| 释义 |
▪ I. † uˈsurp, n. Obs.—1
[f. next.]
Usurpation.
a1647Habington Surv. Worcs. (Worcs. Hist. Soc.) I. 540 The Normans, who overcame them with the vsurp of the Crowne.
▪ II. usurp, v.|juːˈzɜːp|
[ad. OF. usurper (14th c.), ad. L. ūsūrpāre (whence It. usurpare, Pr., Sp., Pg. usurpar) to seize for use, to use, employ.]
I.
1. trans. To appropriate wrongfully to oneself (a right, prerogative, etc.). † Also const. against, upon.
a1325MS. Rawl. B. 520 fol. 56 b, Ȝif þe Eir mid wronge vsurped þe seisine of Eldere þoru deseisine. 1399Langl. Rich. Redeles iii. 257 To vsurpe þe service þat to sages bilongith, To be-come conselleris er þey kunne rede. 1569J. Sandford tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 154 b, Apicius more then all others haue vsurped y⊇ glory and fame of this arte. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 18 [He] sould have usurpat all honnour riches and authoritie. 1596Edward III, i. i. 80 Tell him, the Crowne that hee vsurpes is myne. 1607Cowell Interpr., Quo Warranto, is a writ that lyeth against him, which vsurpeth any Frawnchis or libertie against the king. 1656Earl of Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Pol. Touchstone (1674) 277 That pretence of Right, which the violence of the Sword hath usurp'd upon other mens Estates. a1680Butler Rem. (1759) I. 346 They were fain to usurp the Right of his Cause, to justify their own. 1709Strype Ann. Ref. I. xiv. 187 The people by a great consent usurped them [sc. favours] to themselves. 1791Cowper Iliad i. 624 Him with shame The King of men hath overwhelm'd, by force Usurping his just meed. 1813Shelley Q. Mab vi. 223 The almighty Fiend Whose name usurps thy honours. 1838Lytton Leila i. ii, My uncle usurped my birthright.
fig. and transf.a1586Sidney Arcadia ii. vii, So ougly a darkenesse..usurped the dayes right. 1634Ford Perk. Warbeck ii. iii, Tis our pleasure To giue our Cosen Yorke for wife our kinswoman the ladie Katherine: Instinct of soveraigntie Designes the honor, though her peevish Father Vsurps our Resolution.
b. esp. To intrude forcibly, illegally, or without just cause into (some dignified or important office, position, etc.); to assume or arrogate to oneself (political power, rule, authority, etc.) by force; to claim unjustly.
1440Jacob's Well 28 Þo þat vsurpyn of newe tyme þe kepyng or þe amonicyoun of ony cherch in tyme of voydaunce. 1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 28 Andronicus..be tyranny Usurpyd the pryncehood of that plas. a1513Fabyan Chron. iv. xx. 49 He..vsurpyd the Rule and domynyon of the lande. 1538Tonstall Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 5 Wherfore he [sc. Christ] dyd not vsurpe equalitie vnto god, but [etc.]. 1598Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. 103 To vsurpe the preheminence, which onely is due to the Camp-Master. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxviii. 162 The acts of power usurped,..are not acts of publique Authority. 1681H. Nevile Plato Rediv. 34 Either to usurp Tyranny over his own Country, or to lead men forth to..subdue another. 1729T. Innes Crit. Essay (1879) 32 Carausius..usurped the empire in Britain towards the end of the third century. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 166 ⁋5 Eager to usurp the station to which he has no right. 1836Thirlwall Greece III. 245 Cleon..did not wish to usurp the functions of Nicias. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 280 To set aside the local government, and usurp an independent and paramount authority. 1891Pall Mall G. 9 Oct. 2/1 Mr. Parnell repeated..—‘You attempted to put the resolution and usurp my authority as chairman’.
fig. and transf.1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iii. ii. 99 To..vsurpe the beggerie hee was neuer borne to. 1667Milton P.L. xii. 421 So he dies, But soon revives, Death over him no power Shall long usurp. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. 24 The bridle will be usurped by those appetites which it is a principal part of all religion..to curb. 1781Cowper Conversat. 745 The world grown old,..Usurps God's office, lays his bosom bare. 1799R. Sickelmore Agnes & L. II. 195 In the silent hours of retirement reflection usurped the empire of the leaden god. 1839Sigourney Lett. to Mothers xv, The worldly and common trains of thought, which usurp dominion over us. 1857Toulmin Smith Parish 119 Too much inter⁓meddling from the Home Office has been allowed to be gradually usurped.
2. To seize or obtain possession of (territory, land, etc.) in an unjust or illegal manner; to assume unjust rule, dominion, or authority over, to appropriate wrongfully. Also const. on, upon (= against), over.
c1400Mandeville (1839) 145 He..usurped the Lond, and helde it to himself, and cleped him Emperour of Trapazond. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 103 The Danes vsurpede the realme of Estenglonde. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 224 b/1 By cause that he wold usurpe to hym self hys herytage. 1507Reg. Privy Seal Scotl. I. 208/2 Gif ony of thaim occupiis and usurpis ony part of the kingis propir lands. 1579Fenton Guicciard. 358 To reconquer to the sea Apostolike, all those places..that had bene vsurped vpon the Church. 1598Hakluyt Voy. I. 147 The cities adhearing vnto the king vsurped diuers Castles belonging to the Master, tooke certain..knightes. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. iv. 11 Having usurped the town of Goa upon him. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. I. 223 That Church..was usurped by the Turks, and serves them..for their chief Mosque. a1721Prior Dial. Dead, Cromwell & Porter Wks. 1907 II. 267 The three Kingdoms You Usurped. 1809Bawdwen Domesday Bk. 2 Walden usurped two houses of Ketel the priest.
fig. and transf.1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 591 Whereat a sudden pale..Usurps her cheek. 1592Arden of Feversham i. 99 Sweete Mosbie is the man that hath my hart: And he vsurpes it. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Bunch of Grapes i, One aire of thoughts usurps my brain. a1700Evelyn Diary 3 Aug. 1656, Blasphemous and ignorant mechanics usurping the pulpets every where. 1726Pope Odyssey xx. 430 Universal night usurps the pole! 1807J. Barlow Columb. ii. 210 Ere..Memphian pyramids usurp'd the skies. 1841Emerson Ess., Love ⁋4 The proportion which this topic of personal relations usurps in the conversation of society.
b. transf. To occupy or take the place of, physically; to encroach or trench upon.
1635Quarles Embl. i. ii. 10 The white-mouth'd Water now usurpes the Shore. 1687Dryden Hind & P. iii. 863 A just Reprise would only be Of what the Land usurped upon the Sea. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 290 The firm connected bulwark [= dyke of Holland] seems to grow; Spreads its long arms amidst the watery roar,..and usurps the shore. 1817Byron Manfred iii. iv, Ivy usurps the laurel's place of growth. 1841T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. 730 The placenta completely usurps the place of the allantois.
c. Of feelings, passions, etc.: To take possession of, occupy, or assume predominance in (the mind, bosom, etc.).
1749Smollett Regicide v. viii, Distemper'd passion..Usurped my troubled bosom. 1798Ferriar Illustr. Sterne, etc., Genius 282 When frenzy and imposture usurp the regard. 1824Campbell Theodric 490 Alarm..now usurp'd his brain. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xviii. (1856) 138 The object which seemed to usurp the undivided attention of our party.
d. to usurp the place of, in fig. uses.
1573Baret Alv. K k i, Concerning I consonant, which oftentimes vniustly vsurpeth the sounde and place of g. 1739Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 229 True religion takes up that place in the mind, which superstition would usurp. 1781Cowper Table-t. 320 When tumult..usurp'd authority's just place. 1863Holland Lett. Joneses xix. 271 The love of party has always usurped the place of the love of Country. 1879H. Phillips Notes Coins 5 Copper began to usurp the place of other metals.
†3. To take or hold possession of (something belonging to another or others) by sleight or force; to appropriate by ruse or violence; to steal.
c1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy v. 73 Þat he þis relik reioisshe shulde of riȝt, Be sleiȝte wonne.., And vsurpeth, be maner of avaunt. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop ii. xviii, I beleue wel that thow hast vsurped and robbed som thynge. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 242 b, The reuenewes of some they haue vsurped already. 1620Brent tr. Soave's Hist. Counc. Trent. i. 100 The Ecclesiasticall goods should not be vsurped. 1643J. Burroughes Exp. Hosea vii. 375 As a man that hath his goods taken away from him usurped.
fig. and transf.a1425tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula, etc. 30 Any oþer witty man perceyuyng his werk mow vsurpe it to hymself. 1602Shakes. Ham. i. i. 46 What art thou that vsurp'st this time of night? 1605― Lear iv. ii. 28 To thee a Womans seruices are due, My Foole vsurpes my body. a1637B. Jonson Discov. Wks. (Rtldg.) 747/2 Their own fox-like thefts..are so rank, as a man may find whole pages together usurped from one author.
4. To make use of (something not properly belonging to one or one's estate); to use or employ wrongfully.
c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 440 Certes to blame ben þe lordes grete,..þat hir men lete Vsurpe swiche a lordly apparaille. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 114 Beside this, she vsurped a cote of arms. 1578Lyte Dodoens 727 The barke of..Sorbus..is in some places wrongfully vsurped..for the diseases of the milte. 1601Shakes. All's Well iv. iii. 119 His heeles haue deseru'd it, in vsurping his spurres so long. 1661Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer (ed. 2) A 6, Learned Jews from that time, usurp the same partition of Chapters on the Old Testament. 1713Addison Cato iv. i, Who's this that dares usurp The Guards and Habits of Numidia's Prince? 1831Scott Ct. Rob. iii, A portrait of Alexander, in executing which, some inferior dauber has usurped the pencil of Apelles.
fig. and transf.1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. (Q.) v. i. 307 Which suit..I put on, and vsurping your mans phrase and action, caried a message to Signior Thorello in your name. 1744Harl. Misc. I. 66 To Prince and People, that usurp unlawful Methods to accomplish their unjust Intentions. 1781Cowper Table-T. 637 [To] claim the palm for purity of song, That lewdness had usurp'd and worn so long. 1813Shelley Q. Mab. ix. 100 The old thorn..Usurped the royal ensign's grandeur.
b. To assume or claim (a name or title) unduly as one's own; to arrogate or take to oneself. Also simply, to assume, bear.
1549W. Thomas Hist. Italie 15 b, Theyr owne priuate capitaines enterprised many tymes not onely to rebell, but also to vsurpe the name of emperours. 1577Holinshed Chron., Hist. Eng. I. 202/1 Euery one..sought..to vsurp y⊇ title of King. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 794 Call it not love, for Love to heaven is fled, Since sweating Lust on earth usurp'd his name. 1610Heywood Gold. Age F 4, Let that Clime henceforth Be cal'd Arcadia, and vsurpe thy name. 1675Dryden Aurengz. v. (1676) 81 The noble Arimant usurp'd my name. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. I. 58 The name..of Orator was usurped by the sophists. 1781Cowper Retirem. 319 He that has not usurp'd the name of man. 1883F. Pollock in Proc. Roy. Instit. X. 381 The name of claymore (commonly usurped by the much later basket-hilted pattern).
c. To take (a word or words) into use; to borrow or appropriate from another language, source, etc.; to employ, use.
1531Elyot Gov. i. xxii, Of them two [sc. ‘celeritie’ and ‘slownesse’] springeth an excellent vertue where unto we lacke a name in englisshe. Wherfore I am constrained to usurpe a latine worde, callyng it Maturitie. 1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 56 [The word] stadium..is vsurped, for a place where men exercise ther horse, ronnyng a rase. 1573J. Daus tr. Bullinger on Apoc. (ed. 2) 254 b, And these wordes haue more grace in ours and other straunge languages, vsurped than translated. So haue remayned in the Church, Osanna, Amen [etc.]. 1601B. Jonson Poetaster iii. i, ‘White’ is there vsurpt for her brow. 1649Milton Eikon. 126 He usurps a common saying, That it is kingly to doe well and heare ill. 1690Leybourn Curs. Math. 347 ddd is..there usurped for ggc. 1859Sir W. Hamilton Lect. (1877) I. xi. 197 The[se] Latin terms..were very rarely usurped in their present psychological meaning.
†5. To exercise, practise, or inflict (injury, cruelty, etc.); to put into act, impose. Occas. const. on, towards. Also transf. Obs. rare.
1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 134 It is..honest to oppos..all injure or violence unlauchfully usurpit. 1583T. Stocker Civ. Warres Lowe C. iii. 103 b, Usurping on them all kinde of crueltie, and warlike licence. 1625[? Skinner] tr. Montanus Inquis. 89 Certaine penalties and punishments vsurped towards offenders. a1700Dryden Sigism. & Guisc. 419 [State laws] are usurp'd on helpless Woman-kind, Made without our Consent, and wanting Pow'r to bind.
6. To supplant, oust, or turn out (a person); † to deprive (one) of possessions. Also refl. rare.
a1325MS. Rawl. B. 520 fol. 56 Þoru þat he him vsurpede bi-þoute iugement þoru his oune propre auctorite. 1512Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 91 The erle..wyllynge to usurpe her of her duchy. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. i. v. 198 Vio. Are you the Ladie of the house? Ol. If I do not vsurpe my selfe, I am. 1622Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d'Alf. i. 194 No man shall dare or presume, to vsurpe or defraud one another in this kinde. 1890Pall Mall G. 9 Oct. (1891) 2/1 ‘How dare you, sir, attempt to usurp me in the chair?’ he [sc. Mr. Parnell] exclaimed.
transf.1821Shelley Hellas 260 O miserable dawn, after a night More glorious than the day which it usurped!
II.
†7. intr. To claim or make pretensions, to assume or attempt arrogantly, to be or do something. Obs.
c1391Chaucer Astrol. Prol., I ne vsurpe nat to haue fownde this werk of my labour. 1430–40Lydg. Bochas viii. 772 This Karansynvs..Proudli vsurped to be ther gouernour. Ibid. ix. 125 He gadred peeple, gan wexe a werreiour, Ageyn Heraclius,..And vsurped to ride in tho cuntres. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 204/4 To be crucyfyed upryght I haue not usurped. 1521in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. I. 282 The said Dukes fader tooke upon hym and usurped to be king ageinst his elder broder.
8. To act or play the usurper; to rule or exercise authority as a usurper. Also const. over, against. Now rare.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. v. x. 2476 He..hald him of his part content, Vsurpand nocht oure his extent. 1477Norton Ord. Alch. v. in Ashm. (1652) 67 When he usurpeth above equality. a1513Fabyan Chron. iv. lxxiv. 51 Whenne he had reygned, or more verely vsurped, by the terme of iiii. yeres. c1585[R. Browne] Answ. Cartwright 83 If any do usurpe, as traitors, against her maiesty. 1592Kyd Sol. & Pers. iii. iv, Your Lord vsurps in all that he possesseth. 1596[see usurpation 4]. 1640Habington Edw. IV, 224 The house of Lancaster usurping against Edward. 1653Holcroft Procopius, Vandal Wars i. 9 Basiliscus..attempted to usurp, and prevailed... And Basiliscus usurped a year and eight months. a1733Raymond Reports (1743) 954 Though he afterwards usurp and die, and the advowson descend to his heir.
fig.1667Milton P.L. ix. 1132 Sensual Appetite..Usurping over sovran Reason claimd Superior sway. Ibid. xi. 823 All fountaines of the Deep Broke up, shall heave the Ocean to usurp Beyond all bounds. 1827Keble Chr. Year, Sexagesima Sunday vi, Chaining to earth..Hearts that would highest else aspire, And o'er the tenderer sex usurping ever most.
9. to usurp on or usurp upon:
a. To practise usurpation upon, to commit illegal seizure or action against (a person or persons).
1470–85Malory Arthur i. iii. 39 Kyng Vther felle seke.., And in the meane whyle hys enemyes Vsurpped vpon hym. 1530Palsgr. 769/2 Howe longe it is sythe he began first to usurpe upon you. 1576Southampton Court Leet Rec. (1905) i. 138 His breethren doo vssurpe vppon the Comers vnto of this towne. 1640Habington Edw. IV, 21 Women who usurpe on their husbands. 1677Govt. Venice 250 Popes..have usurped upon Seculars in the very power of suppressing of Heretical Books. 1701Watson Clergyman's Law 85 If any other Person..doth usurp upon the Lessee. 1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 36 When any of the three estates have usurped upon the others. 1889Lowell Latest Lit. Ess., Walton (1891) 77 When he speaks of himself he never seems to usurp on other people.
fig.1603Florio Montaigne iii. x. 606 The motions of love, which I felt to vsurpe vpon me. 1608Shakes. Per. iii. ii. 82 (Q. 1), Death may vsurpe on Nature many howers, and yet The fire of life kindle againe the ore-prest spirits.
b. To encroach or infringe upon (a right, privilege, etc.); to arrogate to oneself unjustly.
1493Acta Dom. Conc. (1839) 287/1 Vsurping apon þe fredomez & priuilegis of þe said burghe. 1531Dialogues on Laws Eng. xxvi. 58 That they vsurpe vpon the popes auctorite. 1594O. B. Quest. Profit. Concern. 31 *b, Such destroying fathers vsurped vpon the right. 1598Dallington Meth. Trav. L 2 b, The Noblesse of Athens hauing vsurped vpon the Democratie of that City. 1643S. Marshall Copy of Let. 25 It is most apparent that they have not usurped upon His Majesties Prerogative. 1684T. Burnet Theory Earth i. Ep. to King, Those that would usurp upon the fundamental priviledge and birth-right of mankind. 1720Gordon & Trenchard Independ. Whig (1728) 153 It is..the highest Sacrilege to usurp upon this great Authority. 1771Goldsm. Hist. Eng. II. 141 The commission..had usurped upon his authority. 1822Monthly Mag. LIII. 333 This would..suffer Sweden and Prussia gradually to usurp on its Baltic ascendancy. 1868Manning in Ess. Relig. & Lit. Ser. iii. (1874) 12 The Saxon and the Norman kings gradually usurped upon the freedom of the Church by customs. 1879M. Pattison Milton 123 Many matters, in which the old prelatic church had usurped upon the domain of the state.
transf.1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. Charac. Persons, Shift, a thread-bare shark:..He vsurps vpon cheats, quarrels, and robberies which he neuer did. 1654G. Goddard in Burton's Diary (1828) I. 83 Whensoever any advantage offers itself, the one will usurp on the other, and..strive totally to subvert it. 1670H. Stubbe Plus Ultra 137 To prevent the Virtuosi from usurping upon my discoveries and intendments. 1840De Quincey Style Wks. 1859 XI. 175 This tendency in political journals to usurp upon the practice of books. 1870Lowell Study Wind. 212 The unclean rites of Baal..usurp on the worship of the one only True and Pure.
c. To seize, intrude or lay hold upon (land, property, etc.) without right or just cause; to assume authority or domination over, to become superior to.
1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 576 The Moores or Arabians,..usurping upon the maritime coasts of the Country, have built them places and Cities. a1674Clarendon Surv. Leviath. (1676) 160 When he usurp'd upon France with equal Tyranny. a1700Evelyn Diary 18 March 1649, The parish churches, on which the Presbyterians and fanatics had usurp'd.
fig. and transf.1588Shakes. Tit. A. iii. i. 268 This sorrow is an enemy, And would vsurpe vpon my watry eyes. a1613Brerewood Lang. & Relig. (1614) 10 At this day, the Greek tongue is very much decayed:..in..the west, the natural languages of the countries have usurped upon it. 1622Waller On Danger his Majesty escaped 86 The loud winds usurping on the main. 1633Marmion Antiquary i. i, Usurp then on the proffer'd means, Show yourself forward in an action. 1709Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. (1720) II. 263 Her killing Eyes now seem'd to lay aside their Darts: Languishments usurp'd upon the Fire. a1859De Quincey Posth. Wks. (1893) II. 42 The heart of stone had usurped upon the heart of flesh.
d. To encroach upon physically. (Cf. 2 b.)
1658Cleveland Rustick Rampant (1687) 447 The honest Husbandmen..repairs the Banks, but does not usurp upon the Stream.
†10. To take possession of a thing by usurpation; to become participator of. Obs.
a1513Fabyan Chron. vii. (1811) 429 He had vsurpyd of the comon grounde of y⊇ cytie, in settynge of the said towre. 1609Bible (Douay) Joshua vii. 1 The children of Israel transgressed the commandment, and usurped of the anathema. |