| 释义 |
idealism|aɪˈdiːəlɪz(ə)m|
[ad. F. idéalisme (1752 in Hatz.-Darm.) or Ger. idealismus, f. ideal.]
1. Philos. Any system of thought or philosophy in which the object of external perception is held to consist, either in itself, or as perceived, of ideas (in various senses of the word: see idea n.).
Subjective Idealism is the opinion that the object of external perception consists, whether in itself or as known to us, in ideas of the perceiving mind; Critical Idealism or Transcendental Idealism, the opinion (of Kant) that it, together with the whole contents of our experience, consists, as known to us, but not necessarily in itself, of such ideas; Objective Idealism, the opinion (of Schelling) that while, as known to us, it consists of such ideas, it consists also, as it is in itself, of ideas identical with these; Absolute Idealism, (a) the opinion (of Hegel) that it consists, not only as known to us, but in itself, of ideas, not however ours, but those of the universal mind; (b) also applied more generally to other forms of idealism which do not suppose an independent reality underlying our ideas of external objects.
1796W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XX. 576 He [Parmenides] thus prepared arguments for scepticism, and made the first approaches towards idealism. 1803― in Monthly Mag. XIV. 487 The system of Berkeley..is espoused under the name Idealism by writers of reputation in Germany. 1839Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 196 A doctrine of Absolute Idealism was, without communication, contemporaneously promulgated by Berkeley and Collier. 1855Meiklejohn tr. Kant's Critique of Pure Reason 166 note, Formal or critical idealism—the theory of Kant—which denies us a knowledge of things in themselves and maintains that we can know only phenomena. 1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §2. 270 Absolute Idealism means..that thought is the all. 1865Lecky Ration. (1878) I. 176 Shaftesbury retains a certain place as one of the few disciples of idealism who resisted the influence of Locke. 1872Mahaffy tr. Kant's Prolegomena 61 My having given this my theory the name of transcendental idealism, can authorise no one to confound it with the empirical idealism of Descartes. Ibid. 62, I now retract it [the word ‘transcendental’] and desire this idealism of mine to be called critical. 1877J. H. Stirling Annot. Schwegler's Handbk. Hist. Philos. 420 The idealism of Fichte..that reduced all to..the ego..was..the subjective idealism. Then Schelling, who gave to the object an equal basis beside the subject, but still under an idealistic point of view, is said to have given rise to the objective idealism; while Hegel,..because he subordinated all to thought alone, is styled the founder of the absolute idealism. 1886Clifford Lect. & Ess., Nature of Things-in-Themselves 276 It may very well be that I myself am the only existence, but it is simply ridiculous to suppose that anybody else is. The position of absolute idealism may, therefore, be left out of count. 1887Fleming & Calderwood Vocab. Philos. 196 Subjective Idealism is the term applicable to the theories of Berkeley and Fichte. 1889Courtney Mill 137 Idealism..resolves all our notions of the external world into the subjective affections of the thinking self.
2. The practice of idealizing or tendency to idealize; the habit of representing things in an ideal form, or as they might be; imaginative treatment of a subject in art or literature; ideal style or character: opp. to realism. Also, aspiration after or pursuit of an ideal.
1829I. Taylor Enthus. viii. 190 A transmutation of the objects of the devout affections into objects of imaginative delectation..had tinged, more or less, with idealism, the religious sentiment of all but a few. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. II. 350 The perfected idealism which reigns in his [Titian's] greatest works. 1871Fraser Life Berkeley iii. 87 The project of social idealism which..filled and determined his life in its middle period. 1890Hall Caine in Contemp. Rev. Apr. 479, I take realism to mean the doctrine of the importance of the real facts of life, and idealism the doctrine of the superiority of ideal existence over the facts of life.
b. (with pl.) An instance of this practice; an act or product of idealizing; an ideal representation.
a1822Shelley Def. Poetry i. in Ess. & Lett. (1840) I. 20 The highest idealisms of passion and power. 1861Thornbury Turner I. 316 [The Polyphemus] the most wonderful..of Turner's idealisms. 1862Ruskin Unto this Last iv. 136 Three-fourths of the demands existing in the world are romantic; founded on visions, idealisms, hopes, and affections. |