| 释义 |
imitation|ɪmɪˈteɪʃən|
Also 6 ymy-, imytacion.
[ad. L. imitātiōn-em, n. of action from imitārī to imitate: perh. through F. imitation.]
1. a. The action or practice of imitating or copying. † arts of imitation = imitative arts.
1502W. Atkynson tr. De Imitatione (title) A full deuoute & gosteley treatyse of y⊇ Imytacion & folowynge y⊇ blessyd lyfe of our most mercifull sauiour cryst. 1520Whitinton Vulg. (1527) 3 Many fresshe wyttes by that blynde imitacyon be deceyued. 1638F. Junius Paint. of Ancients 150 Concerning the manifold use of these Arts of imitation. 1727De Foe Syst. Magic i. i. (1840) 7 Adam's posterity learnt to speak more immediately from him and Eve their mother, by mere imitation of sounds. 1769Junius Lett. v. 28 An example for imitation. 1820C. Colton Lacon ccxvii, Imitation is the sincerest of flattery. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. ii. 26 Imitation, as well as nature, is the source of particular virtues.
b. Phrase: in imitation of (cf. F. à l'imitation de). Also † after the imitation, according to the imitation, out of an imitation of; † in his imitation (cf. F. à son imitation).
1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 3 They learned it not of the Arabians..neither did they it after the imitation of the Missians. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. ii. xxi. 58 According to the imitation of the auncient Græcians and Romaines. 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 20 In imitation of the best and most learned judgements of our time. 1594Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 133 That which this notable man vsed to doe..I am now also resolued to doe in his imitation. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxix. 170 To see the late troubles in England, out of an imitation of the Low Countries. 1823Rutter Fonthill 25 Carved timber work, painted in imitation of old oak.
c. Psychol. The adoption, whether conscious or not, during a learning process, of the behaviour or attitudes of some specific person or model.
[1807Wordsworth Poems II. 153 The little Actor cons another part..As if his whole vocation Were endless imitation.] 1895J. M. Baldwin Mental Development xii. 351 First..biological or organic imitation... Second: we pass to psychological, conscious, or cortical imitations. Ibid. 352 Plastic Imitation. This phrase is used to cover all cases of reaction or attitude, toward the doings, customs, opinions of others, which once represented more or less conscious adaptations..but which have become what is ordinarily called ‘secondary automatic’ and subconscious. 1899H. C. Warren tr. Tarde's Social Laws 42 Giving the word imitation the very wide meaning accorded to it..by Mr. Baldwin..one might regard imitation as the fundamental fact, not only of social and psychological life, but of organic life as well, where it would appear as the necessary condition of habit and heredity. 1903E. C. Parsons tr. Tarde's Laws of Imitation p. xiv, By imitation, I mean every impression of an inter-psychical photography..willed or not willed, passive or active. 1924F. H. Allport Social Psychol. x. 239 Before the rise of a really critical science of behavior the term ‘imitation’ enjoyed wide repute in social theory... Our treatment of imitation must therefore be mainly negative. 1946D. McCarthy in L. Carmichael Manual of Child Psychol. 497/1 An interesting controversy..on the problem of the relationship between imitation and comprehension of language. 1968Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. VII. 96/1 Learning by vicarious experience has historically been referred to as ‘imitation’.
2. The result or product of imitating; a copy, an artificial likeness; a thing made to look like something else, which it is not; a counterfeit.
1601Shakes. Jul. C. iv. i. 37 One that feeds On Objects, Arts, and Imitations. 1638F. Junius Paint. of Ancients 349 So is the imitation of an imitation much more hard and difficult. 1768Johnson Pref. Shaks., Imitations produce pain or pleasure, not because they are mistaken for realities. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 66 They are not true philosophers, but only an imitation. 1876Humphreys Coin-Coll. Man. 405 Modern imitations of ancient coins.
3. Literature. ‘A method of translating looser than paraphrase, in which modern examples and illustrations are used for ancient, or domestick for foreign’ (J.); a composition of this nature.
1656Cowley Pindar. Odes, Praise Pindar, In imitation of Horace his second Ode, B. 4. a1721Prior (title) The Lady's Looking-Glass. In imitation of a Greek Idyllium. 1734Watts Reliq. Juv., Hebr. Poet, The Difficulty of a just Translation of the Psalms of David..an Apology for the Imitation of them in Christian Language. 1870Christie in Dryden's Wks. (Globe) 488 Dryden's imitations, or, as he himself calls them, translations of Chaucer and Boccacio, were made in 1698 and 1699.
4. Mus. The repetition of a phrase or melody, usually at a different pitch, in another part or voice, either with the same intervals, rhythm, motion, etc. (exact imitation), or with these more or less modified (free imitation: see also augmentation, diminution, inversion).
1727–41Chambers Cycl., Imitation, in music, a kind of composition wherein one part is made to imitate another either throughout the whole piece, which is one of the kinds of canon, or only during some measures, which is a simple imitation. 1880Ouseley in Grove Dict. Mus. I. 765 If the imitation is absolutely exact as to intervals it becomes a Canon..Imitation may take place at any interval or at any distance. Ibid. 569 A specimen of simple imitation at the octave..; from such a small germ as this..the..modern fugue has been gradually developed.
5. attrib. Made (of less costly material) in imitation of a real or genuine article or substance.
1840H. Reeve tr. A. de Tocqueville's Democracy in Amer. III. i. xi. 100 Imitation-diamonds are now made which may be easily mistaken for real ones. 1858Greener Gunnery 241 The fitting-up of an imitation gun for the African market..with an imitation musket for the same. 1871Post Office Directory Leather Trades 66 (heading) Imitation leather makers... Kid leather dressers... Kid reviver makers. 1895Oracle Encycl. II. 125/1 Imitation tortoise⁓shell combs. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 611/1 This is a very different thing from the imitation diamond so common in shop windows. Here the chemist has only succeeded in making a paste or glass..wanting the hardness and ‘fire’ of the real stone. 1904Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 303/1 Imitation parchment, ordinary paper passed through a bath of sulphuric acid, which has the peculiar effect of ‘toughening’ the fibres. 1904Westm. Gaz. 6 Oct. 4/2 Contempt of imitation jewels, imitation furs, imitation lace. Ibid., A lovely coat of..imitation sealskin. 1916E. Pound Lustra 53 The small child in the soiled-white imitation fur coat. 1929D. H. Lawrence Pansies 124 Will the Proustian lot go next? And then our English imitation intelligentsia? 1937E. J. Labarre Dict. Paper 159/1 Imitation art paper is a highly finished printing [paper] prepared by the addition of a heavy percentage of china clay to the pulp and a water-finish. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 552/1 Mock leno, a fabric in which openwork effect is produced by a grouping of threads, which, however, do not cross, as they do in leno and gauze fabrics. Also called imitation gauze. 1954Paper Terminol. (Spalding & Hodge) 32 Imitation kraft, a quality of wrapping paper made from unbleached sulphite, mechanical pulp and waste papers and coloured brown to give the appearance of Kraft. 1957Encycl. Brit. IV. 775/2 Imitation gauze weaves..are.. largely utilized in the production of..embroidery cloths. Ibid. XIII. 850 A/2 The first feasible imitation leathers were based on patents issued in the United Kingdom in 1851. Ibid. XIX. 635/1 Imitation rum is produced by flavouring a neutral spirit..with high-ester Jamaican rum or with artificial essences. 1963R. R. A. Higham Handbk. Papermaking 282 Imitation art, paper which is highly finished by the action of super-calendering and water finishing and which contains a high percentage of china clay in the furnish. |