| 释义 |
immersion|ɪˈmɜːʃən|
(Also erron. emersion.)
[ad. late L. immersiōn-em (Arnobius), n. of action from immergĕre (see immerge). Cf. F. immersion (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.).]
The action of immerging or immersing.
1. a. Dipping or plunging into water or other liquid, and transf. into other things.
c1450Mirour Saluacioun 1407 Thas whilk in watire takes duwe immersionne. 1658Phillips, Immersion, a dipping, ducking, or plunging in. 1664Power Exp. Philos. ii. 123 After immersion thereof into the vessel of Quicksilver. 1693South Twelve Serm. (1698) III. 86 Holding the Soul of Man to be a Spiritual Immaterial substance [they accounted for its] failures and defects..from its Immersion into, and intimate conjunction with matter. 1710Addison Tatler No. 221 ⁋5 The Doctor..gives her Two or Three total Emersions in the Cold Bath. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xvi. 116 Being checked at intervals by a bodily immersion in the softer and deeper snow. 1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 876 Immersion in warm or cold water. 1885Century Mag. XXIX. 744/1 The Monitor, with only twelve feet immersion, could take any position.
b. The administration of Christian baptism by the dipping or plunging of the whole person in water: distinguished from affusion or aspersion.
1629Donne 80 Serm. xxxi. (1640) 309 In Baptisme we are sunk under water, and then raised above the water, which was the manner of baptizing in the Christian church, by immersion, and not by aspersion, till of late times. 1751–73Jortin Eccl. Hist. ix. (1846) I. 165 [It] requires of the bishops and presbyters that they should make use of a three-fold immersion in baptism under pain of being deposed. 1822J. Flint Lett. Amer. 114 The immersion of seven Baptists in a pool. 1852Hook Ch. Dict. s.v., Immersion is the mode of baptizing first prescribed in our office of public baptism.
c. Alch. Reduction of a metal in some solvent.
1683Pettus Fleta Min. ii. 21 There are other ways of Calcination especially of Metals; viz. by..Immersion. 1696Phillips, Immersion,..the putting Metals or Minerals, into some Corrosive, that they may be reduced to a Calx.
d. Ceramics. The application of the glaze to pottery by dipping it into a vessel filled with the glaze-cream.
2. transf. and fig.
a. Absorption in some condition, action, interest, etc.
1647H. More Song of Soul To Rdr. 7/1 Others, whom sensuall immersion or the deadnesse of Melancholy have more deeply seiz'd upon. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. 213 Immersion in vice and ignorance. 1840Alison Europe (1849–50) VIII. lv. 564 Austria was about to take advantage of his immersion in the Peninsular War.
b. A method or system of teaching (or learning) a foreign language in an environment where all communication is conducted in the language, esp. at a school, etc., run for this purpose. Freq. attrib., as immersion course, immersion school. Chiefly N. Amer.
1965New Statesman 19 Nov. 811/1 (Advt.), Berlitz ‘total immersion’ courses. Berlitz ‘immersion’ courses. The 4–6 week ‘Blitz’ courses for busy international executives. 1966Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 25 Oct. tm190 The Berlitz Schools of Languages of America... Berlitz Total Immersion for educational service of classroom instruction in foreign languages. First use Aug. 10, 1964. 1972Time 13 Nov. 35/2 I've been taking immersion courses in French, you know. Some of my friends say what I really need is an immersion course in English. 1976Globe & Mail (Toronto) 25 Aug. 9/5 In cautioning against putting too much emphasis on early French immersion for the majority of children, the report says such programs may harm children with learning difficulties. 1976Maclean's Mag. 1 Nov. 21/1 In Winnipeg,..Ecole Sacre-Coeur, the city's largest immersion school, recorded a jump in enrollment from 334 to 560 students between 1974 and 1975. 1982English World-Wide III. i. 50 The term ‘second language immersion’ describes such programmes in circumstances where pupils with the same linguistic and cultural background experience a home-school language switch, which is the case of Hong Kong students in E[nglish]-m[edium] schools. 1986Toronto Star 28 May d1/1 (Advt.), Lovely bungalow on super large lot. Walk to French immersion & all schools.
3. Astron. The disappearance of a celestial body behind another or in its shadow, as in an occultation or eclipse: opp. to emersion.
1690Leybourn Curs. Math. 818 The greatest..Immersion of the Moon into the Shadow does not then happen. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), The Immersion of a Star (in Astron.), is when it approaches so near the Sun, as to lie hid in its Beams. 1774M. Mackenzie Maritime Surv. v. 111 If it is the apparent Time of an Immersion, or Emersion, that is observed. 1808Pike Sources Mississ. ii. (1810) 131, I observed two immersions of Jupiter's satellites. 1971Nature 17 Dec. 406/1 None of the light curves showed any signs of an atmosphere on Io: in all cases the curves were flat just before and after occultation with abrupt changes in intensity at immersion and emersion.
4. Microscopy. The introduction of a liquid, as water or oil, between the object-glass and the object.
1875,1877[see 5].
5. attrib., as (sense 1) immersion bath, (1 b) immersion robe, (4) immersion fluid, immersion lens, immersion objective, immersion paraboloid, immersion system. (sense 1) immersion foot, a condition similar to trench foot caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to wet and usually cold conditions; immersion heater, a heater (usually electric) whose element may be immersed in the liquid to be heated; esp. one having a thermostatic control and designed to be fixed inside a domestic hot-water cylinder; immersion suit, a garment designed to give the wearer buoyancy when in the water and to provide insulation from the cold.
1897Allbutt Syst. Med. III. 60 Where external treatment is carried out..by simple hot *immersion baths.
1877Athenæum 3 Nov. 569/3 Dr. Edmonds gave a description of his new Immersion Paraboloid, and explained its use..salts of lead in glycerine being specially recommended as the *immersion fluid.
1941Lancet 6 Dec. 690/1, I have never seen a case of *immersion-foot, and for its adequate description we must await the reports of those whose war experience has brought them greater opportunities of observing it. 1967New Scientist 25 May 449/3 In the Pacific during the second World War a warm water variety of immersion foot was common. 1969J. McM. Mennell Foot Pain v. 104 Immersion foot is similar to trench foot, but the wet environment seems to be more important than the cold; it may occur with relatively warm immersion.
1914M. Lancaster Electr. Cooking, Heating, Cleaning 208 The water in cylinder A..is heated by the *immersion heater B. Ibid. 209 An additional immersion heater could be fitted, current for which would pass through the meter...to be switched on if at any time the demand for hot water were much beyond the ordinary requirements. This auxiliary immersion heater could be controlled automatically by a thermostat..switch. 1935Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXIX. 455 The lubricating oil being kept at a temperature by immersion heaters in the oil tanks. 1936Archit. Rev. LXXX. p. lxii/3 In many parts of the country..automatically controlled immersion heaters are being fitted as auxiliary heaters to fuel fired boilers. 1944T. A. Longmore Med. Photogr. 140 The immersion heater is an electrically heated poker or element which is placed in the developer to raise its temperature and is withdrawn before the solution is put to its normal use. 1951Good Housek. Home Encycl. (1956) 76/1 Portable immersion heaters and boiling rings. 1958House & Garden Mar. 70/2 The Agamatic also provides hot water—in the summer an immersion heater takes over. 1963Times 8 Jan. 5/5 Mrs. Henderson told him that she decided not to have a bath, left the immersion heater on, and went to bed.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Immersion-lens, an achromatic objective for the microscope, which is used with a drop of water between the front lens and the glass cover of the object examined, to prevent the extreme refraction of the luminous pencils if air is present.
1877*Immersion paraboloid [see immersion fluid above].
1894H. H. Gardener Unoff. Patriot 28 As he arose from the water his face was radiant, and when he had removed his *immersion robe, his eyes filled with happy tears.
1951R. H. Davis Deep Diving & Submarine Operations (ed. 5) i. xiv. 275 *Immersion suits can be worn..to protect the escaper from the cold, and..to keep him afloat. 1968New Scientist 15 Feb. 348/1 The immersion suit consists essentially of a double-layer rubber suit which can be inflated... Not only does this provide flotation but also excellent insulation. |