| 释义 |
hypo-|hɪpəʊ, haɪpəʊ|
before vowels also hyp-,
prefix, repr. Gr. ὑπο-, ὑπ- (f. ὑπό prep. and adv. ‘under’ = L. sub), largely employed in Greek in the formation of verbs, adjectives, and substantives.
With verbs, and their derivatives, ὑπο- had the senses ‘under, beneath, down, from below; underhand, secretly; in a subordinate degree, slightly’. With adjectives and substantives, ὑπο- had the local sense ‘beneath, under’ in a prepositional relation to the substantive implied in the radical part, or the sense ‘in a lower relation, in a lower degree, slightly, somewhat, a little’ in an adverbial relation. Few Greek words containing the prefix came down through late L. and Fr. into English; the only ones of ME. age being the ecclesiastical words hypocrite and hypocrisy, found soon after 1200 (the derivatives, hypocritic, -al, etc. are later, of 16th c.). A few technical words, e.g. hyposarca, hypostasis, occur (though hardly as Eng.) in end of 14th c.; a considerable number, including hypochonder, -chondria, hypostatic, hypotenuse, hypothec, hypothesis, hypotrachelium, hypotyposis, appear in 16th c., and others, as hypocaust, hypogaster, -gastrium, hypogæal, in 17th c. But the great majority of the hypo- formations belong to the vocabulary of modern science, and have no actual Greek prototypes, but are formed (usually) on Greek elements, and more or less in accordance with Greek principles of word-formation. Hypo- has not, like hyper-, become a living element, capable of being prefixed at will to words of any origin.
The first vowel in Gr. ὑπο-, L. hypo-, is short, and all the early words in English were introduced with the y short, as in hypocrite, hypocrisy, etc. The y is marked as short in all compounds with hypo- in Pronouncing Dictionaries down to the middle of the 19th c. Some later Dictionaries, while retaining short y under stress, primary or secondary, as in hypocaust, hypothetic, make it long |aɪ| in unaccented syllables, as in hypothesis, hypotenuse. But the later tendency in the South of England has been to treat y in all positions except before two consonants as |aɪ|, and, against etymology and history, to say hȳposulphate, hȳpostatical, etc.
I.
1. In words from Greek: the most important of these are hypochondria, hypocrisy, hypocrite, hypotenuse, hypothec, hypothesis, and their derivatives.
2. In modern formations, with sense ‘under, beneath, below’, of relative position; sometimes antithetical to terms in epi- or hyper-. In one set (a) hypo- has a prepositional relation governing the n. occurring or implied in the following element, as in hypobasal, hypobranchial, hypodermic, hypoglossal; in another (b) hypo- qualifies the second element adverbially or attributively, signifying that this is itself the nether or lower of two (or more), as in hypoblast, hypomere, hypozoa (animals low in the scale).
3. Mus.
a. Prefixed to the names of musical modes in hypoæolian, hypo-dorian, hypo-ionian, hypo-lydian, hypo-mixolydian, hypo-phrygian, to denote either (a) the grave modes in Ancient Greek music, beginning at a definite interval below the ordinary æolian, Dorian, etc. or (b) the ‘plagal’ modes in mediæval music, each of which has a compass a fourth below that of the corresponding ‘authentic’ mode.
b. Also formerly in names of intervals measured downwards, as hypodiapason, -diapente, -diatessaron, -ditone (see diapason, etc.). (Cf. hyper- 2.)
1597Morley Introd. Mus. 98 If the leading part were highest, then would they call it [a Fuge] in hypodiatessaron, which is the fourth beneath. 1651J. F[reake] Agrippa's Occ. Philos. 260 Clio with the Moon move after the Hypo⁓dorian manner. Ibid. 261 Urania also doth the eight create And musick Hypo-Lydian elevate. 1760Stiles Anc. Greek Music in Phil. Trans. LI. 712 We have already shown the Hypodorian mese to have been in e, the Hypophrygian in f{sharp}, and the Hypolydian in g{sharp}. Ibid., The Hypoïonian mese was inserted in f natural, and the Hypo⁓æolian in g natural, at a fourth respectively from the Ionian and æolian. 1844Beck & Felton tr. Munk's Metres 290 The Mixolydian and Hypolydian were subordinate species of the Lydian [mood]. 1867Macfarren Harmony i. 17. 1897 Daily News 19 Mar. 6/4 Much fun was made of a sailor's ditty said to be written in the hypomixolydian mode.
4. ‘To some extent’, ‘slightly’, ‘somewhat’, in many adjectives; similarly in substantives, with the sense ‘slight’ or ‘deficient’. These words belong chiefly to pathology, and are the opposites of similar formations beginning with hyper- II.
5. In Chemistry, hypo- (in contrast to hyper- 7) is used to name an oxygen compound lower in the series than that having the simple name without hypo-; thus, sulphurous acid = H2SO3, hyposulphurous acid = H2SO2, vanadic oxide V2O5, hypovanadic oxide V2O4(VO2), vanadious oxide V2O3, hypovanadious oxide V2O2(VO).
II. The more important words belonging to all these groups appear in their alphabetical order as main words; others of less importance or less frequent use follow here. (In many of these the immediate derivation is obvious, they being simply formed by prefixing hypo- to another word, the etymology of which will be found in its place: e.g. hypoazotic, f. hypo- + azotic, etc. In the following words e often replaces æ, œ, esp. in U.S. usage; the alternative spelling is not given for each word individually.)
hypalgesia |-ˈdʒiːsɪə| Med. [Gr. ἄλγησις sense of pain], diminished sensitivity to pain, hypalgia; so hypalˈgesic a., exhibiting or tending to produce hypalgesia. hypoaˈcidity Physiol., a deficiency of acid constituents, esp. in the gastric juice. hypoacˈtivity Physiol., diminished activity, esp. diminished secretory activity of a gland. hypoæsthesia |ˌhaɪpəʊɪsˈθiːzɪə| Path. = hypæsthesia; hence hypoæsˈthetic a. ˌhypoalbumiˈnæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of albumins in the blood. hypoalˈgesia Med., = hypalgesia. hypoanˈtimonate Chem., a salt of antimony tetroxide. ‖ hypoˈaria pl. Ichthyol. [Gr. ᾠάριον little egg], a pair of protuberant oval ganglia developed beneath the optic lobes of osseous fishes; hence hypoˈarian a. hypoaˈzotic a. Chem. = hyponitrous; hence hypoazotide = hyponitrous acid, H2N2O2 (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). hypoˈbasal a. Bot., applied to the lower of the two cells or portions of the oospore of vascular cryptogams (cf. epibasal). ‖ hypobole |hɪˈpɒbəliː| Rhet. [Gr. ὑποβολή, f. ὑποβάλλειν to throw under, suggest], the mentioning and refuting of objections which might be brought against the speaker's case by an opponent. hypocalcæmia |-kælˈsiːmɪə| Physiol. [calcium + Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of calcium in the blood; hence hypocalˈcæmic a. hypoˈcapnia Physiol. [Gr. καπνός smoke], an abnormally low concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. ‖ hypocaˈtharsis Med. [catharsis], a slight purging; so hypocaˈthartic a. (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). ˈhypochil |-kɪl|, ‖ hypochilium |-ˈkaɪlɪəm| Bot. [Gr. χεῖλος lip], the basal portion of the labellum of an orchid (Treas. Bot. 1866). ˌhypochloˈræmia Physiol., an abnormally low concentration of chlorides in the blood. ˌhypochlorˈhydria Physiol. [chlorhydric a.], an abnormally low concentration of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice; so ˌhypochlorˈhydric a. hypoˈchlorin Chem. [Gr. χλωρός green], Pringsheim's name for a substance found in every plant-cell which contains chlorophyll. hypoˈchordal a. Zool. [chord n.1], ventral to the notochord or spinal cord. ‖ hypoclidium |-ˈklaɪdɪəm| Ornith. [Gr. κλείς, κλειδ- key], the interclavicular element of the clavicles of a bird, seen in the merrythought of a fowl; hence hypoˈclidian a. † hypoˈcolon, a semicolon. hypoˈcrystalline a. Min., consisting of crystals contained in a non-crystalline or massive mineral substance. ˈhypocycle nonce-wd. (see quot., and cf. epicycle). ‖ hypoˈdactylum Ornith. [Gr. δάκτυλος finger], the lower surface of a bird's toe (Mayne, 1855). † hypoˈdeacon [Gr. ὑποδιάκονος under-servant], a subdeacon. ˌhypoderˈmatomy Med. [Gr. δέρµα skin + τοµή cutting], incision of a subcutaneous part (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). hypodermoclysis |-dəˈmɒklɪsɪs| Med. [Gr. κλύσις a washing, drenching], the injection of nutrient fluids under the skin in the collapse from cholera or other exhausting diseases. ‖ hypodiastole |-daɪˈæstəliː| Gr. Gram. [Gr. ὑποδιαστολή] = diastole 3 (q.v., quot. 1833). hypodicrotous |-ˈdaɪkrətəs| a. Phys., having a slight secondary wave in each pulse-beat. † hypodiˈdascal [ad. Gr. ὑποδιδάσκαλος: see didascalic], an under-teacher, an usher. ˌhypodigˈmatical a. [Gr. ὑποδειγµατικός], indicating by way of example or symbol. ˈhypodrome [med.L. hypodromum (see Du Cange), f. Gr. ὑπό under + δρόµος course], a roofed porch or colonnade. hypodyˈnamic a. Path., characterized by weakness or prostration (cf. adynamic). hypo-eˈllipsoid Geom., a curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle or ellipse rolling along the inside of an ellipse (cf. hypocycloid). hypoesthesia, var. hypoæsthesia above. hypoeuˈtectic a., (of an alloy of iron) containing a lower proportion of carbon than the eutectic composition (i.e. less than about 4·3%; (in quot. 1902 = hypoeutectoid, eutectoid itself not having been coined at that date). hypoeuˈtectoid a., (of steel) containing a lower proportion of carbon than the eutectoid composition (i.e. less than about 0·8%). hypoˈfunction Med., diminished or insufficient activity or production (in a gland or other part of the body); so hypoˈfunctional a.; similarly hypoˈfunctioning vbl. n. ˌhypogammaˌglobuliˈnæmia Path. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of gamma globulins in the blood; also, a disorder of which this condition is characteristic. hypogæate |-ˈdʒiːət| Chem., a salt of hypogæic acid. hypogæic |-ˈdʒiːɪk| a. Chem. [f. mod.L. (Arachis) hypogæa the earth-nut; see hypogean], in hypogæic acid: see quots. † hypoˈgeiody [f. Gr. ὑπόγειος underground, hypogean + ὁδός way], a branch of applied mathematics, by which subterranean distances and directions are ascertained; subterraneous surveying. hypoˈgenitalism Path., hypogonadism; also, underdevelopment of the genitalia. hypogenous |-ˈɒdʒɪnəs| a. Bot. [Gr. -γενής produced], (a) growing upon the under surface of leaves; (b) growing beneath the surface. hypogeusia |-ˈgjuːzɪə| Med. [Gr. γεῦσις taste], diminished acuteness of the sense of taste. hypoglyˈcæmia Physiol., an abnormally low concentration of sugar in the blood; so hypoglyˈcæmic a., of or exhibiting hypoglycæmia; tending to reduce the blood-sugar level. hyˈpognathism, hypognathous conformation. hyˈpognathous a. Ornith. [Gr. γνάθος jaw], having the under mandible longer than the upper. hypoˈgonadism Path., the reduction or absence of gonadal activity, esp. of hormone secretion; so hypoˈgonadal a. † ˈhypogram [Gr. ὑπόγραµµα something written below] (see quot.). hypoˈhyal a. Anat. [see hyo-, hyoid], forming the base of the hyoid arch; also as n., that part of the hyoid arch which lies between the stylohyal and basibranchial. hypoischium |-ˈɪskɪəm| Zool. [ischium], a small cartilaginous or bony process that projects backwards from the ischial symphysis in the pelvic arch of many reptiles and some other vertebrates, supporting the ventral wall of the cloaca; hence hypoˈischiac, -ˈischial, -ischiˈatic adjs. hypokalæmia |-kəˈliːmɪə|, -kaliæmia |-kælɪˈiːmɪə| Physiol. [mod.L. kalium potassium (see kali) + Gr. αἷµα blood], = hypopotassæmia below; hence hypokaˈlæmic a. hypokeimeˈnometry [Gr. ὑποκείµενον underlying substance or essence + -metry] (see quot.). hypokiˈnesia, -kiˈnesis Path., abnormally decreased muscular movement. hypokiˈnetic a. Path. [kinetic], having defective muscular action (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). ‖ hypolemˈniscus, † hypoˈlemnisk [Gr. ὑποληµνίσκος, f. ληµνίσκος band, fillet], the critical mark {hypolem}. ˌhypoleucocyˈtosis, -leukocyˈtosis Path. = leucopenia (s.v. leuco-). hypologism |-ˈɒlədʒɪz(ə)m| [Gr. ὑπολογισµός a ratio in which the antecedent is the smaller number] (see quot.). ˌhypomagneˈsæmia Physiol. and Vet. Sci. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of magnesium in the blood, important in cattle as the cause of grass tetany; hence ˌhypomagneˈsæmic a. hyˈpomenous a. Bot. [Gr. µένειν to remain] (see quot.). ˈhypomere Biol. [Gr. µέρος part], the lower half of certain sponges; hence hyˈpomeral a., pertaining to a hypomere. hypomeˈtabolism Physiol., metabolism at a low rate. hypomneˈmatic a. [Gr. ὑποµνηµατικός, f. ὑπόµνηµα note, memorandum], having the form of memoranda or notes. hypomˈnestic a. [Gr. ὑποµνηστικός suggestive to the memory], pertaining to or awakening recollection. ˈhypomorph Genetics [Gr. µορϕ-ή form], any allele which is functionally less effective than the corresponding wild-type allele; so hypoˈmorphic a. hypomoˈtility Med., diminished movement, esp. of the stomach and intestines. hyponaˈtræmia Physiol. [natrium + Gr. αἷµα blood], a lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood; hence hyponaˈtræmic a. ‖ hypoˈneuria Path. [Gr. νεῦρον nerve], deficient or diminished nervous power (Syd. Soc. Lex.). ‖ hypoˈnoia [Gr. ὑπόνοια, f. ὑπονοέειν to suspect], underlying meaning. ˈhyponome |ˈhɪpəʊnəʊm| Zool. [Gr. ὑπονοµή underground passage], the ambulatory pipe or fleshy funnel of a cephalopod. hyponychial |-ˈnɪkɪəl| a. [Gr. ὄνυξ, ὀνυχ- nail], seated under the nail (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). ‖ hyˈponychon, -chum Path. [as prec.], an effusion of blood under a nail (ibid.). hypo-ˈosmious a. Chem. [osmium], containing less oxygen than osmious compounds, as h. oxide = osmium monoxide OsO, h. sulphite OsSO3. ˌhypo-osˈmotic, hyposˈmotic adjs. Physiol. = hypotonic a. 1; const. to. hypoˈpepsy Path. [Gr. πέψις digestion], defective digestion. hypopetalous |-ˈpɛtələs| a. Bot. (also † -petaleous, -ious), having the petals inserted beneath the ovary (Mayne 1855); belonging to the Hypopetalæ of Jussieu, a division of dicotyledonous polypetalous plants; hence hypoˈpetaly, hypopetalous condition (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). hypophalangia |-fəˈlændʒɪə|, -phalangism |-fəˈlændʒɪz(ə)m|, -phalangy |-ˈfæləndʒɪ| Med. [L. phalang-: see phalanx], the congenital absence of one or more digital phalanges. ˈhypophet [Gr. ὑποϕήτης], an interpreter, expounder. hypophlœous |-ˈfliːəs| a. Bot. [Gr. ϕλοιός bark], of lichens: growing under the outer layers of bark on trees, etc. (Mayne 1855); so also hypoˈphlœodal, hypophlœˈodic adjs. hypoˈphoneme [phoneme] Linguistics, in the terminology of stratificational grammar, a phonological unit (see quots.); so hypophoˈnemic a., hypophoˈnemically adv. hypophonic |-ˈfɒnɪk| a. [Gr. ϕωνή voice], serving as an accompaniment or response; so hyˈpophonous a. ‖ hyˈpophora Rhet. [Gr. ὑποϕορά], the statement of an opponent's probable objection to the speaker's argument (cf. hypobole). hypoˈphoria Ophthalm., latent strabismus in which there is a tendency for one eye to be directed below the line of sight of the other. ˌhypophosphaˈtæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of phosphates in the blood; so ˌhypophosphaˈtæmic a. ˌhypophosphaˈtasia Path., a familial congenital disease associated with an abnormally low level of alkaline phosphatase in the body and defective bone development. ‖ hypoˈphyllium Bot. [Gr. ϕύλλιον little leaf] (see quot.). † hypophylloˈspermous a. Bot. [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf + σπέρµα seed] (see quot.) hypophyllous |-ˈfɪləs| a. Bot. [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf], growing under, or on the under side of, a leaf. hypoˈphysical a. [physical], lying beneath or below the physical. hypoˈphysics, matters that lie beneath physics. ˈhypopial a., pertaining to the hypopus. hypopiˈtuitarism Path. [pituitary a. + -ism], diminished hormone secretion by the pituitary body; hence hypopiˈtuitary a., of, pertaining to, or affected with hypopituitarism. hypoˈplankton, plankton found in the layer of water directly above the bottom of the ocean. ‖ hypoˈplasia Path. [Gr. -πλασία, πλάσις formation], defective growth of an organ or tissue. hypoˈplastral a., pertaining to the hypoplastron. ‖ hypoˈplastron Zool., Huxley's name for the third lateral piece of the plastron of Chelonia = hyposternal. ˈhypoplasty Path. [Gr. πλαστός moulded, formed], ‘a diminution of the fibrin in the blood; also, a diminution of the nutritive or generative activity’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). hypoˈpleura, -ˈpleuron Ent. (pl. -pleura), the region on the thorax of Diptera underneath the metapleuron and above the middle and posterior coxæ; so hypoˈpleural a. ˈhypoploid a. Genetics [-ploid], having one or a few chromosomes (orig. also chromosome fragments) missing from a haploid, diploid, triploid, etc., set; containing such cells; also as n., a hypoploid cell or individual; so ˈhypoploidy, the condition of being hypoploid. ‖ hypoˈpodium Bot. [Gr. πούς, ποδ- foot], the stalk of the carpels (Treas. Bot. 1866). ˌhypopotaˈssæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood; so ˌhypopotaˈssæmic a. ˌhypoproteiˈnæmia Physiol. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of protein in the blood; so ˌhypoproteiˈnæmic a. ˌhypoprothrombiˈnæmia Med. [Gr. αἷµα blood], an abnormally low concentration of prothrombin in the blood; a disorder so characterized; so ˌhypoprothrombiˈnæmic a. hyˈpopterate a. Bot. [Gr. πτερόν wing], ‘applied by Mirbel to a cupula when it is winged inferiorly’ (Mayne 1855). ‖ hyˈpoptilum Ornith. [Gr. πτίλον feather], the subsidiary shaft or plume of a feather, which springs from the main stem at the junction of quill and rachis; the after-shaft, the hyporachis; hence hyˈpoptilar a. ‖ hypopus |ˈhɪpəʊpəs| Zool. [Gr. ὑπόπους having feet beneath], a heteromorphous nymphal form of certain acaroids. hypopygial |-ˈpɪdʒɪəl| a., pertaining to the hypopygium; situated under the end of the abdomen. ‖ hypopygium |-ˈpɪdʒɪəm| Entom. [Gr. ὑποπύγιον rump, tail, πυγή buttocks], (a) see quot.; (b) the clasping organ at the end of the abdomen of many male dipterous insects. hyporaˈchidian (hyporrh-) a., of or pertaining to the hyporachis. ‖ hyporachis (hyporrhachis) |-ˈpɒrəkɪs|, Ornith. [Gr. ῥάχις spine], the accessory rachis or shaft of a bird's feather, the hypoptilum. hypoˈradial a., of or pertaining to the hyporadii of a feather. ‖ hypoˈradius Ornith., one of the barbs of the after-shaft or hyporachis of a feather. ‖ hyporˈchema, hyporcheme |ˈhɪpɔːkiːm| [Gr. ὑπόρχηµα, f. ὀρχέεσθαι to dance], a choral hymn to Apollo, accompanied by dancing and pantomimic action. hyporchematic |hɪpɔːkiːˈmætɪk| a. [Gr. ὑπορχηµατικός], accompanied by dancing. ˈhyporrhined ppl. a. nonce-wd. [Gr. ὑπόρρῑνος under the nose, ὑπορρίνιον moustache], moustached. hyporrhythmic |-ˈrɪθmɪk| a. [rhythmic], deficient in rhythm; said of a heroic hexameter in which the cæsura is not observed (Cent. Dict.). hyposcleral |-ˈsklɪərəl| a. Surg. [see sclerotic], performed beneath the sclerotic coat of the eye. hyposclerite |-ˈsklɪəraɪt| Min. [Gr. σκληρός hard], a blackish-green less hard variety of albite (Dana Min. (1868) 350). hypoˈsclerous a., somewhat hard (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). ˈhyposcope Mil. [-scope, after periscope], a form of periscope for attachment to a rifle or for use as a hand instrument. hyposeˈcretion, diminished secretion. hypoˈskeletal a. Anat. [see skeleton], developed below the endoskeleton; = hypaxial (cf. episkeletal). hyposmotic: see hypoosmotic above. † hypoˈsphagma, ˈhyposphagm [Gr. ὑπόσϕαγµα], a contusion; a blood-shot eye. hyposphene |ˈhɪpəʊsfiːn| Comp. Anat. [Gr. σϕήν wedge], Cope's name for a wedge-shaped vertebral process situated on the neural arch below the postzygapophyses, in some extinct reptiles of the Permian period; hence hypoˈsphenal a. ‖ hypospoˈrangium Bot. [sporangium], the indusium of a fern, when this grows from beneath the spore-case. hypoˈsternal a. Anat. [Gr. ὑπόστερνος: see sternum], in hyposternal bone, also hyposternal as n., St. Hilaire's name for the hypoplastron of a chelonian; also called ‖ hypoˈsternum. hyposthenic |-ˈsθɛnɪk| a. Path. [Gr. σθένος strength], of a medicine or disease: having power to lower or reduce strength (Mayne 1855). ˌhypostheˈnuria Med. [Gr. σθέν-ος strength + -uria], the secretion of urine of abnormally low specific gravity. hypoˈstigma Palæogr. [Gr. ὑποστιγµή a comma], the comma, which in ancient punctuation had the form of a modern full stop. hypoˈstilbite Min., a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime allied to stilbite, with which it is often associated. hypoˈstomatous, hyˈpostomous a. Zool. [Gr. στόµα, στοµατ- mouth], having the mouth inferior, as certain fishes and infusoria (Hypostomata). ‖ hypoˈstroma Bot. [Gr. στρῶµα layer], Martius' name for the cellular layer supporting the stroma of fungi. ‖ hypostrophe |hɪ-, haɪˈpɒstrəfɪ| [Gr. ὑποστροϕή turning back], (a) Path. (i) a turning or tossing as of the sick in bed; (ii) a relapse, return of a disease; (iii) a falling back, as of the womb (Mayne 1855); (b) Rhet. reversion to a subject after a parenthesis. hypostyle |ˈhɪpəstaɪl| a. Arch. [Gr. ὑπόστυλος; see style], having the roof supported on pillars. hypoˈstyptic a. Med. [see styptic], slightly astringent (Mayne 1855). hyposylloˈgistic a., having the value, but not the strict form, of a syllogism. hypoˈtactic a. Gram. [Gr. ὑποτακτικός], dependent, subordinate in construction (cf. hypotaxis). ‖ hypoˈtarsus Ornith. [tarsus], a process of the hinder part of the tarso-metatarsus of most birds; the talus or so-called calcaneum; hence hypoˈtarsal a. hypotaurine |-ˈtɔːriːn| Chem. [a. F. hypotaurine (Chatagner & Bergeret 1951, in Compt. Rend. CCXXXII. 450)], a pale yellow crystalline amino-acid, NH2(CH2)2SO2H, found in some higher organisms; 2-aminoethanesulphinic acid. ‖ hypoˈtaxis Gram. [Gr. ὑπόταξις, f. τάσσειν to place], subordination, subordinate construction. ‖ hypothecium |hɪpəʊˈθiːsɪəm| Bot. [Gr. θηκίον, dim. of θήκη case] (see quots.); hence hypoˈthecial a. hypothenar |-ˈɒθɪnə(r)| a. Anat. [Gr. ὑποθέναρ, f. θέναρ palm of the hand], of or pertaining to the eminence on the inner side of the palm, over the metacarpal bone of the little finger. hypoˈthermal, hypoˈthermic adjs. [Gr. ὑπόθερµος somewhat warm, f. θερµός warm, hot], (a) tepid; (b) relating to reduction of the heat of the body; (c) Petrol., of, pertaining to, or designating mineral and ore deposits formed by hydrothermal action at relatively high temperature and pressure; so ˈhypothermy, ‘the condition of being hypothermal’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). hypotrichosis |-trɪˈkəʊsɪs| Path. [ad. G. hypotrichose (R. Bonnet 1892, in Anat. Hefte I. i. viii. 235), f. Gr. τρίχωσις growth of hair, f. τριχοῦν to cover with hair (θρίξ, τριχ- hair)], partial or complete absence of hair; hence hypotriˈchotic a. hypotrichous |hɪp-, haɪˈpɒtrɪkəs| a. Zool. [Gr. θρίξ, τριχ- hair], of or pertaining to the Hypotricha, an order of the class Ciliata of Protozoa, having the locomotive cilia confined to the ventral surface. hypotrophy |-ˈɒtrəfɪ| Path. [Gr. τροϕή nourishment], a condition of an organ or part due to defective nourishment (Mayne 1855). hypotymˈpanic a. Anat. [see tympanum], situated beneath the tympanum; applied esp. to the lower bone of the jaw-pier in osseous fishes; also as n., the quadrate. hypoˈtypic, hypoˈtypical adjs., subtypical; not fully typical. hypoˈvanadate Chem., a salt of hypovanadic acid. hypovaˈnadic a. Chem., containing less oxygen than a vanadic compound, as h. oxide = vanadium tetroxide, V2O4. hypovaˈnadious a. Chem., containing less oxygen than a vanadious compound, as hypovanadious oxide = vanadium dioxide, V2O2. ˌhypovitamiˈnosis Path. [-osis], any condition caused by vitamin deficiency. hypovoˈlæmia Physiol. [volume n. + Gr. αἷµα blood], a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body; hence hypovoˈlæmic a. hypoxæmia |haɪpɒkˈsiːmɪə| Med. [ad. F. hypoxémie (P. A. Piorry Traité de Méd. pratique (1847) III. 123), f. ox-ygène + -émie (Gr. αἷµα blood)] = anoxæmia. hypoxia |haɪˈpɒksɪə| Med. [oxygen + -ia1] = anoxia; hence hyˈpoxic a., of or pertaining to hypoxia; deficient in oxygen. hypoxylous |-ˈɒksɪləs| a. Bot. [Gr. ξύλον wood], pertaining to ascomycetous fungi of the genus Hypoxylon, which grow on trees, decaying wood, etc. ‖ hypoˈzeugma Gram. [zeugma], the combination of several subjects with a single verb or predicate. ‖ hypoˈzeuxis Gram. [Gr. ὑπόζευξις], the use of several parallel clauses, each having its own subject and verb. ‖ hypozoa |hɪpəʊˈzəʊə| Zool. [Gr. ζῷον animal], a subdivision of the animal kingdom, including the lowest living forms; = protozoa (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); hence hypoˈzoan a. hypoˈzoic a. (a) Geol., lying beneath the strata which contain remains of living organisms; (b) Zool. of or pertaining to the Hypozoa (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886).
1881J. Ross Treat. Dis. Nervous Syst. I. iii. 84 Eulenberg has proposed the term *hypalgesia or hypalgia, to indicate diminution of painful reaction, while limiting analgesia to its abolition. 1906Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. XXXIII. 324 (heading) Hypesthesia and hypalgesia and their significance in functional nervous disturbances. 1971P. C. Lund Spinal Anesthesia vii. 318 Sharp needles are..utilized to determine the level of hypalgesia which precedes the development of analgesia.
1911Stedman Med. Dict. 405/2 *Hypalgesic. 1916L. F. Barker Monographic Med. IV. 137 The effect of summation of stimuli should..be noticed, by drawing a sharp needle lengthwise over an analgesic or hypalgesic area. 1935Discovery Aug. 226/2 One very fortunate property which such a generator appears to possess is its pain-relieving virtue, or hypalgesic action, a very useful condition when treating post-operative cases.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 311/2 *Hypoacidity. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 551/2 Hyperacidity from lactic may obscure hypoacidity of hydrochloric acid. 1943E. Urbach Allergy (1944) ii. 67 Gastric hypo- or anacidity is often observed.
1910Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. XXI. 127/2 Conditions therefore simulating grades of *hypoactivity. 1914Arch. Internal Med. XIV. 145 Hypo-activity of the thyroid and pituitary. 1965B. E. Freeman tr. Vandel's Biospeleol. xxi. 351 The majority of the follicles of the thyroid..show signs of hypoactivity.
1906Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. XXXIII. 324 *Hypoesthesia is the term heretofore employed to express this condition, but its awkward form at least excuses the employment of hypesthesia as a more euphonious and therefore more satisfactory expression. 1967D. Sinclair Cutaneous Sensation viii. 148 ‘Hyperaesthesia’ and ‘hypoaesthesia’ are similarly misused.
1909Jrnl. Physiol. XXXVIII. 158 On a *hypoæsthetic area it may be that no sense of touch is elicited with a bristle of less than 3000 milligrammes pressure. 1940Lancet 17 Feb. 303/2 Complete recovery [from frostbite] may apparently take place, but after a variable interval neuralgic pains may begin. The skin is usually hypoæsthetic.
1937Acta Med. Scand. XCI. 336 A simple method for the determination of *hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia..is afforded by the determination of the specific gravity of serum. 1962Lancet 6 Jan. 52/1 This loss of protein may be significant in the pathogenesis of the hypoalbuminæmia of kwashiorkor.
1929Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 15) 584/1 *Hypo-algesia. 1945Jrnl. Clin. Invest. XXIV. 505 A patient had ‘hypoalgesia’ to pin prick on parts of his left hand. 1968A. Soulairac et al. Pain 36 The marked hypoalgesia recorded in this animal was associated with a double right lesion.
1879Roscoe & Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. II. ii. 313 Antimony tetroxide forms salts with basic oxides which have been termed *hypoantimonates.
1844–6Owen Lect. Comp. Anat. Vert. i. viii. 179–80 In most osseous fishes the corresponding fibres of the pre-pyramidal tracts swell out suddenly, beneath the optic lobes, into two protuberant well-defined oval ganglions (‘*hypoaria’):..they are well developed in the common Cod, in which, as in some other fishes, they contain a cavity called ‘*hypoarian ventricle’.
1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 326 *Hypo⁓azotic or hyponitric acid. 1883Athenæum 6 Oct. 439/1 To cause the patient to inhale with prudence hypoazotic vapour mixed with air.
1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 351 In the Marchantieæ and Anthoceroteæ the short seta of the sporogonium is developed from the lower or posterior (*hypobasal cell). Ibid. 426 The hypobasal half of the embryo [of a fern].
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn., *Hypobole, is a Figure in Rhetorick whereby we answer what we prevented to be objected against by an Adversary.
1925Jrnl. Biol. Chem. LXVI. 345 *Hypocalcemia was produced..by thyroparathyroidectomy. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 22 Mar. 135/2 What is the glucose dosage for young pigs with hypocalcæmia? 1962A. Sorsby in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 298 Congenital cataract..can be caused by such frankly environmental disturbances as..maternal hypocalcæmia.
1935D. H. Shelling Parathyroids vi. 148 Other means of demonstrating *hypocalcemic tetany are now available.
1908*Hypocapnia [see hypercapnia s.v. hyper- IV]. 1961Lancet 26 Aug. 475/1 The combination of extreme hypoxia with hypocapnia may well be fatal.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Hypocatharsis, gentle Purging.
1927Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CLXXIII. 649 (heading) Acute intestinal obstruction: mechanism and significance of *hypochloremia and other blood chemical changes. 1963H. L. Bockus et al. Gastroenterology (ed. 2) I. xxviii. 646/2 If hypochloremia and alkalosis are present, gastric retention and vomiting have probably preceded the bout of bleeding.
1893*Hypochlorhydria [see hyperchlorhydria s.v. hyper- IV]. 1971J. Song Path. Sickle Cell Dis. xviii. 355 The usual hypochlorhydria present in this disease may account for some of the gastric manifestations.
1921Chem. Abstr. XV. 894 When the concn. varies between 0.010 and 0.012 sp. gr. the indications are that it [sc. the stomach] contains dissolved alimentary residues and tends to be *hypochlorhydric. 1971J. Song Path. Sickle Cell Dis. xviii. 356 Many individuals present hypochlorhydric states of a like degree.
1881Nature XXIII. 561 Professor Pringsheim..announced the discovery in the chlorophyll-corpuscles of a substance called *Hypo⁓chlorin.
1901Gray's Anat. (ed. 15) ii. 96 The future vertibræ..are soon joined across the middle line on the ventral aspect of the notochord by a *hypochordal cartilaginous bar. 1962M. Jollie Chordate Morphol. vi. 153 This splint is the ventral, perichondral ossification of the hypochordal cartilage.
1657J. Sergeant Schism Dispach't 249 He goes smothly..without the least rub so much as of an *hypo⁓colon to stop him.
1888W. S. Bailey in Amer. Naturalist Mar. 208 When [a rock]..contains crystals in a hyaline ground-mass, the structure is described as *hypocrystalline.
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. To Rdr. 45 The Heteroclit Dissenters..move in an Excentrical *Hypocycle.
a1529Skelton Image Hypocrisy 62 Subdeacons that be *ypo⁓deakons.
1884Pall Mall G. 10 Oct. 10/2 Till a physician could be obtained to perform Pacini's operation of *hypodermoclysis.
1877Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) II. 21 A minor degree of this variety is named *hypo- or sub-dicrotous.
1625Shirley Sch. Complement iii. v, There is the starre of Eloquence, vnder whom I am an *Hypodidascall, in English, his Vsher. 1708Motteux Rabelais iv. xlviii. 137, I saw a little Hump..say to the Hypodidascal [etc.].
1860T. A. G. Balfour Typ. Char. Nature 64 The typical, or symbolical, or *hypodeigmatical character.
1820T. Mitchell Aristoph. I. p. lvi, The *hypodrome, or covered porch where the wrestlers practised their exercises in winter.
1846G. E. Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. II. 275 If the disease..should take a *hypodynamic character, the urine..will assume an alkaline reaction.
1854Moseley Astron. lxi. (ed. 4) 183 This curve..being of the nature of an hypo⁓cycloid, or rather, an *hypo-ellipsoid.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXIX. 572/2 They are called hyper-eutectic or *hypo-eutectic according as this excess is cementite or ferrite, i.e., according as their carbon-content is above or below the 0·90 per cent. which the eutectic itself contains. 1926W. E. Woodward Metallogr. Steel & Cast Iron i. 27 In a 2·0% C steel 0·3% C (= 4·5% Fe3C) will have been required to form the eutectic portion of the hypo-eutectic alloy. 1959Hypoeutectic [see hypereutectic adj. s.v. hyper- IV].
1911Encycl. Brit. XIV. 805/2 This ferrite flows around and immediately heals over any cracks which form in the small quantity of cementite interstratified with it in the pearlite of *hypo-eutectoid steels. 1966A. Prince Alloy Phase Equilibria vi. 107 The structure of a hypo-eutectoid Fe—Fe3C alloy is one of ferrite with pearlite, the latter appearing in characteristic form.
1905Gould Dict. New Med. Terms 303/2 *Hypofunction. 1913L. Forster tr. A. Biedl's Internal Secretory Organs 53 Vassale thinks that the new formation of tissue points to a hyper-function of the gland, the wasting of the colloid to a hypo-function. 1920Endocrinology IV. 344 Hypofunction of the thyroid. 1972Lancet 12 Aug. 299/2 There was a high frequency of sexual hypofunction and testicular atrophy among male patients.
1933A. W. Rowe Differential Diagn. Endocrine Disorders viii. 116 ‘Hyperfunction’ indicates a condition..in direct antithesis to..the known *hypofunctional state. 1961Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 29 July 232/2 Of 43 hypofunctional nodules, only 2 proved to be due to carcinoma.
1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 291 Whenever we can trace the effect of a *hypo- or hyperfunctioning of one of these [ductless] glands, we find that it affects..a complex of characters..related to the performance of a single function. 1954A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. xliii. 936 In circumstances of adrenal cortical hypofunctioning..there is a failure of normal renal tubular reabsorption of sodium.
1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 239 *Hypogæate of Copper.
Ibid. 238 *Hypogæic acid, C16H30O2..discovered in 1855..in oil of earthnut.
1955Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 13 Aug. 1344 (heading) *Hypogammaglobulinemia associated with a severe wound infection. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xviii. 103/1 Individuals with hypogammaglobulinaemia..produce little or no detectable circulating antibody and are vulnerable to bacterial invasion, but are not so susceptible to viral infection. 1972Lancet 27 May 1151/2 Patients with the common variable type of severe hypogammaglobulinæmia exhibit lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins.
1570Dee Math. Pref. d j b, *Hypogeiodie, is an Arte Mathematicall, demonstratyng, how, vnder the Sphæricall Superficies of the earth, at any depth, to any perpendicular line assigned..certaine way may be præscribed and gone.
1917Stedman Med. Dict. (ed. 4) 458/2 *Hypogenitalism. 1922L. F. Barker Endocrinol. & Metabolism I. 157 Obesity is a frequent manifestation of hypogenitalism, either the physiological hypogenitalism of the menopause or the acquired form due to disease or to the surgical removal of the ovaries. 1964L. Martin Clinical Endocrinol. (ed. 4) vii. 222 Hypogenitalism [in males] means abnormally small size or underdevelopment of the male external genitalia which need not necessarily include testicular failure.
1871Cooke Brit. Fungi 490 Brand-spores, *hypogenous, scattered over the leaves in minute tufts.
1888*Hypogeusia [see hypergeusia s.v. hyper- IV]. 1969C. Pfaffmann Olfaction & Taste 578 Treatment with d-penicillamine had produced hypogeusia (a decrease in taste acuity).
1894Gould Dict. Med. 594/2 *Hypoglycemia. 1911Jrnl. Biol. Chem. X. 160 Recent investigations on the production of hypoglycaemia. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 9 Feb. 102/1 Hypoglycæmia is a symptom rather than a disease on its own.
1923Jrnl. Physiol. LVII. 318 The blood became *hypoglycæmic. 1965J. Pollitt Depression & its Treatment vi. 78, 20–80 units of soluble insulin before breakfast may be necessary to produce a mild hypoglycæmic reaction. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. vi. 18/1 Today, approximately one-third of the total diabetic population is being treated with an oral hypoglycaemic agent.
1872Coues Key N. Amer. Birds 323 Rhynchopinæ, Skimmers. Bill *hypognathous.
1933Med. Jrnl. & Rec. CXXXVII. 457/2 The vast majority of *hypogonadal patients were within normal weights. 1944R. S. Hotchkiss Fertility in Men iv. 90 Disproportional height span of legs and torso suggest the hypogonadal state. 1961W. C. Young Sex & Internal Secretions (ed. 3) I. v. 348 Hypogonadal disorders of man.
1918Stedman Med. Dict. (ed. 5) 469/1 *Hypogonadism. 1933Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 7 Jan. 70/2 A method for the assay of blood and urine for testicular hormone..has been used as a laboratory test for hypogonadism. 1966R. B. Scott Price's Textbk. Pract. Med. (ed. 10) vii. 450/1 The term female hypogonadism implies a deficiency of both the ovulatory and hormone secretory functions of the ovary. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xii. 11/2 In children hypogonadism leads to delayed puberty.
1656Blount Glossogr., *Hypogram, a subscription, or that is subscribed.
1882W. R. Parker in Trans. Linn. Soc. II. iii. 168 This bar..has its distal fourth segmented off to form a *hypohyal. 1894Athenæum 17 Nov. 680/3 The basi- and hypo-hyal cartilages of the Elasmobranchii.
1951C. K. Weichert Anat. Chordates x. 485 A posterior prolongation from the ischial symphysis in Sphenodon and in many lizards and turtles is called the *hypoischiac process, or cloacal bone.
1910Parker & Haswell Text-bk. Zool. (ed. 2) II. 354 In the Chelonia..both pubes and ischia meet in ventral symphyses, and epipubic and *hypoischial cartilages may be present. 1959W. Montagna Compar. Anat. v. 116 In lizards an epipubic cartilage projects anteriorly and an hypoischial cartilage projects posteriorly from the symphysis.
1897W. N. Parker tr. Wiedersheim's Compar. Anat. Vertebr. (ed. 2) 117 In Hatteria there is a marked epipubis and a *hypoischiatic process continuous with the epipubic cartilage. Ibid. 118 A longitudinal fibro-cartilaginous ligament, continuous anteriorly with the plug-like epipubic cartilage and posteriorly with the *hypoischium. 1925J. S. Kingsley Vertebr. Skeleton 265 Squamata... The hypoischium, usually movable, is well developed and may be cartilage or bone in the adult.
1949Jrnl. Clin. Invest. XXVIII. 409 (heading) Some observations on the development of *hypokaliemia during therapy of diabetic acidosis. 1951Dorland's Med. Dict. (ed. 22) 713/2 Hypokalemia, hypokaliemia. 1972Lancet 1 July 36/2 Hypokalæmia may be seen in any stage of renal failure.
1953Jrnl. Clin. Invest. XXXII. 538 (heading) The effect of potassium in nephrectomized rats with *hypokalemic alkalosis. 1962Lancet 1 Dec. 1145/1 During this period the patient became hypokalæmic.
1882J. Martineau Study Spinoza ii. i. 165 Spinoza..attempts to construct a *Hypokeimenometry—a science of Substance and its affections, whereby the constitution of the universe shall be deduced from its primary essence—the All out of the One.
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hypokinesia.
Ibid., *Hypokinesis.
1927I. S. Wechsler Clin. Neurol. iv. 391 Instead of hypokinesis there may be *hyperkinetic phenomena. 1970Nature 4 Apr. 21/1 Parkinsonism is..characterized by tremor, rigidity of the limbs and poverty of movement (hypokinesia).
1718Prideaux Connect. O. & N. Test. ii. i. 55 The *Hypolemnisk, a straight line with one point under it (as thus {hypolem}). 1849W. Fitzgerald tr. Whitaker's Disput. 125 Origen marked these texts with various asterisks and obeli, lemnisci and hypolemnisci.
1897Lippincott's Med. Dict. 498/1 *Hypoleucocytosis. 1898[see leucopenia s.v. leuco-]. 1930H. Downey in E. T. Bell Text-bk. Path. xxviii. 599 In pernicious anemia we see an example of neutrophile hypoleukocytosis.
1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 147 When the proportion of the first antecedent to the first consequent is less than that of the second to the second, the four magnitudes may be called *hypologism.
1933Jrnl. Clin. Invest. XII. 982 (heading) Clinical manifestations of *hypo- and hyper-magnesaemia. 1971Arable Farmer Feb. 70/2 A high level of potash in the soil..can lead to hypomagnesaemia (grass staggers) in dairy cows.
1960Times 28 Nov. 16/5 *Hypomagnesaemic tetany was common on sheep that were rapidly transferred back from good pasture to poorer hill grazing.
1866Treas. Bot., *Hypomenous, free, not adherent; arising from below an organ, without adhering to it.
1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 415/2 The lower half [of a Rhagon], which consists of all three fundamental layers, may be called the *hypomere.
1932Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 16) 6111/2 *Hypometabolism. 1962T. L. Sourkes Biochem. Mental Dis. xxiv. 302 This syndrome has been variously termed metabolic insufficiency, nonmyxedematous hypometabolism, and euthyroid hypometabolism.
1891Athenæum 4 Apr. 435/2 The treatise [on ‘The Constitution of Athens’] is ‘*hypomnematic’ in a very literal sense, presupposing familiarity with an existing body of literature.
1659Stanley Hist. Philos. xii. (1701) 498/1 Of Signes..some are according to them, *Hypomnestick, others Endictick.
1932H. J. Muller in Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Genetics I. 235 Scute-1 is therefore a *hypomorph. 1946Nature 12 Oct. 520/1 This mutant allele is therefore a hypomorph to the normal allele. 1962I. H. Herskowitz Genetics xxiv. 210/1 Mutants having a similar but lesser effect than the normal gene are called hypomorphs.
1932H. J. Muller in Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Genetics I. 235 Apricot, like eosin, is a mutant gene which produces an effect similar to that of the normal allelomorph, but a lesser effect... It is..like a lesser-normal. I therefore call it a ‘*hypomorphic’ mutant. 1962I. H. Herskowitz Genetics xxiv. 210/1 We can represent the relationship between the normal gene and its hypomorphic mutants diagrammatically.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 312/2 *Hypomotility. 1914C. G. Stockton Dis. Stomach ix. 183 (heading) Diminished gastric motion, hypomotility, gastric atony. 1970Radiology XCIV. 303/2 An upper gastrointestinal examination..failed to show any abnormality, except for generalized hypomotility of the stomach and small intestine.
1935Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 17) 649/1 *Hyponatremia. 1969L. G. Wesson Physiol. Human Kidney xxvii. 554/1 Hyponatremia may be defined somewhat arbitrarily as a plasma sodium concentraton less than 130 mM/L in man.
1955Arch. Internal Med. XCV. 21/1 Infants who present *hyponatremic acidosis.
1897Edin. Rev. Oct. 290 Those who have no great skill at deciphering the *Hyponoia, the underlying significance, of the Idylls.
1884A. Hyatt in Science 1 Feb. 123 The fleshy pipe is therefore an ambulatory pipe or *hyponome.
1873Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 441 *Hypo-osmious sulphite, OsSO3, is a black-blue salt.
1905W. H. Howell Text-bk. Physiol. 885 A hypotonic or *hyposmotic solution is one whose osmotic pressure is less than that of serum. 1957B. T. Scheer et al. Rec. Adv. Invertebr. Physiol. 237 The antennal secretion of P. crassipes is slightly hypo-osmotic to the blood in 50% sea water. 1963R. P. Dales Annelids v. 104 The ability to form a hyposmotic urine. 1971W. J. McCauley Vertebr. Physiol. i. 9 If it has a lower osmotic pressure, it is said to be a hypoosmotic solution.
1897Allbutt Syst. Med. II. 802 A marked degree of ‘*hypopepsy’ due to catarrh.
1916Genetics I. 90 Various types of developmental malformation of the hands and feet have been described under such terms as..*hypophalangia.
1911Stedman Med. Dict. 411/2 *Hypophalangism. 1965Arch. Internal Med. CXV. 581/2 The present family is unique in that hypophalangism is limited to the fourth digits and associated with symphalangism.
1929R. R. Gates Heredity in Man viii. 154 Brachyphalangy combined with *hypophalangy (less than five fingers) was transmitted for six generations.
a1843Southey Comm.-pl. Bk. IV. 721 Greg. Nazianzen calls S. Basil..an interpreter of the Spirit. *Hypophet as distinguished from prophet.
1966S. M. Lamb Outl. Stratif. Gram. 18 Such cases have particularly attracted the attention of linguists in *hypophonemic systems... The hypophonemic and hypersememic strata might be called the phonetic and semantic, respectively. Ibid. 19 The hypophonemic system appears not to have a sign pattern.
Ibid. 28 The tactics of the hypophonemic stratum of a language specifies how *hypophonemes (i.e. phonological components) are arranged in segments and clusters. 1968J. Algeo in South Atlantic Bull. XXXIII. ii. 2 The distinctive features of sound, the hypophonemes in Lamb's terminology, and relatively easy to study because there are so few of them—only about twelve to fifteen in most languages. Sample hypophonemes are plosion, spirancy, nasality, labiality, and unvoicing. 1969Language XLV. 303 Such alternations would be treated as alternate realizations of these phonons in terms of the units of the lower phonological stratum, the hypophonemes. Ibid. 307 In Figure 6 the first vowels of /gləsə́/ and /dəbə́/ would be treated as the same, as /Vo/ *hypophonemically... They would be the same only when viewed as hypophonemic signs, which include non-distinctive as well as phonemic elements.
1882–3in Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 2554/2 The church-singing was at first only a sort of monotonous (*hypophonic) cantilation.
1860Bomberger tr. Kurtz's Ch. Hist. I. §89. 232 The laity continued for a long time the practise of *hypophonous chants, which consisted of responses to the intonation [etc.].
1657J. Smith Myst. Rhet. 127 *Hypophora..is when the speaker makes answer unto his own demand: As,..Shall we continue in sin, that grace may abound? God forbid.
1932L. C. Martin Introd. Appl. Optics II. iv. 143 In *Hypophoria one eye turns downwards. 1964[see hyperphoria s.v. hyper- IV].
1935D. H. Shelling Parathyroids vi. 138 Fish has found *hypophosphatemia as well as hypocalcemia. 1962Lancet 2 June 1169/1 The other forms of rickets and osteomalacia are of the vitamin-D-resistant type, and are characterised by persistent hypophosphatæmia.
1946M. R. Everett Med. Biochem. (ed. 2) viii. 628 The Fanconi syndrome (intractable *hypophosphatemic rachitis accompanied by acidosis and renal glycosuria). 1968R. F. Pitts Physiol. Kidney & Body Fluids (ed. 2) xiii. 237/2 One or the other parent is hypophosphatemic.
1948J. C. Rathbun in Amer. Jrnl. Dis. Children LXXV. 831 It was therefore decided to call this disease ‘*hypophosphatasia’ to single out the remarkably low alkaline phosphatase levels. 1957Amer. Jrnl. Med. XXII. 730/1 There is now good evidence that hypophosphatasia is a specific genetically determined metabolic disease characterized by three salient features: (1) abnormal mineralization of bone, (2) diminished alkaline phosphatase activity, and (3) increased urinary excretion of phosphorylethanolamine.
1866Treas. Bot., *Hypophyllium, a small abortive leaf, like a scale, placed below a cluster of leaf-like branches, or leaves.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn., *Hypophyllospermous-plants, are such as bear their Seeds on the Backsides of their Leaves; as the Capillaries.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hypophyllous. 1857Berkeley Cryptog. Bot. §570. 508 The circinate æstivation and hypophyllous fruit..at once establish their nature. 1871Cooke Brit. Fungi 502 Brand-spores hypophyllous, blackish, surrounded by the ferruginous epidermis.
a1834Coleridge Omniana in Lit. Rem. I. 349 Holding the anti⁓moralism of Paley and the *hypophysics of Locke. 1878Hypophysics [see hyperphysics].
1884D. M. Albert Brit. Oribatidæ 5 The Tyroglyphidæ are usually parasitic during the curious *hypopial stage.
1909*Hypopituitarism [see hyperpituitarism s.v. hyper- IV]. 1921Glasgow Herald 10 Sept. 4/5 There were several causes of dwarfism; sometimes disorders of the thyroid gland were the cause, but other varieties were produced by hypo-pituitarism. 1961Lancet 30 Sept. 760/2 Prof. H. L. Sheehan showed that, in severe postpartum hypopituitarism, patients who had occasional uterine bleeding had just as great a destruction of the anterior pituitary as those who had permanent amenorrhœa.
1921Endocrinology V. 800 A presentation of five cases of preadolescent *hypopituitary infantilism. 1955R. H. Williams Textbk. Endocrinol. (ed. 2) ix. 604 The hypopituitary dwarfs usually show marked retardation of their epiphysial development.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 933/2 It is possible that the plankton immediately over the bottom [of the ocean] may prove to be sufficiently distinct to be separately classed as *hypoplankton. 1903Nature 5 Nov. 23/2 There is evidence that certain forms [of Copepoda] are confined to the bottom, and form part of a true hypoplankton. 1942H. U. Sverdrup et al. Oceans xvii. 814 The swimming powers of many animals put them midway between the plankton and the nekton, and many forms..live both on or near the bottom and are sometimes called hypoplankton. 1955C. C. Davis Marine & Fresh-Water Plankton i. 28 The hypoplankton consists of plankters living near the bottom.
1889J. M. Duncan Lect. Dis. Wom. xvii. (ed. 4) 131 In one of these which I examined, there was marked *hypoplasia of the decidua.
1871Huxley Anat. Vert. v. 202 In the Turtle the plastron consists of nine pieces..the third, *hypoplastron.
1884Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 503 *Hypopleura, a distinct piece above the two last pairs of coxæ, and behind the sternopleura, from which it is separated by a suture. 1951Colyer & Hammond Flies Brit. Isles 24 Spiracles or apertures of the tracheae (breathing-tubes) are located before the mesopleuron and behind the hypopleuron respectively. 1951L. S. West Housefly ii. 28 The hypopleura lies behind the middle coxa, the sternopleura just in front.
1884Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 511 *Hypopleural bristles.
1930Jrnl. Genetics XXII. 306 Other individuals—‘*hypoploids’—may fail to inherit the fragment. Ibid. 313 Viable heteroploid or hypoploid zygotes. 1957Hypoploid [see hyperploid s.v. hyper- IV].
1930Jrnl. Genetics XXII. 329 The phaenotypic effects of *hypoploidy and hyperploidy of every portion of the chromatin. 1969Hypoploidy [see hyperploidy s.v. hyper- IV].
1932Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 16) 612/2 *Hypopotassemia. 1949Jrnl. Clin. Invest. XXVIII. 409/1 Hypopotassemia may appear during therapy of diabetic acidosis or coma. 1963Hypopotassemia [see hyperpotassæmia s.v. hyper- IV].
1950Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 16 Dec. 1328 A resultant *hypopotassemic, hypochloremic alkalosis. 1953Lancet 11 July 60/1 The more familiar hypopotassæmic paralysis.
1934Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CV. 327 (heading) The effect of nutritional *hypoproteinemia on the electrolyte pattern and calcium concentration of serum. 1961Lancet 5 Aug. 299/1 Hypoproteinæmia may be due to impaired synthesis of protein (especially albumin) in malnutrition or liver disease, or..to abnormal loss of protein in starvation, after injury, and from discharges.
1935Clin. Sci. II. 60 *Hypoproteinæmic. 1942Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 3 Jan. 22 The disturbed osmotic relations in the hypoproteinemic dog. 1966J. W. Linman Princ. Hematol. v. 156 Hypoproteinemic dogs or rats.
1936Jrnl. Exper. Med. LXIII. 798 Titration of prothrombin, however, revealed a very marked *hypoprothrombinemia. 1961Lancet 19 Aug. 390/1 Subacute intestinal obstruction associated with excessive hypoprothrombinæmia due to oral anticoagulant therapy. 1962Ibid. 27 Jan. 177/1 Two types of hereditary hypoprothrombinæmia are known to exist.
1942Chem. Abstr. 20 Nov. 7087 The danger of the *hypoprothrombinemic hemorrhage was very slight. 1955Arch. Internal. Med. XCV. 2/2 The opportunity to study various types of congenital hypothrombinemic states repeatedly over a period..has furnished data on their clinical course.
1884Michael in Jrnl. Linn. Soc., Zool. XVII. 379 The true *Hypopus is a heteromorphous nymphal form of Tyroglyphus.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. 390 *Hypopygium, the last ventral segment of the abdomen. Ibid. 707 In many other insects it [the podex] unites with the last ventral segment, the hypopygium, to form a tube for that organ [the ovipositor].
1886Newton in Encycl. Brit. XX. 505/2 [The contour-feathers of the Rheas] want the *hyporrhachis or after-shaft that in the Emeus and Cassowaries is so long as to equal the main shaft.
1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 801 Hee who hath proceeded well in these *Hyporchemata [etc.]. 1873Symonds Grk. Poets v. 118 The choric hymn, called Hyporchem..originally formed a portion of the cult of Phoebus.
1850J. Leitch tr. C. O. Müller's Anc. Art (ed. 2) §77 The gymnopædic, *hyporchematic, and other kinds of orchestics were..cultivated in a highly artistic manner.
1894Blackmore Perlycross 405 A man..*hyporrhined with a terse moustache.
1880Brit. Med. Jrnl. 389 The operation of *hyposcleral cyclotomy cuts through the ciliary body.
1902Daily Chron. 16 July 9/1 The ‘*Hyposcope’ competition..the peculiarity of which is that, by an optical contrivance, the marksman, completely under cover, may fire round a corner, so to speak, at an enemy. 1915Illustr. London News 20 Feb. 236/1 A trench-periscope (or, to give it its correct name, a hyposcope)... The Hyposcope is on the principle of the camera-obscura.
1909Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 July 251/2 A condition of *hyposecretion of this part of the gland. 1939B. J. E. Ihre Human Gastric Secretion vii. 95 A reduced rate of secretion (hyposecretion).
1871Huxley Anat. Vert. ii. 45 The *hyposkeletal muscles are separated from the episkeletal..by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves.
1614J. Day Festivals (1615) 310 Sicke of the disease the Phisitions call *Hyposphagma. 1659Stanley Hist. Philos. xii. (1701) 478/1 They who have a Hyphosphagme in their Eyes. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 342 The hyposphagme, or contusion, being a red or livid spot, caused by bloud flowing out the veines opened.
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hyposporangium, term used by Bernhardi for the indusium of ferns which bears the sporangium itself, as in the Adiantum.
1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 284/1 Two posterior lateral pieces [termed] the *hyposternals. 1855Owen Skel. & Teeth 57 The junction between the hyo- and hyposternals admits of some yielding moment.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 313/2 *Hyposthenuria. 1909J. B. Herrick in Osler & McCrae Syst. Med. VI. vi. 126 Unless hyposthenuria be counteracted by polyuria, renal insufficiency must result. 1971J. Song Path. Sickle Cell Dis. xv. 284 Hyposthenuria in sickle cell anemia was considered a reversible renal defect by Keitel et al.
1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 442 *Hypostilbite occurs on the island of Faröe with stilbite and epistilbite.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hypostroma. 1866Treas. Bot., Hypostroma, the mycelium of certain fungals.
1831Westm. Rev. XIV. 416 The *hypostyle hall, and some other additions that he made to the temple of Karnac.
1896Academy 12 Sept. 186/2 In which the sentence is subordinated, both in meaning and in outward form, to another—in other words, is ‘*hypotactic’.
1951Chem. Abstr. XLV. 6232, H2N(CH2)2SO2H, tentatively named *hypotaurine. 1965A. Meister Biochem. Amino Acids (ed. 2) I. i. 75 This amino acid [sc. l-cysteinesulfinic acid], and the product of its decarboxylation, hypotaurine,..have been found in the free state in rat brain. 1966Biochim. et Biophys. Acta CXVII. 495 (heading) The occurrence of hypotaurine and other sulfur-containing amino acids in seminal plasma and spermatozoa of boar, bull and dog.
1883B. L. Gildersleeve in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. IV. 420 Now to make *hypotaxis out of parataxis we must have a joint. 1886Meyer in Philol. Soc. Proc. 18 June p. xliv, The paratactical arrangement of sentences, in preference to hypotaxis.
1866Treas. Bot., *Hypothecium, the cellular stratum below the thalamium of lichenals. 1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 269 The term Hypothecium is given to the mass of fibres lying beneath the sub-hymenial layer.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Hypothenar (in Anat.), a Muscle which helps to draw the little Finger from the rest; also the space from the Fore⁓finger to the little Finger. 1836–9Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 523/2 On the inner side of the palm is the hypothenar eminence.
1922W. Lindgren in Econ. Geol. XVII. 293 The terminology proposed..would be as follows:..A. Hydrothermal deposits. a. Epithermal. Formed by ascending hot waters near the surface in or near effusive rocks at relatively low temperature and pressure. b. Mesothermal. Formed by ascending hot waters in or near intrusive rocks at intermediate temperature and pressure. c. *Hypothermal. Formed by ascending hot water in or near intrusive rocks at high temperature and pressure... The prefix ‘hypo’ has been substituted for ‘kata’ to correspond with Ransome's now generally accepted terms of ‘hypogene waters’, the suggestion implied being that the hypogene waters are principally derived from the region of the hypothermal deposits. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles x. 247 The latter [mineral veins] are of two phases, hypothermal and mesothermal, usually of different and characteristic trend. 1970Park & MacDiarmid Ore Deposits (ed. 2) xii. 294 Many minerals of the igneous metamorphic zone continue without interruption into the hypothermal zone.
1896T. L. Stedman 20th Cent. Practice V. 575 Bonnet.. suggests designating any lack of hair through error of development, *hypotrichosis. 1968A. J. Rook et al. Textbk. Dermatol. II. xlvi. 1377 Congenital hypotrichosis of sufficient degree to cause social embarrassment..is not uncommon.
1937Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXVIII. 627 The administration of cystine stimulated hair growth in the *hypotrichotic rat.
1885Ray Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 862/2 One of the Hypotricha; lateral view of the animal when using its great *hypotrichous processes as ambulatory organs.
1848Owen Homol. Skel. 60 The homologue of the *hypotympanic of batrachians and fishes. 1880Günther Fishes 55 The large triangular hypotympanic or quadrate has a large condyle for the mandibulary joint.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hypovanadate. 1897Roscoe & Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. II. 745 The hypovanadates are all insoluble except those of the alkali metals. Ibid. 746 Silver hypovanadate, Ag2V2O5, is a black crystalline powder.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hypovanadic. 1879Roscoe & Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. II. 290 Thus vanadic salts are yellow; the hypovanadic salts blue; the vanadious salts green; and the hypovanadious salts lavender-coloured.
Ibid. 289 The solution of *hypovanadious sulphate absorbs oxygen with such avidity as to bleach indigo.
1923Stedman Med. Dict. (ed. 7), *Hypovitaminosis. 1946Nature 7 Sept. 342/2 The excretion of aneurin was decreased on account of deficient renal function, a fact not signifying hypovitaminosis in this case.
1925*Hypovolemia [see hypervolæmia s.v. hyper- IV]. 1935Harrow & Sherwin Textbk. Biochem. xv. 413 Simple hypovolemia occurs in obesity and in certain types of renal edema. Polycythemic hypovolemia occurs in conditions of..water deprivation. 1965R. P. Morehead Human Path. xxi. 501/2 Deficient water absorption leads to hypovolemia, dehydration, or both.
1952Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 6 Sept. 11 The question of whether the normovolemic or the *hypovolemic patient or animal should be used in evaluation of plasma expanders. 1961A. C. Guyton Textbk. Med. Physiol. (ed. 2) xxxvii. 482/2 One of the most common types of shock..is that caused by hemorrhage; this is called hemorrhagic shock and is a type of hypovolemic shock.
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hypoxæmia. 1936Brain LIX. 115 The hypoxaemia of arterial and of arm vein blood encountered in a large proportion of epileptics is an expression of the stagnant physical and mental state which so often accompanies epilepsy. 1971Porter & Knight High Altitude Physiol. 36, 25 per cent of the reported cases of chronic mountain sickness have some type of pathology which per se produces hyperventilation and hypoxaemia.
1941Ann. Internal Med. XIV. 1245 During *hypoxia..blood flow is increased. 1967New Scientist 26 Jan. 195/1 Today, the single most important cause of perinatal deaths is intrauterine hypoxia, in which the foetus becomes starved of oxygen because of impaired metabolism in the placenta. 1970Sci. Amer. Feb. 53/2 Life on the mountains is made rigorous not only by hypoxia but also by cold.
1958C. C. Adams et al. Space Flight 243 The *hypoxic zone, less than three miles up, where the decreased oxygen pressure brings human psychological and physiological discomfort. 1966Lancet 24 Dec. 1381/2 Polycythæmia secondary to hypoxic lung disease. 1970Sci. Amer. Feb. 56/1 The mountain dwellers' metabolism also appears to be affected by the hypoxic conditions.
1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xii. (Arb.) 176 If such supplie be placed after all the clauses..then is he called by the Greeks *Hypozeugma. 1706in Phillips (ed. Kersey); and in mod. dicts.
1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xii. (Arb.) 177 If this supplie be made to sundrie clauses, or to one clause sundrie times iterated..then is it called by the Greekes *Hypozeuxis.
1887Mivart in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 106 Those lowly organisms known as Protozoa or *Hypozoa.
1865Intell. Observ. No. 40. 283 This approach to a *hypozoic zero. 1876Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. vi. 121 The term Hypozoic simply points out their position as lying under those systems which are decidedly fossiliferous.
Add:[II.] hypoˈsplenism Path. [ad. G. Hyposplenie (H. Eppinger 1913, in Berliner Klin. Wochenschr. L. 1509/2)], an abnormally low rate of activity of the spleen, esp. as regards the repair of damaged red blood cells.
1914Arch. Internal Med. XIV. 145 A condition of decreased function [of the spleen] may be conceived to be within the range of organ activity, a state of *hyposplenism. 1966J. W. Linman Princ. Hematol. xii. 449 The hematologic effects of splenectomy are definite and provide insight into the functions of the normal spleen. All blood cells are affected by ‘hyposplenism’. 1987Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) II. xix. 245/1 The peripheral blood changes of hyposplenism are quite frequently associated with an underlying malabsorption syndrome.
hence hypoˈsplenic a.
1941Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CCII. 185 In studies of a case showing large numbers of target cells..and many features of Cooley's erythroblastic anemia..the possibility of a ‘*hyposplenic’ condition was postulated.
ˈhypotrich Zool., a hypotrichous organism; also as adj.
1926G. N. Calkins Biol. Protozoa viii. 390 The *hypotrichs are rarely parasitic..; a few are tube-dwelling..but the great majority are bottom feeders with..creeping movement on their cirri. 1967P. A. Meglitsch Invertebr. Zool. iii. 70/1 Hypotrichs..are flattened forms, with the body ciliature reduced to a set of cirri, composed of many cilia fused together. 1976Nature 22 July 256/1 The ends of the gene-sized minichromosomes of hypotrich ciliate macronuclei are palindromic. |