproteiˈnæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally high concentration of protein in the blood; hyperpyretic |-paɪˈrɛtɪk| a. Path. [Gr. πυρετός fever], pertaining to or affected with ‖ hyperpyˈrexia, a high or excessive degree of fever; whence hyperpyˈrexial, hyperpyˈrexic adjs. = hyperpyretic; hyperˈrational a., above or beyond the scope of reason; hyperˈreactive a. Med., reacting unusually strongly to certain stimuli; of or pertaining to this tendency; so ˌhyperreacˈtivity; hyperˈrealism Art [a. F. hyperréalisme] = photorealism; also transf.; hence hyperˈreal a., hyperˈrealist; hyper-ˈresonance, excessive resonance of a part of the body on percussion; so hyper-ˈresonant a.; hyperˈrhythmical a., additional to the rhythm, hypermetrical; hyperˈsaline a. Biol., (of naturally occurring water) more salty than typical sea water; hence hypersaˈlinity, the condition of being hypersaline; ‖ hypersarˈcoma, hypersarˈcosis Path., proud or fungous flesh; hyperseˈcretion, excessive secretion; hyperˈsensual a., above or beyond the scope of the senses, super-sensuous; ˌhypersexuˈality, a condition in which the sexual instinct is abnormally strong; hyperˈsomnia Med. [L. somnus sleep], a condition characterized by abnormally long or frequent periods, or abnormal depth, of sleep; hence hyperˈsomnic a., of, exhibiting, or producing hypersomnia; ˈhyperspace Geom., space of more than three dimensions; also, any non-Euclidean space; (esp. in Science Fiction); hyperˈspatial a., of or in hyperspace; hypersperˈmatic a. [Gr. σπέρµα seed], characterized by excess of semen; hypersplenism |-ˈsplɛnɪz(ə)m| Path. [splen-], over-activity of the spleen; spec. a condition characterized by a general destruction of blood cells, often associated with enlargement of the spleen but in which direct involvement of the spleen is now considered doubtful; so hyperˈsplenic a.; hyperˈstatic a. Engin., statically indeterminate, i.e. having more members or supports than the minimum required to render it stable (and therefore requiring more than considerations of equilibrium alone for the calculation of all the internal forces and moments); of or pertaining to such a structure; hyperˈstereograph Photogr., a picture or pair of photographs taken by hyperstereoscopy; ˌhyperstereˈoscopy Photogr., stereoscopic photography in which the separation of the two viewpoints is greater than the distance between the eyes, resulting in a greater stereoscopic effect or exaggerated perspective; hence ˌhyperstereoˈscopic a.; hypersuˈsceptible a. Med. = hypersensitive a. 2; so ˌhypersusceptiˈbility; hyperˈtelorism Med. [Gr. τῆλ-ε at a distance + ὁρίζειν to separate from: see -ism] , a condition in which the eyes are abnormally far apart, freq. found accompanying other congenital malformations of the face; hyperˈthermal, a. [Gr. θερµός hot, thermal] characterized by excess of heat, of very high temperature; ‖ hypertrichosis |-trɪˈkəʊsɪs| [Gr. τρίχωσις growth of hair, f. τριχ-, θρίξ hair], excessive growth of hair, locally or over the body generally; hypertridiˈmensional a. Geom., of or relating to more than three dimensions; hyperˈtropia Ophthalm., strabismus in which one eye is directed above the line of sight of the other; hyperˈtypic, -ical a., surpassing what is typical; hyperuˈranian a. [Gr. ὑπερουράνι-ος], lying above the heavens, super-celestial; hyperuˈresis [Gr. οὔρησις urination], excessive discharge of urine; ˌhyperuriˈcæmia |-jʊərɪˈsiːmɪə| Physiol., an abnormally high concentration of uric acid in the blood; = lithæmia, uricæmia; hence ˌhyperuriˈcæmic a.; hyperˈvascular a., vascular to an abnormal degree; hence hypervascuˈlarity, hypervascular condition or quality; hyperveˈlocity, a speed that is (relatively) very high; usu. attrib.; ˌhypervitamiˈnosis Path. [-osis], any condition caused by excessive intake of a vitamin, esp. over a prolonged period; hypervoˈlæmia Physiol. [volume n. + Gr. αἷµα blood], an increased volume of circulating blood in the body; hence hypervoˈlæmic a.
1945Amer. Heart Jrnl. XXIX. 7 The pulse in the left arm could be obliterated only by having the patient *hyperabduct his arm above a 150-degree angle. Ibid. 6 The habit of sleeping with the arms in the *hyperabducted position.
1905Gould Dict. New Med. Terms 299/2 *Hyperabduction. 1945Amer. Heart Jrnl. XXIX. 4 The term ‘hyperabduction’ is used in this paper to mean that phase of circumduction which brings the arms together above the head... Actually, the term hyperabduction, although accepted in anatomic terminology, is not..an entirely logical term, for abduction is movement away from the median plane of the body, and beyond the 90° angle; the arm in so-called hyperabduction actually again approaches the median plane. 1966J. E. Flynn Hand Surg. xiv. 696/1 Hyperabduction of the arm alone could stretch the subclavian artery sufficiently to produce occlusion in certain persons.
1887F. W. H. Myers in Mind Jan. 154 Hypnotic *hyper⁓acuity of vision.
1866–80A. Flint Princ. Med. (ed. 5) 67 We know nothing of absolute *hyperalbuminosis as a morbid state of the blood. 1876Bartholow Mat. Med. (1879) 225 Lead may cause that condition of hyperalbuminosis which eventuates in albuminous urine.
1955Conn & Louis in Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians LXVIII. 229 What is the relationship of *hyperaldosteronism to the production of renal arteriosclerosis? 1966R. B. Scott Price's Textbk. Pract. Med. (ed. 10) vii. 436/2 Patients with hyperaldosteronism usually present in one of two ways, either with manifestations of hypertension or with muscular weakness and hyporeflexia sometimes sufficiently severe to cause episodic paralysis. Ibid. 437/1 Without treatment hyper⁓aldosteronism is fatal, the patient usually dying of the hypertensive vascular complications.
1896Allbutt Syst. Med. I. 665 Cutaneous *hyperalgesia is common.
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hyperalgia.
1946Nature 10 Aug. 202/1 We obtained successful results with this substance in other *hyperalgic conditions, namely, cervical neuritis and trigeminal neuralgia. 1968Cahn & Herold in A. Soulairac et al. Pain iv. 367 We have defined these changes as a hyperalgic state.
1942C. S. Lewis in Essays & Stud. XXVII. 18 This brings us to..the psycho-analysis of psycho-analysis itself. Such a *hyper-analysis..would not refer to ‘really scientific people’, but to the great mass of ordinary people who read psycho-analytic books with avidity and undergo their influence.
1806W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. IV. 253 If Adam Smith's system tends somewhat to anarchy, Sir James Steuart's tends surely to *hyperanarchy.
1797― in Monthly Rev. XXIV. 532 *Hyperarchy, or excessive government, has ruined more empires than anarchy, or deficient government.
1855Mayne, *Hyperasthenia, excessive debility: *hyperastheny.
1923Q. Jrnl. Med. XVI. 409 These latter cases are on the border line between ‘physiological *hyperbilirubinaemia’ and the actual disease known as haemolytic (acholuric) jaundice. 1965W. Taylor Biliary Syst. 647 (heading) Bilirubin excretion in congenital hyperbilirubinaemia.
1925Jrnl. Biol. Chem. LXIII. 444 Dog 51 showed typical symptoms of *hyper⁓calcemia. 1970C. N. Graymore Biochem. Eye viii. 551 Hypercalcaemia results from vitamin D poisoning, hyperthyroidism and severe renal damage.
1932Physiol. Rev. XII. 605 The occurrence of..*hypercalcemic symptoms.
1930Jrnl. Biol. Chem. LXXXVII. p. xv (heading), Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in relation to certain bone diseases. I. *Hypercalcuria. 1961Lancet 26 Aug. 455/2, 10 of the 28 patients with hypercalciuria had no evidence of renal calcification. 1964D. M. Dunlop Textbk. Med. Treatm. (ed. 9) 757 A variety of disorders which are associated with hypercalciuria tend to cause stone formation.
1908Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. XXI. 140 Hypo- and *hyper-capnia are abnormal conditions. 1962Lancet 2 June 1183/2 The combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia is often lethal.
1908Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. XXI. 141 An asphyxial (or *hyper-capnial) condition of the blood supply to the spinal bulb.
1955Jrnl. Physiol. CXXIX. 405 The achievement of a steady state of *hyper⁓capnic ventilation. 1962Lancet 8 Dec. 1224/2 When pH was kept normal by the infusion of this organic buffer..circulation was unaltered in the hypercapnic dog.
1923Freud in Internat. Jrnl. Psycho-Anal. IV. 6 Our consideration of the first case, the jealousy paranoia, led to a similar estimate of the importance of the quantitative factor, by showing that there also the abnormality essentially consisted in the *hyper-cathexis (over-investment) of the interpretations of another's unconscious behaviour. 1950J. Strachey tr. Freud's Totem & Taboo iii. 89 The psychological results must be the same in both cases, whether the libidinal hypercathexis of thinking is an original one or has been produced by regression. 1968D. Rapaport et al. Diagn. Psychol. Testing (rev. ed.) iii. 108 The drive cathexes are kept in balance and control, harmonizing with and not encroaching upon the ego's functions, nor demanding that it employ its hyper⁓cathexes to curb them.
1955Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. XXXI. 135 Under such circumstances the marrow is *hypercellular but the blood is cytopenic. 1967J. Metcoff Acute Glomerulonephritis vi. 110 Some lobules may be quite hypercellular.
1908Lancet 23 May 1467/2 In the older or quiescent stages [of carcinoma of the tongue] the *hypercellularity disappears. 1967J. Metcoff Acute Glomerulonephritis vi. 110 Mitotic figures..are easy to find in areas of hypercellularity.
1921Endocrinology V. 802 One or two days before the onset of menstruation..there is generally an absolute and relative *hyperchloremia. 1969R. L. Searcy Diagn. Biochem. i. 14/1 Treatment with ammonium chloride can lead to..hyperchloremia.
1891F. P. Foster Med. Dict. III. 1938/2 *Hyperchlorhydria. 1893Med. Ann. 169 Hyperchlorhydria and hypochlorhydria are not identical with hyperacidity and hypoacidity. 1957I. Aird Compan. Surg. Stud. (ed. 2) xxxiii. 710 Hyperchlorhydria is present in 90 per cent of duodenal ulcers.
1903Med. Rec. 7 Feb. 229/2 In the last year the pain increased, and the disturbance was always of the *hyperchlorhydric type. On entrance to the hospital, a small, painless tumor was clearly felt in the region of the pylorus. 1926J. A. Ryle Gastric Function 119 The fractional test-meal gives hyperchlorhydric curves.
1894Gould Dict. Med. 589/1 *Hypercholesteremia. 1916Physiol. Abstr. I. 327 (heading) Experimental hypercholesteræmia. 1969R. L. Searcy Diagn. Biochem. xviii. 170/2 Hypercholesteremia usually..accompanies hypothyroidism.
1916Arch. Internal Med. XVII. 768 In pregnancy *hypercholesterolemia occurs physiologically. 1970Nature 31 Oct. 465/1 Growth hormone is as efficacious as thyroid hormone in preventing hypercholesterolaemia.
1916Arch. Internal Med. XVII. 784 Cells which have been bathed in and irritated by *hypercholesterolemic blood. 1961Lancet 7 Oct. 802/2 Cases of familial hyper⁓cholesterolæmic xanthomatosis.
1849–52Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 1462/1 The characteristic of *Hyperchromatopsy is that of attaching colours..to..objects which have no pretensions to them.
1934Webster, *Hyper⁓coagulability, -coagulable. 1962Lancet 8 Dec. 1230/2 This permits one to anticipate the periods of blood hyper⁓coagulability and thus to prevent thromboembolism successfully. 1972Nature 28 Apr. 452/1 All showed adverse changes which might lead to a hypercoagulable or hyperthrombotic state compared with the non-smoker.
1877Booth New Geom. Meth. II. 2 To these curves may be given the appropriate name of *Hyperconic sections.
1877Blackie Wise Men 339 Until they climb To *hyper⁓cosmic fields.
1902Webster Suppl., *Hyperdactyly. 1929R. S. Lull Org. Evol. (ed. 2) xx. 297 As though extra toes over the normal five had been added (hyperdactyly). 1965W. B. Yapp Vertebrates v. 93 The paired limbs show both more digits and more joints than usual—hyperdactyly and hyperphalangy.
1663Aron-bimn. 76 They do *Hyper-deifie it, advance it above God.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hyperemesis. 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 429 Hyper⁓emesis may..be divided into..such as is due to overdoses of depressing centric emetics;..such as arises from irritation of the stomach.
1946O. Fenichel Psychoanal. Theory of Neurosis xx. 478 A ‘generally frigid’ person has forgotten childhood emotions; the *hyperemotional person is still a child. 1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXIV. 245 Loud vocalization..is a prominent characteristic of vigorous fighting among rats and has been labelled..an index of hyperemotional behavior among normally silent species.
1958Science 19 Sept. 655/2 These animals did show a gradual, but only partial, development of *hyperemotionality. 1972Nature 25 Aug. 454/1 According to some reports, bulbectomy also induces irritability and hyper⁓emotionality resembling the classic septal ‘rage’ syndrome.
1882J. Martineau Study Spinoza 289 The boundary between the ethical and the *hyper-ethical.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXIX. 573/2 The undisturbed slow cooling from the molten state of a *hyper-eutectic steel containing 1·00 per cent. of carbon. 1912W. H. Hatfield Cast Iron i. 13 Hypereutectic alloys deposit primary iron⁓carbide along the line B′C. 1959A. G. Guy Elem. Physical Metall. (ed. 2) vi. 186 As the composition changes from hypoeutectic (less than eutectic) to hypereutectic (more than eutectic) in terms of metal B, the primary crystals change from alpha phase to beta phase.
1911Encycl. Brit. XIV. 805/2 The large massive plates of cementite which form the network or skeleton in *hyper-eutectoid steels. 1966A. Prince Alloy Phase Equilibria vi. 107 Hyper-eutectoid alloys on cooling from the austenite phase region deposit cementite over a range of temperature until A 1 is reached. As before, the remaining austenite then transforms to pearlite.
1933L. Bloomfield Lang. xxvii. 479 This may be disclosed by isolated relic forms, or by the characteristic phenomenon of *hyper-forms. 1937Amer. Speech XII. iii. 168 Hyper⁓forms are by no means always attempts to imitate city pronunciation. 1964H. Kökeritz in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 141, I have heard the hyperform [həˌrɑs] from a colleague now deceased.
1955W. F. Fry et al. in Physical Rev. XCIX. 1561 Following a suggestion of M. Goldhaber, we propose to call a nuclear fragment containing a bound hyperon or some other unstable particle, a *hyperfragment. 1963K. Nishijima Fund. Particles vi. 290 The study of hyperfragments offers almost the only source of getting information about the λ-nucleon force. 1964Progress Nuclear Physics IX. 172 The nucleus in which the capture occurs is usually broken up and the λ0-hyperon may be bound in one of the fragments that are emitted... Fragments such as these are referred to as hyperfragments.
1909Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 July 252/2 Massalongo's supposition that the disease represents a condition of *hyper⁓function—hyperpituitarism—has been widely discredited. 1961Lancet 16 Sept. 655/1 There was general agreement that the diagnosis of adrenocortical hyperfunction should be made preoperatively. 1962Circulation Res. X. 250 (heading) Compensatory hyperfunction of the heart and cardiac insufficiency.
1934Webster, *Hyperfunctional. 1961Jrnl. Amer. Med. Ass. 29 July 232/1 One hyper⁓functional nodule proved to contain a papillary carcinoma in an adenoma. 1970N. Simionescu Histogenesis Thyroid Cancer iv. 28 (heading) The hyperfunctional cell.
1918Endocrinology II. 46 A *hyperfunctioning thyroid may be poor in colloids. 1926Hyperfunctioning [see hypofunctioning s.v. hypo- II]. 1954A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. xliii. 946 Hyperfunctioning of the adrenal cortex in man is seen as a result of tumors composed of cortical cells. 1961Lancet 16 Sept. 655/2 There was disagreement..about whether adrenalectomy for patients with hyperplastic or hyperfunctioning glands should be total or subtotal.
1947Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 21), *Hypergammaglobulinemia. 1958Immunology I. iii. 245 Hypergammaglobulinaemia was a feature of the acute phase when complement levels were very low. 1971Nature 31 Dec. 558/2 We have obtained evidence in support of the idea that hypergammaglobulinaemia represents an immunological host response to tumour-associated antigen(s). Ibid. 559/1 A hundred instances of individual immunoglobulin increases occurred in the fifty hypergammaglobulinaemic mice.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hypergenesis,..a congenital excess or redundancy of parts. 1878T. Bryant Pract. Surg. I. 559 The hypergenesis of the pulp [of a tooth].
1855R. G. Mayne Expos. Lex. Med. Sci. (1860) 480/1 *Hypergeusia. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 80/2 Increase in the sense of taste is called hypergeusia, diminution of it hypogeusia, and entire loss ageusia.
1936Jrnl. Clin. Invest. XV. 475 (heading) Acid-base equivalence of the blood in diseases associated with *hyperglobulinemia. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VIII. 256/2 The diseases usually associated with hyperglobulinemia are multiple myeloma, kala-azar, Hodgkin's disease, [etc.].
1958Dameshek & Gunz Leukemia viii. 187 *Hyperglobulinemic purpura.
1894Gould Dict. Med. 590/1 *Hyperglycemia. 1966Wright & Symmers Systemic Path. I. xxiii. 693/2 It has become obvious that diabetes mellitus is a syndrome and not a disease, and that a number of diverse factors may produce prolonged hyperglycaemia.
1903Med. Rec. 24 Jan. 123/1 In coma diabeticum..it is likely that the *hyperglycæmic condition stands at the foundation of a diminished electrical conductivity of the serum. 1969R. L. Searcy Diagn. Biochem. liii. 461/2 This theory..could account for the hyperglycemic tendency.
1847Grote Greece ii. xxxii. IV. 264 These supreme goddesses [the Mœræ]—or *hyper-goddesses, since the gods themselves must submit to them.
1854–67C. A. Harris Dict. Med. Terminol., *Hyperhidrosis. 1876Duhring Dis. Skin 125 Hyperidrosis is a functional disorder of the sweat glands.
1874Mivart Evolution in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 788 As if the term *hyperhypostasis was not a familiar one to denote the absolute personality as distinguished from every dependent one.
1680Counterplots 26 The Angels in their exalted nature, have they knees for this *hyperhypsistous Immanuel?
1927Lancet 15 Jan. 117/2 Fluids from ten different *hyper⁓immune..rats. 1940Jrnl. Bacteriol. XXXIX. 66 Mice born of hyperimmune mothers are themselves immune to intranasally administered virus. 1957Cushing & Campbell Princ. Immunol. i. 24 For many laboratory procedures, or for the production of potent therapeutic serums, animals are injected for many weeks or even months. Such animals are often referred to as being hyperimmune. 1958Immunology I. 82 Titres of hyper⁓immune sera.
1913Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 7) 445/2 *Hyperimmunization. 1968F. Haurowitz Immunochem. & Biosynthesis Antibodies x. 209 Hyperimmunization is the routine method used in the production of high antibody titers.
1905Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 553 Spreuill..by *hyper-immunising sheep with virulent blood has succeeded in producing a serum efficacious in cases of Blaauw tongue. 1968Gell & Coombs Clin. Aspects Immunol. (ed. 2) xlviii. 1278 It is even possible to hyper⁓immunize a horse with more than one major antigen at the same time.
1927Lancet 15 Jan. 117/2 A *hyperimmunised rat. 1962Ibid. 27 Jan. 208/2 They seem a likely source of the plasma cells which accumulate in the lung in hyper⁓immunised animals.
1931E. C. Faust in Amer. Jrnl. Hygiene XIV. 209 In addition to the direct and indirect types of Strongyloides..there is a distinct hyperinfective type..which is responsible for the so-called ‘auto-infection’ (i.e. ‘*hyperinfection’) of individuals who have once become parasitized. 1943Craig & Faust Clin. Parasitol. (ed. 3) xiv. 249 In cases of hyperinfection, all or some of the rhabditoid larvæ in the lumen of the bowel metamorphose into dwarfed filariform larvæ en transit down the bowel, and..may produce reinfection. 1960J. M. Watson Med. Helminthol. xii. 116/2 The belief formerly held that the parasitic forms had a life-span of as much as fifteen years, based on the continuance of the infection in individuals removed from all possibility of external reinfection, did not take account of the possibility of auto⁓infection and hyper-infection.
1931*Hyperinfective [see hyperinfection above]. 1936A. C. Chandler Introd. Human Parasitol. (ed. 5) xvii. 359 The course of development of these larvae may follow any of three different lines..indirect, direct, and hyperinfective.
1930F. D. Graham (title) Exchange, prices and production in *hyper⁓inflation. 1952P. Einzig Inflation i. 23 When inflation has reached an extreme stage it may be described as ‘hyper-inflation’. 1970Daily Tel. 21 Dec. 3/7 The bulletin suggests a prices and incomes policy and a wealth tax, to deal with the emerging problem of hyper-inflation [in Australia].
1924Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 6 Sept. 729/2 Hypoglycemia is the result of *hyperinsulinemia. 1962Lancet 12 May 1003/2 Either hyperplasia or tumour of the islet-cells of the pancreas, without evidence of hyper⁓insulinæmia.
1924S. Harris in Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 6 Sept. 729/2 It was this line of reasoning that caused me to think that there may be such a condition as *hyper⁓insulinism. 1962Lancet 13 Jan. 73/2 It seems reasonable to suppose that the characteristic hyperinsulinism immediately after these babies are born is the result of abnormal stimulation of the fœtal pancreas in utero by maternal hyperglycæmia and/or by some other factor. 1969R. L. Searcy Diagn. Biochem. xxxv. 322/1 Hyperinsulinism is now a well-characterized condition known to be caused by a functioning tumor termed an insulinoma or nesidio⁓blastoma.
1913L. Forster tr. Biedl's Internal Secretory Organs ii. 61 Rudinger's contention that the condition of *hyperirritability arises in the ganglion cells of the anterior cornua..did not survive the test of experiment. 1935D. H. Shelling Parathyroids vi. 115 In 1876, the older Chvostek described hyperirritability of the facial nerve as a sign of tetany. 1960Adv. Pediatrics XI. 107 Symptoms of acute hypernatremia are hyperirritability to stimuli despite extreme lethargy, coma, [etc.].
1922L. F. Barker et al. Endocrinol. & Metabolism I. i. 165 If the sympathetic nerve cells are *hyperirritable, sympathetic action predominates in the individual. 1954Pediatric Clinics N. Amer. May 347 The infant was markedly dehydrated and alternately hyperirritable and drowsy.
1949New Gould Med. Dict. 483 *Hyperkalemia. 1955Elkinton & Danowski Body Fluids xxii. 483 Hyperkalemia is characteristic of adrenocortical insufficiency. 1961Lancet 19 Aug. 399/2 Respiratory failure and hyperkalæmia are the main lethal factors.
1969J. H. Green Basic Clin. Physiol. xvi. 89/1 This combination of a high blood potassium, with a high blood acid content, is termed *hyperkalaemic metabolic acidosis. 1972Lancet 1 July 36/2 If..the patient still tends to be hyperkalæmic, exchange resins can be given orally once or twice a day.
1841W. Lawrence Treat. Dis. Eye (ed. 2) xiv. 368 Conical Cornea. Synonymes:—Sugar-loaf cornea; staphyloma conicum..*hyperceratosis. 1848Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (ed. 7) 442/2 Hyperceratosis, staphyloma of the cornea. 1907W. A. Pusey Princ. & Pract. Dermatol. 88 The term hyperkeratosis is applied to those conditions of the stratum corneum in which there is an increased thickness of the horny layer with complete cornification of the cells. 1970Jubb & Kennedy Path. Domestic Animals (ed. 2) II. x. 568/2 Hyperkeratosis may be..diffuse as in cattle poisoned with chlorinated naphthalenes. 1971Brit. Med. Bull. XXVII. 29/2 The hyperkeratoses and pigmentation that accompanied the arsenical cancers of the hand.
1848Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (ed. 7) 442/2 *Hypercinesia. 1875R. Fowler Med. Vocab. (ed. 2) 245/1 Hyperkinesia. 1935Jrnl. Mental Sci. LXXXI. 835 Articulatory and respiratory hyperkinesias were the pathological basis of the coprolalia. 1961Lancet 23 Sept. 683/2 He was readmitted..with an acute choreiform illness, consisting of hyperkinesia and constant writhing movements.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hypercinesis. 1878A. M. Hamilton Nerv. Dis. 103 There is hyperkinesis, there being a tendency to muscular spasm. 1880Mind V. 385 Hyperkinesis or super⁓abundant vivacity of movement.
1888Med. Chron. VII. 391 (heading) The treatment of chorea and other *hyperkinetic diseases with physostigmine. 1935Jrnl. Mental Sci. LXXXI. 834 The onset of a hyperkinetic encephalitis was associated with tics. 1966Med. Ann. 308 The hyperkinetic syndrome in children is characterized by hyperactivity, short attention span, impulsivity..and poor social adjustment. 1972Village Voice (N.Y.) 1 June 36/2 Court suits can also be of help in discovering the full extent of the drugging of so-called hyperactive or hyperkinetic children.
1897Lippincott's Med. Dict. 493/2 *Hyperleucocytosis. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 420 In the second stage..a hyperleucocytosis occurs. 1951Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. & Metabolism XI. 1027 Although her pneumonia was clearing..hyperleucocytosis, hypokaliemia, and the picture of metabolic alkalosis developed.
1894Gould Dict. Med. 590/2 *Hyperlipemia. 1936Physiol. Abstr. XX. 818 In the rabbit hyperlipæmia was obtained with olive oil. 1955H. J. Deuel Lipids II. v. 349 A moderate hyperlipemia (increased blood fat level) may occur. 1966Lancet 24 Dec. 1379/2 The recognition that some hyperlipæmias are ‘carbohydrate-induced’..further suggests that dietary carbohydrate influences serum⁓triglyceride.
1933*Hyper-magnesaemia [see hypomagnesæmia s.v. hypo- II]. 1955Elkington & Danowski Body Fluids xxii. 482 Hypermagnesemia is present.
1928Daily Express 10 May 7 ‘He is suffering from *hyper-mania, a state of unnatural excitement,’ said Dr. Mould. 1945W. S. Sadler Mod. Psychiatry xxxvii. 439 While three stages of mania are recognized—hypomania, acute mania, and hypermania—there is a fourth classification which has been denominated delirious mania. 1963H. H. Kendler Basic Psychol. v. xiv. 510/1 A patient with hypermania, the more intense form, behaves like a raving maniac.
1956W. H. Whyte Organization Man (1957) 408 A few mild neuroses conceded here and there won't give you too bad a score, and..you have the best margin for error if you err on the side of being *‘hypermanic’—that is, too energetic and active. 1963H. H. Kendler Basic Psychol. v. xiv. 510/1 A young soldier who exhibited at different times both hypomanic and hypermanic reactions. Ibid. 510/2 This hypermanic episode lasted about two weeks.
1897Lippincott's Med. Dict. 494/1 *Hypermature cataract, the final stage of progressive cataract, in which the lens substance breaks down, shrinking into a hard mass or becoming liquefied. 1962D. G. Cogan in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 294 When the entire cortex becomes liquefied the cataract is said to have become hypermature.
1904L. W. Fox Dis. Eye xii. 309 The last stage is that of *hypermaturity or overripeness. 1964S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xix. 271 If the process is allowed to go on uninterruptedly the stage of hypermaturity sets in when the cortex becomes disintegrated and transformed into a pultaceous mass.
1962Lancet 22 Dec. 1317/2 There is no hint of an environmental factor which could have caused this very persistent *hypermetabolic state. 1971N. R. Alpert Cardiac Hypertrophy 55 The particular factor that stimulates the growth of the heart acts upon the heart continuously during the hypermetabolic period.
1937Physiol. Abstr. XXII. 528 It [sc. rectal temperature] may remain low during intense *hypermetabolism. 1958Dameshek & Gunz Leukemia viii. 185 Occasional cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated with extraordinary degrees of hypermetabolism (+ 60– + 80 per cent).
1882tr. Ribot's Dis. Memory iv. 174 Is this exaltation of memory, which physicians term *hypermnesia, a morbid phenomenon?
1941Jrnl. Heredity XXXII. 232 (heading) *Hypermobile joints in all descendants for two generations. 1967Ann. Rheumatic Dis. XXVI. 423/2 Her mother had generalized osteo-arthritis and..was probably hypermobile.
1927Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 28 May 1711/2 The father's feet were normal, except for the *hypermobility of the joints. 1941Jrnl. Heredity XXXII. 232/2 All members of this generation show hypermobility, in varying degrees, of the joints of the fingers, thumbs, knees and elbows. 1967Ann. Rheumatic Dis. XXVI. 423/2 The isolated joint hypermobility..is considered to be the result of generalized familial ligamentous laxity.
1949Darlington & Mather Elem. Genetics vii. 152 The *hypermorph is more efficient than the wild-type gene... The wild-type gene is hypomorphic to its hypermorphic mutant and amorphic to its neomorphic mutant.
1932H. J. Muller in Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Genetics I. 242 Since it has been found that there are reverse mutations of hypomorphic genes.., we must regard the allelomorphs thereby resulting not as hypomorphic but as *hypermorphic to their immediate progenitor genes. 1966E. A. Carlson Gene xiii. 112 Another type of activity exaggerated or increased the normal activity of genes; most reverse mutations would be examples of such hypermorphic activity.
1894Gould Dict. Med. 590/2 *Hypermotility. 1926J. A. Ryle Gastric Function 83 Abnormally rapid emptying or hypermotility [of the stomach]. 1949Koestler Insight & Outlook vii. 107 Pathological laughter may thus be classed among other forms of hypermotility—epileptic attacks, tantrums, tics—caused by similar release phenomena.
1932Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 16) 605/2 *Hypernatremia. 1969L. G. Wesson Physiol. Human Kidney xxvii. 552/1 Hypernatremia (plasma sodium concentration in excess of 150 mM/L) is observed in a variety of clinical situations.
1955Arch. Internal Med. XCV. 21/1 A severe hyponatremic rather than *hypernatremic acidosis.
1854S. Phillips Ess. fr. Times Ser. ii. 324 There is Heep, articled clerk..him, too, we are inclined to put in the category of the *hypernaturals.
1708Motteux Rabelais, Pantagr. Prognost. Prol., Whatever all the Astrophyles, *Hypernephelists..have thought.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 310/2 *Hypernephroma. 1912Q. Jrnl. Med. V. 157 The objects of this paper are:—(1) To classify and describe the commoner adrenal tumours... (3) To present new reasons against the hypothesis that renal hypernephromata are derived from adrenal rests. 1916E. H. Kettle Path. Tumours 132 The term hypernephroma is applied to a particular group of tumours, in the belief that they are derived from suprarenal tissue. 1921Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynæcol. XXVIII. 23 (heading) A comparison between ovarian ‘hypernephroma’ and luteoma and suprarenal hypernephroma. 1923Guy's Hosp. Rep. LXXIII. 193 The hypernephromata of the kidneys arise in the renal epithelium. 1967J. S. King Renal Neoplasia ii. 24 The patient..had a large renal tumor..which proved to be a hypernephroma when examined microscopically.
1946Jrnl. Urol. LV. 18 (heading) Renal adenomas in *hypernephromatous kidneys: a study of their incidence, nature and relationship.
1841–4Emerson Ess., Experience Wks. (Bohn) I. 188 The intellect..is antinomian or *hypernomian, and judges law as well as fact.
1758Monthly Rev. 153 Notes which refer again to other notes, and *hypernotes or further quotations.
1962Sci. Amer. Jan. 53/2 The discovery of hyperfragments led to a rapid development of a new field: *hypernuclear physics. 1971Nature 28 May 226/2 Subjects of special interest in Poland include hypernuclear physics and strong interactions.
1957Ann. Rev. Nuclear Sci. VII. 473 Nuclear matter can bind {logicand} to form systems stable for a time comparable with the {logicand} mean life. Such systems are well known and are called *hypernuclei or hyperfragments. 1965R. H. Dalitz Nuclear Interactions of Hyperons ii. 5 The lightest {logicand}-hypernucleus known is {logicand}H3. Ibid. 14 {logicand}-Hypernuclei will generally have excited states, whose spectra will be of interest for hypernuclear physics.
1885G. H. Taylor Pelvic Therap. 128 *Hypernutrition of nerve centres.
1841–2Sir W. Hamilton in Reid's Wks. (1863) 864 The..purely mental act of will: what for distinction's sake I would call the *hyperorganic volition.
1892Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXII. 1 557 This flow may be counterbalanced by subjecting the *hyperosmotic solution to external pressure. 1903Med. Rec. 24 Jan. 121/2 The crystalloid substances rapidly accumulate in the serum, causing it to be hyper⁓osmotic. 1905W. H. Howell Text-bk. Physiol. 885 A hypertonic or hyperosmotic solution in one whose osmotic pressure exceeds that of serum. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 307 Their body fluids are hyperosmotic to the surrounding water.
1941T. C. Ruch et al. in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXXXIII. 434 Both monkeys exhibited some type of disturbance of the chewing mechanism and a striking *hyperphagia and adiposity. 1946Physiol. Rev. XXVI. 549 The word hyperphagia was chosen because it does not have the subjective, psychological connotations of the terms ‘hunger’, ‘appetite’, ‘satiety’ and ‘bulimia’, and because the word ‘polyphagia’..implies ‘omnivorousness’... Hyperphagia is taken to mean simply, increased eating. 1969W. Haymaker et al. Hypothalamus xv. 529/2 Hyperphagia and obesity have now been produced by bilateral destruction within or near the midregion of the hypothalamus in the monkey, dog, cat, rabbit, rat and mouse.
1943Yale Jrnl. Biol. & Med. XV. 839 After 6 obese animals..had been completely fasted to return their weight to normal, they were again *hyperphagic and became obese a second time on re-feeding. 1972Science 9 June 1124/1 A hyperphagic response occurs when calcium in excess of its normal concentration is perfused..in the ventromedial region.
1899Jrnl. Anat. & Physiol. XXXIII. 213 Prof. Pfitzner..read papers on brachyphalangia, *hyperphalangia and on the inferior tibio-fibular joint. 1969W. T. Mustard et al. Pediatric Surgery (ed. 2) II. lxxxiii. 1423 Hyperphalangia refers to an excessive number of phalanges in the longitudinal axis.
1891Flower & Lydekker Introd. Study Mammals viii. 234 The Ichthyopterygia have been shown..to have gradually acquired their *hyperphalangism as an adaptive character. 1959J. J. Byrne Hand xv. 273 Hyperphalangism consists of an excessive number of phalanges, the thumb being most commonly involved with three phalanges.
1898Jrnl. Anat. & Physiol. XXXII. p. ii (heading) The ossification of the terminal phalanges of mammalian fingers, in relation to *hyperphalangy. 1946R. R. Gates Human Genetics I. xi. 404 The fingers show considerable variation, including hyperphalangy (four joints instead of three). 1951C. K. Weichert Anat. Chordates x. 485 The paddlelike limbs of plesiosaurs and ic[h]thyosaurs have a very large number of phalanges (hyperphalangy).
1887A. E. Shipley in Q. Jrnl. Micros. Sc. Jan. 350 The *hyperpharyngeal groove of Amphioxus.
1882A. C. Fraser in Encycl. Brit. XIV. 761/1 The *hyperphenomenal reality of our own existence.
1886*Hyperphoria [see exophoria s.v. exo-]. 1964S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxx. 472 It is impossible to be sure whether there is absolute hyperphoria of one eye or hypophoria of the other, the condition being relative.
1887Arch. Ophthalm. XVI. 163 Only a comparatively small proportion of *hyperphoric persons experience in marked degree this inability to see small objects well. 1970Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 111 The average period of perceived sweep..was not significantly affected by the hyper⁓phoric condition.
1926Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LXXVI. 472 Hypercalcemia, *hyperphosphatemia, cessation of kidney function and acidosis. 1969R. L. Searcy Diagn. Biochem. xlvii. 418/1 Hyperphosphatemia has long been regarded as an early sign of kidney failure.
1955H. J. Deuel Lipids II. iv. 324 A *hyperphosphatemic reaction does not occur in dogs whose bile ducts have been ligated and transected.
1915C. Allbutt Dis. Arteries I. i. 10 Lately I have preferred the etymology of *hyperpiesia for the malady, and hyperpiesis for the hæmodynamic aspect of it. 1923J. F. H. Dally High Blood Pressure v. 64 Hyperpiesia is the term applied by Sir Clifford Allbutt to a clinical morbid series characterised by persistently raised blood pressure (hyperpiesis) in association with hyper⁓trophy of the heart and changes in the vessels. 1927Physiol. Rev. VII. 474 (heading) Hyperpiesia or essential hypertension. 1951R. Hargreaves This Happy Breed vii. 77 He must ‘wangle’ an extra half bag of coal from the Q.M. stores without provoking in the presiding demi-god an advanced condition of hyperpiesia.
1895C. Allbutt in Abstr. Trans. Hunterian Soc. (1896) LXXVII. 47 The symptoms of arterial *hyperpiesis are often of a functional nervous character. 1961G. Pickering Nature Essential Hypertension ii. 5 His [sc. Allbutt's] term hyperpiesis, however, never became widely used. 1968― High Blood Pressure (ed. 2) i. 3 There remains a large residue in which no specific lesion can be found—hyperpiesis, primary hypertension, essential hypertension, high blood pressure without evident cause.
1915C. Allbutt Dis. Arteries I. ix. 60 The following seemed to be a case of mixed senile and *hyperpietic disease. 1920L. M. Warfield Arteriosclerosis (ed. 3) viii. 187 In the hyperpietic cases the arteries undergo a transient thickening.
1890Billings Med. Dict. 669/2 *Hyperpigmentation. 1899G. T. Jackson Dis. Skin (ed. 3) 394 Nævus Pigmentosus... A congenital, circumscribed hyper-pigmentation of the skin. 1956D. M. Pillsbury et al. Dermatol. xxxviii. 868 Endocrine disturbances are..commonly associated with hyperpigmentation such as is seen..during pregnancy, and with exophthalmic goiter. Ibid. 873 These areas [of the skin] are whitish and often present a well defined hyperpigmented border. 1970Jubb & Kennedy Path. Domestic Animals (ed. 2) II. x. 568/2 The production of pigment in the basal cells is..a common response to injury so that acanthotic areas may also be hyperpigmented.
1909H. Cushing in Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 July 249/1 (heading) The hypophysis cerebri. Clinical aspects of *hyperpituitarism and of hypopituitarism. [Note] From an etymological point of view the terms hyper-, hypo-, dys-, and a-pituitarism are doubtless of badly mixed parentage, but there are certain obvious objections to such a combination as hypohypophysism. 1939M. A. Goldzieher Endocrine Glands lvii. 341 The only condition to be distinguished from true gigantism, i.e. primary eosinophile hyperpituitarism, is the secondary hyperpituitarism attendant on primary insufficiency of the gonads.
1924G. B. Shaw St. Joan p. xix, St Teresa's hormones had gone astray and left her incurably *hyperpituitary or hyperadrenal or hysteroid or epileptoid or anything but asteroid. 1954K. E. Paschkis et al. Clin. Endocrinol. iii. 31 Hyperpituitary giants may develop acromegalic features in later life.
1930Jrnl. Genetics XXII. 306 In generations subsequent to the breakage it is possible for some individuals—*‘hyper⁓ploids’—to inherit the chromosome fragment (attached or unattached) in addition to two otherwise normal sets of chromosomes. Ibid. 329 Hypoploid and hyperploid individuals. 1957C. P. Swanson Cytol. & Cytogenetics vi. 177 Individuals having irregular chromosome numbers are called aneuploids... The terms hyperploid and hypoploid have also been used, but less frequently.
1930Jrnl. Genetics XXII. 309 Text-fig. 11 illustrates *hyperploidy of parts of the X-chromosome. 1969N. S. Cohn Elem. Cytol. (ed. 2) xvi. 373 An addition or loss of less than an entire set of chromosomes..is called aneuploidy, and it subsumes two classes, hypoploidy and hyperploidy.
1860R. Fowler Med. Vocab. 157/2 *Hyperpnœa, excessive respiration—e.g. panting. 1877M. Foster Textbk. Physiol. 260 Respiratory movements become deeper..and the rate of the rhythm is hurried... In this respect, dyspnœa, or hyperpnœa as this first stage has been called, contrasts very strongly with the peculiar respiratory condition caused by section of the vagi. 1904Jrnl. Physiol. XXXI. p. xlv, The hyperpnœa of healthy men during exercise. 1962Lancet 27 Jan. 172/1 Usually this significant hyperpnœa is coupled with a red suffusion of the face.
1909Jrnl. Physiol. XXXVIII. 401 Where the subject had been made *hyperpnœic by want of oxygen, apnœa followed after a few breaths of normal air. 1961Lancet 29 July 249/2 The blood-pressure rises in the hyperpnœic phase [of breathing].
1932Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 16) 606/2 *Hyperpotassemia. 1963J. H. Bland Clin. Metabolism Body Water xxi. 574/1 Muscle weakness and paralysis are commonly observed in both hypopotassemia and hyperpotassemia.
1953Lancet 11 July 60/1 (heading) *Hyperpotassæmic paralysis.
1902A. R. Defendorf Clin. Psychiatry 17 Distractibility is not to be confused with ‘*hyperprosexia’, which consists in the total absorption of the attention by a single process. 1940Henderson & Gillespie Text-bk. Psychiatry (ed. 5) v. 107 Increase of attention (hyperprosexia) is less common, and is sometimes associated with a sensory hyperaesthesia. 1948Hyperprosexia [see aprosexia].
1922Physiol. Abstr. VII. 493 The *hyper⁓proteinæmia does not run parallel with precipitin formation. 1969R. L. Searcy Diagn. Biochem. xvii. 154/1 Extreme degrees of hyperlipemia or hyperproteinemia may falsely lower serum electrolyte measurements.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 614 *Hyperpyretic temperatures are such as considerably exceed even the high-febrile.
1866–80A. Flint Princ. Med. (ed. 5) 190 *Hyperpyrexia..is to be combated by the cold bath or by sponging the surface of the body. 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 654 Good effects of the sudden withdrawal of heat in rheumatic hyperpyrexia.
1896Allbutt Syst. Med. I. 500 *Hyperpyrexial symptoms.
1897Ibid. III. 25 *Hyperpyrexic symptoms commenced on the seventh, eighth or ninth day.
1829I. Taylor Enthus. ii. (1867) 27 The man of imaginative or *hyper-rational piety.
1940Amer. Heart Jrnl. XIX. 408 The majority of individuals with essential hypertension..manifest..marked reactions of blood pressure to various internal and external stimuli. This suggests that the mechanism for regulating blood pressure..is *hyperreactive. 1955Sci. Amer. Apr. 44/3 In this hyperreactive state the body responds with rapid formation of antibody to a second invasion, either by live or by killed virus.
1940Amer. Heart Jrnl. XIX. 412 The vascular *hyperreactivity of some patients with essential hypertension is extreme. 1970Clin. Sci. XXXIX. 793 (heading) Vascular hyper-reactivity with sodium loading and with desoxycorticosterone induced hypertension in the rat.
1971Guardian Weekly 6 Nov. 19/1 He created a prototype which spawned so many schools, from Surrealism to Pop, and most recently the *Hyperrealism of the Paris Biennale. 1972Ibid. 10 July 8/4 The new wave of realists, Hyper-realists as they have been dubbed. 1973Art & Artists Mar. 51 The hyperreal still remained obscured by a dream of contact, which was perhaps the message of the artists involved. 1973AA Internat. Mar. 19/2 Brent Wong's work passes beyond the hyper-realism of the New Zealand hard edge school into a kind of surrealism. 1980San Francisco Bay Guardian 16–23 Oct. 25/1 ‘Winterplay’: the world premiere of Adele Edling Shank's hyperreal (defined by the theater as a style derived from the style of painting called photorealism) and humorous portrait of the modern American family on Christmas Day. 1985N.Y. Times 17 Apr. c22/4 Whether hyperrealism can also be art may be an unanswerable question.
1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 246 Acute pain in right chest..*Hyper-resonance on percussion.
Ibid., Upper two-thirds of right side of chest still *hyper-resonant.
1611J. Hoskins in Coryat's Crudities sig. e6 Encomiological Antispasticks..rythmicall and *hyper⁓rythmicall. 1774Mitford Ess. Harmony Lang. 203 Mr. Addison's periods mostly end with the *hyperrhythmical syllable.
1953Publ. Inst. Marine Sci. III. 175 *Hyper⁓saline lagoons..occur in several parts of the world. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 283 Natural water containing dissolved solids in concentrations equivalent to salinities of 40 to 80{pmil} is referred to [in this review] as hypersaline water. 1971D. S. McLusky Ecol. of Estuaries vi. 97 Hypersaline seas should not be confused with inland brines or salterns, such as the Utah Salt Lakes of America.
1957Publ. Inst. Marine Sci. IV. 198 Fish have been killed by..*hypersalinity. 1970B. H. McConnaughey Introd. Marine Biol. i. 24 Unusually high salinities (hypersalinity) are rare in marine environments.
1811Hooper Med. Lex., *Hypersarcoma..A fleshy excrescence. 1847Craig, Hyper⁓sarcoma, exuberant growth of granulations on a sore.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Hypersarcosis, a preternatural Excrescence, or growing out of Flesh in any part of the Body.
1864W. T. Fox Skin Dis. 71 *Hypersecretion. 1876Gross Dis. Bladder 44 Hypersecretion of mucus and pus.
1915Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Dis. Women LXXII. 279 In many cases where dementia precox develops, a previous attack of mental disturbance has existed and the patient is to a certain extent forced by the family into the marital state on account of *hypersexuality. 1964C. W. Lloyd Human Reprod. xxv. 456 Temporal lobe lesions generally cause humans and monkeys to have decreased sexual responsiveness, but occasionally hypersexuality may develop.
1876Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (rev. ed) 523/1 *Hypersomnia. 1910Lancet 8 Oct. 1093/1 Dr. Albert Salmon..differentiates hypersomnia, which is an increase in normal sleep, from somnolence, apathy, and torpor,..and from the drowsiness which occurs in old people. 1939N. Kleitman Sleep & Wakefulness xxv. 361 Cerebral neoplasms have been known to produce interference with the sleep—wakefulness rhythm mainly in the direction of hypersomnia. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII. 376/1 The best known cause of hypersomnia is epidemic or lethargic encephalitis.
1929Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. LXIX. 5 It is unquestionably in infundibular tumors that one encounters..the *hypersomnic form of brain tumors. 1955A. B. Baker Clin. Neurol. II. xxi. 1203 The hypersomnic patient closely resembles a normally sleeping individual.
1867Cayley in Math. Pap. (1893) VI. 191 The quasi-geometrical representation of conditions by means of loci in *hyper-space. 1892W. W. R. Ball Math. Recreations & Problems x. 191 The term *hyper-space was used originally of space of more than three dimensions but now it is often employed to denote any non-Euclidean space. Ibid. 201 Riemann has shown that there are three kinds of hyper⁓space of three dimensions. 1893Academy 21 Oct. 345/3 Sometimes called pan-geometry, sometimes the geometry of hyper-space, and sometimes non-Euclidian geometry. 1947I. Asimov in Astounding Science Fiction Mar. 117/2 Fooling around with hyper⁓space isn't fun... We run the risk continually of blowing a hole in normal space-time fabric. 1956E. H. Hutten Lang. Mod. Physics v. 171 The propagation of the wave must be described as taking place, in most instances, in a multi-dimensional hyper-space, and not in ordinary space. 1961Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Sept. 577/3 Time Travel, like hyperspace, is one of the classical Science-Fiction presumptions. 1973Publishers Weekly 17 Sept. 58/3 The crew of the first interstellar voyage through hyperspace comes back as monsters.
1909Webster, *Hyperspatial. 1919R. T. Browne Mystery of Space viii. 263 This is undoubtedly the weakest point in the structure of the hyperspatial geometries. 1943C. L. Hull Princ. Behavior xi. 181 It seems unlikely that the Fisher-design type of experiment will yield dependable indications of the complex hyperspatial curvatures which will almost certainly be found.
1811W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. LXV. 9 Men..in the *hyperspermatic state are very subject to mental hallucination.
1946Blood I. 28 Five cases of thrombo⁓cytopenia associated with well defined splenomegaly of nonleukemic and non-neoplastic origin (‘symptomatic *hypersplenic thrombopenia’). 1949Britton & Neumark tr. Leitner's Bone Marrow Biopsy viii. 151 Hypersplenic anæmias. 1963Basu & Aikat Trop. Splenomegaly iii. 20 The clinical recognition of the hypersplenic state.
1914Arch. Internal Med. XIV. 145 There may exist for the spleen conditions associated with a hyperactivity of some of its functions, let us say the function of influencing hemolysis. To such a condition the term *‘hypersplenism’ may be applied. 1955W. Dameshek in Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. XXXI. 114 Who first used the term ‘hypersplenism’ is not accurately known, but it began to appear in Chauffard's writings from 1907 on and subsequently, and in those of Morawitz and Eppinger at a late date. 1963Basu & Aikat Trop. Splenomegaly iii. 20 Hypersplenism..is a clinical term indicating non-specific overactive function of the spleen in a variety of clinical disorders.
1930Engineering 3 Oct. 421/3 The method is used to solve problems arising in the design of *hyperstatic systems, such as arches and portal openings, with sufficient precision. 1959J. A. L. Matheson et al. Hyperstatic Struct. I. vi. 320 The behaviour of multi-storey buildings..in terms of the composite action of the floors and walls with the frame..is essentially a very complicated hyperstatic problem. 1966J. S. C. Browne Basic Theory of Struct. v. 100 Extra or redundant bars will produce a truss that is hyperstatic.
1952E. F. Linssen Stereo-Photography x. 147 If we take a *hyperstereograph..of a mountain formation..which starts a kilometre away from us, we must beware not to include any trees or houses which are in our immediate neighbourhood. 1971C. R. Arnold Appl. Photogr. xiii. 373 This tendency to produce a model effect is a well-known feature of hyperstereographs.
1939Henney & Dudley Handbk. Photogr. xx. 588 The *hyper⁓stereoscopic effect..can add greatly to a stereograph's effectiveness by its strong emphasis of the depth quality. 1956Focal Encycl. Photogr. 570/2 Consecutive photographs from an aerial survey series form hyperstereoscopic pairs.
1911Cassell's Cycl. Photogr. 298/2 *Hyper⁓stereoscopy. 1926A. W. Judge Stereoscopic Photogr. iii. 32 Hyper-stereoscopy is of much assistance in obtaining a true impression of distant hill or mountain scenery. 1958Newnes' Compl. Amat. Photogr. xxvi. 231 If..we wish to take pictures of scenes such as distant mountains then, providing there are no objects in the foreground nearer than about 300 ft., we can use the long base separation method known as hyperstereoscopy.
1906*Hypersusceptibility [see hypersensitive a. 2]. 1924Jrnl. Immunol. IX. 86 The production of skin hypersusceptibility without infection.
1914Q. Jrnl. Med. VII. 273 The so-called anaphylactic or *hypersusceptible state. 1971Brit. Med. Bull. XXVII. 57/1 Hypersusceptible individuals may still develop the disease despite the reduction of dust concentrations to a very low level.
1924D. M. Greig in Edin. Med. Jrnl. XXXI. 560 The outstanding peculiarity of the cranial deformity for which I propose the name ocular hypertelorism, or briefly, *hypertelorism, is the great breadth between the eyes. 1957Arch. Ophthalm. LVII. 607/2 This is an instance of hypertelorism associated with mental retardation. 1972Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 22 Sept. 21/4 Jeanine..was born 28 years ago with the fish eyes, one on each side of the face, and the monstrously deformed nose characteristic of hypertelorism (Grieg's Disease).
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hyper⁓thermal, of an insupportable heat.
1880Nature 4 Mar. 424 Instances of *hypertrichosis in woman.
1875Cayley in Phil. Trans. CLXV. 675 The language of *hypertridimensional geometry.
1897*Hypertropia [see exotropia s.v. exo-]. 1950F. H. Adler Physiol. Eye x. 406 In a case of right hypertropia..if the right superior oblique is a fault, the head will be strongly tilted toward the left shoulder.
1886W. H. Flower in Pop. Sci. Monthly Jan. 318 [Oceanic negroes] are represented, in what may be called a *hypertypical form, by the extremely dolichocephalic Kai Colos.
1883Symonds Shaks. Predecess. xv. 614 The poet moves in a *hyperuranian region.
1813Q. Rev. IX. 470 Where there is *hyperuresis, he forbids fruit.
1894Gould Dict. Med. 592/1 *Hyperuricemia. 1924Arch. Internal Med. XXXIV. 504 Blood uric acid values of 3·5 mg. per hundred cubic centimeters..were considered as presenting a hyperuricemia. 1970W. S. Hoffman Biochem. Clin. Med. (ed. 4) xv. 756 Hyperuricemia may be due either to overproduction of uric acid or to undersecretion.
1962Lancet 15 Dec. 1273/1 My own experience with three *hyperuricæmic patients, two with a history of gout and one without,..lends support to Dr. Eidlitz's letter.
1876Trans. Clin. Soc. IX. 49 The dura mater was not especially *hyper-vascular.
Ibid. 50 There was..an outgrowth of cerebral substance..it presented marked *hyper-vascularity.
1955A. E. Eggers et al. Compar. Anal. Performance Long-Range Hypervelocity Vehicles 24 Mar. (N.A.C.A. Rep. RM A54L10) 2 On the basis of equal ratios of mass at take-off to mass at the end of powered flight, the *hypervelocity vehicle compares favourably with the supersonic airplane. 1960Nature 29 Oct. 353/2 If the fused earth were hurled in the manner that ejectamenta from hypervelocity impact[s] in stone are hurled, then the maximum entry velocity [etc.]. 1962J. L. Potter et al. in F. R. Riddell Hypersonic Flow Res. 599 A small, low density, hypervelocity, continuous wind tunnel. 1964Bull. Amer. Physical Soc. IX. 308/2 (heading) Attainability of fusion temperatures under high densities by impact shock waves of microscopic solid particles accelerated to hypervelocities. 1972Science 2 June 979/2 Hypervelocity impact craters on the moon.
1928Biochem. Jrnl. XXII. 1461 In the case of the fat-soluble vitamins..several instances of supposed *hypervitaminosis have been recorded. 1963Lancet 5 Jan. 34/2 As in hypervitaminosis D, the increased intestinal absorption of calcium is probably responsible for the high urinary calcium. 1971J. Z. Young Introd. Study Man xl. 582 A European would produce up to 800 000 I.U. [of vitamin D] per day in the tropics and might therefore suffer from hypervitaminosis, for the body has no way of detoxicating any excess.
1925Brown & Rowntree in Arch. Internal Med. XXXV. 132 In view of..confusion,..terms as follows are suggested: (1) normovolemia for normal blood volume, (2) *hypervolemia for increased blood volume, and (3) hypovolemia for decreased blood volumes. These terms are self⁓explanatory and apply only to volume states. 1964I. N. Kugelmass Biochem. Clinics IV. 270 Hypervolemia in acute and subacute glomerulonephritis with pulmonary edema increases with the duration of anuria.
1948Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CLV. 338 Table 1A shows the bilateral rises in auricular pressure of 4 *hypervolemic cats.
Add:[IV.] hyperˈdiploid a. Genetics [a. G. hyperdiploide (H. Winkler 1916, in Zeitschr. f. Bot. VIII. 422)], having one or a few extra chromosomes (orig. also chromosome fragments) in addition to the usual diploid set; containing such cells; also as n., a hyperdiploid cell or individual.
1929Jrnl. Heredity XX. 293 (caption) This figure gives the genetic constitution of *hyperdiploid flies produced by introducing the second chromosome carrying a piece of the third..into an otherwise normal complex. 1932Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Genetics I. 243 A hyper-diploid containing one dose of dominant brown and two of normal has practically normal red eyes. 1962Lancet 12 May 1004/2 From the bone-marrow cultures and the direct, hypotonic treatment 85 mitoses were analysed:..13{pcnt} were hyperdiploid, with 49 to 60 chromosomes.
also hyperˈdiploidy, the condition of being hyperdiploid.
1929Jrnl. Heredity XX. 293 (caption) *Hyperdiploidy produced by addition of translocated chromosome. 1987Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) II. xix. 28/1 Additional chromosome abnormalities may presage the onset of metamorphosis, for example, an additional Ph1 or other hyperdiploidy, or structural abnormalities.
▸ Computing. Forming words in which the prefix has the sense ‘associated with electronic texts or media, or the structuring of texts in a highly interconnected, non-linear manner (esp. such that related elements are hyperlinked and may be accessed at will by the user)’, as hyperbook, hyper-drawing, hyper-fiction, hyper-film, hyper-movie, hyper-novel, hyper-poem, hyper-tale, hyper-zine, and many other similar formations (some infrequent, impermanent, or nonce).
See also separate entries for hypercard n. 2, hyperlink n., hypermedia n., hypertext n. Probably established in this sense by the use of hypertext n. and related terms by T. H. Nelson in the source cited in quot. 1965.
1965T. H. Nelson in Proc. 20th Nat. Conf. Assoc. Computing Machinery 96 The hyperfilm—a browsable or vari-sequenced movie—is only one of the possible hypermedia that require our attention. 1987Lotus: Computing for Managers & Professionals (Nexis) May 14 These, along with many prototypes of what's being called hypermedia (an extension of the hypertext concept into hypergraphics, hypermovies, hypersound, and so on), were demonstrated at Microsoft's Second International Conference on CD-ROMs. 1989PC Mag. May 77/3 Hypertext programs for the PC include Owl International's Guide and the Opus 1 hyperdrawing program. 1990Technol. Rev. Nov.–Dec. 45/1 Embedding multiple links into a body of information..allows the user to move in a number of directions, getting more information where desired or switching to a completely different ‘hypertrail’. 1991UNIX Rev. Sept. 109/2 As we..set aside more and more disk space for on-line hyperhelp, we are moving inexorably toward a future in which users won't need voluminous documentation to get up and running with new applications. 1993N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 29 Aug. 10/3 This relatively short and simple but elegant hyperfiction by Judy Malloy..has no author-designated links, but uses..stacks of text spaces. 1994Electronic Musician Oct. 62/2 You can use your mouse to trigger hyperjumps. 1995NetGuide Sept. 46/3 One somewhat buried link that's a must-read is..a hyperbook about the use of technology in educational reform. 1999Daily Tel. 12 Nov. 28/3 Perhaps it was this kind of diplomacy-by-Hypertext—the computer language of Web site design—that prompted President Chirac of France to describe America scornfully as a ‘hyper-power’ last weekend.
▸ In extended use: forming chiefly temporary or nonce-words relating (sometimes tangentially) to computers and the Internet, or to associated social and cultural phenomena; computer-mediated, existing in virtual reality; augmented, enhanced, or made possible by the use of virtual reality technology, as hyperlearning, hyper-sexuality, hyper-world, etc. Freq.: spec. forming words relating to the use of computer technology to generate sound, or to modify sound produced by traditional musical instruments (usually in response to motion as perceived by electronic sensors) as hypergenerated, hyper-music, hyper-musician.
1991Omni Mar. 47/3 While [Tod] Machover today plays music with the help of a glove, for instance, hypermusicians of the future will use the whole body. 1993Wired Premiere Issue 72/1 The good news is that a new wave of technology I call ‘hyperlearning’, or HL for short, offers a technological replacement for today's educational morass. 1993Village Voice (N.Y.) 20 Apr. 70/3 Machover, MIT tech-wiz, will show a video song from his sci-fi opera Valis and process a hypercello through three computers. 1994J. Barth Once upon Time 137 To us diehard word-by-worders, the trouble with such high-tech illusions as those multisensory hyperworlds envisioned (enheard, ensmelled, entasted, enfelt) by computer simulation is that their wraparound virtual reality is real virtuality. 1996Guardian 1 Mar. (Friday Review section) 8/1 The guitarist Robert Fripp will be constructing hypergenerated soundscapes in the foyer of the QEH and there will be a series of concerts. 2000Sunday Herald (Glasgow) 7 May 7/3 The exhaustive range of sexual services on offer [on the web] create ‘hypersexuality’, which they define as a compulsive need for cybersex which can kill off marriages and partnerships. |