| 释义 |
▪ I. venom, n. and a.|ˈvɛnəm|
Forms: α. 3–6 venym, 4 uenym, fenym (femyn), 4–5 wenym, venyme; 3 uenim, 3–7 venim, 4 wenim, 4–7 venime, 6 venimme; 4–5 wenem, 5–7 venem(e. β. 4–6 venum (6 Sc. winam); 4–7 venome, 7 venombe, 4– venom (4, 9 dial., vemon, 9 dial. wenom); Sc. 5 wennome, 6 vennom(e.
[a. AF. and OF. venim (venym), variant of venin (see venin1):—L. venēn-um (whence also It., Sp., Pg. veneno) poison, potion, drug, dye, etc.
The change of the final n to m may have been due to dissimilation (a different effect of which appears in the OF. variant velin and It. veleno), but cf. pilgrim, vellum.]
A. n.
1. The poisonous fluid normally secreted by certain snakes and other animals and used by them in attacking other living creatures.
The venom of snakes is secreted in a poison gland communicating with the fangs, through which it is ejected in the act of striking.
αc1220Bestiary 139 in O.E. Misc. 5 Oc he [sc. a serpent] speweð or al ðe uenim ðat in his brest is bred. a1300Cursor M. 14871 Strangli was þis folk felun,..Was nedder nan o mar wenim. c1325Prose Psalter xiii. 5 Venim of aspides, .i. nedders. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋195 The galle of the dragon shal been hire drynke, and the venym of the dragon hire morsels. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6313 A serpent him our qweld..; Bot his venym it did na sare. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop v. viii, The serpent came oute and slewe the child through his venym. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 67 marg., Serpentes without venime. 1652J. Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox iii. 49 Like Spiders which make venim of Roses.
βa1300Cursor M. 20959 Þe nedder o venum sa strang. a1340Hampole Psalter xiii. 5 Venome of snakis [is] vndire þe lippes of þa. a1400–50Alexander 4797 As gotis out of guttars in golanand wedres, So voidis doun þe vemon be vermyns schaftis. 1614Disc. Strange & Monstrous Serpent B 4, [The dragon] will cast his venome about foure rodde from him. a1645Milton Arcades 53 What the..hurtfull Worm with canker'd venom bites. 1727–46Thomson Summer 909 He [sc. a serpent].., Whose high-concocted venom thro' the veins A rapid lightning darts. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. VII. ix. 195 The venom contained in this bladder is a yellowish thick tasteless liquor. 1813Byron Corsair i. xi. 28 Man spurns the worm, but pauses ere he wake The slumbering venom of the folded snake. 1821–2Shelley Chas. I, i. 127 As adders cast their skins And keep their venom, so kings often change. 1873Mivart Elem. Anat. 438 Poisonous serpents however are provided with an extra glandular structure placed beneath and behind the orbit. This gland it is which secretes the venom.
†b. of venom, = venomous a. 3. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 311 Þeyȝ þere be no grete bestes of venym, ȝit þere beeþ venemous attercoppes.
2. Poison, esp. as administered to or drunk by a person; any poisonous or noxious substance, preparation, or property; a morbid secretion or virus. Now rare.
αc1290S. Eng. Leg. 408/207 Venim ich habbe, strong i-novȝh, þat ho-so þarof nimeth ouȝt..to deþe he worthþ i-brouȝt. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1010 Ech gras þat þerinne wexþ, aȝen venim is. a1300Cursor M. 21055 Venim he drank wit-outen wath. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xviii. 152 For venym for-doth venym. 1380Lay Folks Catech. (Lamb. MS.) 1133 Whi schuld venym or stynk lette vs to visite men in presun? c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xvii. 80 If venym or puyson be broȝt in place whare þe dyamaund es, alsone it waxez moyst. 1422Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. 195 Many kingys..that myght not be ouercome with armys by wenym loste thar lywis. 1527Andrew Brunswyke's Distyll. Waters C j, Water of the same..is good to be dronke for venym and impoysonynge. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 108 Fogeda,..throwgh the maliciousnes of the veneme [of a poisoned arrow], consumed and was dryed vp by lyttle and lyttle. 1593Queen Elizabeth Boeth. i. pr. iii. 6 Thou haste not knowen Anaxagoras flight, nor Socrates Venim, nor Zenos torment. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Countrie Farme 179 Garlicke eaten fasting, is the Countrey mans Treacle in the time of the Plague,..as also against all manner of Venime and Poyson.
βa1340Hampole Psalter xxx. 5 As venome is hid vndire a swet morsell. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints v. (John) 329, I wil þat þu drinke þe venome I sal þe gyfe. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 186 Ther is no venome so parlious in sharpnes, Os when it hathe of treacle a lyknes. c1480Henryson Orpheus & Eurydice (Asloan) 106 This cruell wennome was so penitryf, As natur is of all mortall poisoun. 1584Cogan Haven Health ccxliii. 265 The houses and the houshoulde stuffe, vnlesse they bee purified with fire..and such like, keepe their venom for the space of a yeare or more. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. i. 62 Anoynted let me be with deadly Venome. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxix. 173 Till (if Nature be strong enough) it break at last the contumacy of the parts obstructed, and dissipateth the venome into sweat. 1685Temple Ess., Gardens Wks. 1720 I. 178 A great Preservative against the Plague, which is a sort of Venom. 1797Coleridge Rev. G. Coleridge 29 Some [trees]..Have tempted me to slumber in their shade..; then breathing subtlest damps, Mixed their own venom with the rain from Heaven, That I woke poisoned! 1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 731 Infection of the deeper tissues and of the whole body is chiefly due to absorption of soluble venom from the place where the growth of microbes is proceeding. 1910Contemp. Rev. Mar. 337 Fields of nightshade that are sufficient to themselves in their own foul venom.
3. fig. Something comparable to or having the effect of poison; any baneful, malign, or noxious influence or quality; bitter or virulent feeling, language, etc.
αa1300Cursor M. 15389 Of all venim and of envi ful kindeld vp he ras. c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 574 Þe venym & þe vylanye & þe vycios fylþe, Þat by-sulpez mannez saule in vnsounde hert. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 417 Ȝif manye wolden holde togedere in þis bileue aȝenus þe fend, it were a triacle aȝenus venym þat emperour prelatis sowen in þe folc. c1400Pilgr. Sowle ii. xlv. (1859) 51 They have ben wretched and irous, ful of venym, of rancour, and of hate. c1450Myrr. our Ladye 205 God gaue mankynde fowde of lyfe wherin the enmy spued venym by a worde of lesyng. 1509Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. xxxviii. Wks. (1876) 79 They laye before a man venym pryuely hyd vnder the colour of apperynge vertue. a1569A. Kingsmill Man's Est. vi. (1580) 33 That venime hath infected the whole race. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 361 Hauing in him the arrowes of the Almightie, the venime thereof drinking vp his spirit. a1674Clarendon Surv. Leviath. (1676) 168 The veneme of this Book wrought upon the hearts of men.
β1508Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 166 To speik..I sall nought spar... I sall the venome devoid with a vent large. 1567Satir. Poems Reform. iv. 152 Lat men be war, and keip thame suire Fra wemenis vennome. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 215 Quha venum verie poysonable and deidlye in Germanie had souked out of Luther, and otheris Archheritikis. 1599B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. iii. ii, Well, I am resolv'd what Ile doe.—What, my good spirituous sparke?—Mary, speake all the venome I can of him. 1602Shakes. Ham. ii. ii. 533 Who this had seene, with tongue in Venome steep'd, 'Gainst Fortunes State would Treason haue pronounc'd. 1675Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 467 He was gone into the country, swoln with his new honour, and with venom against the fanatics. 1715–6Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) V. 170 Dr. Charlett continued his venom ag[ains]t non-jurors. 1759Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 416 A dose of venom apparently prepared, and administered to poison the province. 1818Scott Br. Lamm. xxxiii, The venom of your present language is sufficient to remind her, that she speaks with the mortal enemy of her father. 1860Emerson Cond. Life, Fate Wks. (Bohn) II. 321 Whilst art draws out the venom, it commonly extorts some benefit from the vanquished enemy.
b. With of (sin, envy, etc.).
αc1315Shoreham iv. 93 Þorwe þe fenym of senne Þat al mankende slakþ. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋530 Certes than is love the medicine that casteth out the venime of envie fro mannes herte. 1497Bp. Alcock Mons Perfect. B iij, Y⊇ deuyl..sessed neuer with his venym of dyscorde. 1557Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 245 Beware also the venym swete Of crafty wordes and flattery.
β1435Misyn Fire of Love 64 If any odyr gretter, fayrar or strengar be cald in þe pepyll, onon he is heuy touchyd with venum of envy. c1440Alph. Tales 122 He told so mekull horrible venom of syn at þaim irkid to here hym. 1562Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 40 The sweit venum of deuyllish eloquence of wordis. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iv. iv. 45 Mingled with Venom of Suggestion. 1643R. Baker Chron., Rich. I, 91 If it may not have the name, yet certainely it had the venome of a bitter Taxation. 1654Whitlock Zootomia 445 It were to be wished all the Venome of Detraction were spent against it selfe. 1697Prior A Satire 51 The Venom of a spiteful Satire.
†c. Used in addressing persons. Obs. rare.
1592Breton Pilgrim. Paradise Wks. (Grosart) I. 12/2 The pilgrime gan replie, Die ougly venum in thy villany. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. ii. 2 And. No faith, Ile not stay a iot longer: To. Thy reason deere venom, giue thy reason.
4. With a and pl. A poison; a particular kind of poison or virus.
α1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xviii. 153 Of alle venymes, foulest is þe scorpioun. 1402Hoccleve Lett. Cupid 258 With oo venym another was distroyed. 1460–70Bk. Quintessence 16 Þanne it schal be no nede to vse in this perilous cure venemys, as some lechis doon. a1533Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) U iij b, Suche herbes and venims that might poyson them in theyr meates. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 102 One Richard Roose..dyd caste a certyne venym or poyson into a vessell replenysshed with yeste or barme. 1594West 2nd Pt. Symbol., Chancerie §29 Discerning and tempering by just proportions good venims from evil. 1604Jas. I Counterbl. to Tobacco (Arb.) 100 The stinking Suffumigation whereof they yet vse against that disease, making so one canker or venime to eate out another. 1611Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 255 [Salamanders'] biting is deadly, having as many venims as colours.
β1513Douglas æneid vii. iv. 88 King Picus.., Quham, revist for his lufe, throu vennomys seyr, Circes his spous smate wyth ane goldin wand. 1580Frampton tr. Monarde's Two Med. agst. Venome 115 These venoms partly doe kill us; partly we use them for our profite, and bodily health. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 480 A man, whose nature infected with a stronger venome, poysoned other venemous creatures, if any did bite him. 1859Tennyson Vivien 459 Were all as tame..as their Queen was fair? Not one to flirt a venom at her eyes, Or pinch a murderous dust into her drink? 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 571 The anti-effect of different specific antivenoms upon their venoms. Ibid. 574 The toxicity of the most powerful venoms.
b. fig. (Cf. 3.)
1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxxiv. 647 These people..retourned into their owne countreis; but the great venym remayned styll behynde, for Watte Tyler, Jacke Strawe, and John ball..wolde nat departe so. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 82 Ane winam aganis the poure man. 1583Babington Commandm. (1590) 346 There is no speciall calling amongst men, whereunto by name this vice is not forbidden as a venome of all vertue. 1757Burke Abridgm. Eng. Hist. Wks. X. 411 Taunts and mockeries..which infused a mortal venom into the war. 1910A. R. Macewen Antoinette Bourignon ii. 54 All the poisons and venoms with which sin has polluted God's handiwork.
†5. A colouring matter; a dye. Obs. rare.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. ii. met. 5 (1868) 50 Þei couþe nat medle the briȝte flies of þe contre of siriens wiþ þe venym of tirie. 1552Huloet, Venym,..is generallye [to denote] anye thynge whych altereth coloure, or nature of that wher⁓with it is myxt.
6. attrib. and Comb.
a. Comb., as venom-breeding, venom-hating, venom-sputtering; venom-fanged, venom-noyed, venom-spotted adjs.; venom-maker; venom-cold adj.
venom mouthed: see venomed ppl. a. 4.
a1340Hampole Psalter lvii. 5 Crist..lufes not charmers and venym makers. 1382Wyclif Ps. lvii. 6 The vois of the enchaunteres; and of the venym makere. c1400Laud Troy Bk. 926 Medee..By-tauȝt Iason a riche ryng, That alle venym for-dede & strued,—That he schul not be venym-noyed. 1598Marston Sco. Villanie iii. xi. 229 Avaunt lewd curre, presume not to speake, Or with thy venome⁓sputtering chaps to barke 'Gainst well-pend poems. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. i. 52 Jernsey,..whose venom-hating ground The hard'ned emeril hath. 1760Fawkes Anacreon, Odes xlii. 12 By rankling Malice never stung, I shun the venom-venting Tongue. 1828Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 481 The venom-spotted coils and serpent eyes. a1847Eliza Cook There's a Hero iv. 2 A venom-breeding Ocean. 1864J. C. Atkinson Stanton Grange 220 A venom-fanged viper. 1889R. B. Anderson tr. Rydberg's Teut. Mythol. 92 The venom-cold Elivogs. 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 581 The treatment of venom poisoning.
b. Simple attrib., as venom-albumen, venom-flood, venom-globulin, venom-peptone, venom-snake, etc.
1845Zoologist III. 1031, I found also five pairs of rudimental fangs,..apparently unattached to the venom-sac. 1847–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. 291/1 In the most deadly venom-snakes..the poison fangs acquire their largest size. 1855Bailey Mystic 54 Fire, ice and scalding venom-floods of hell. 1883Science II. 24/1 Three distinct proteids may be isolated from the venom of the moccason and the rattle⁓snake. These they propose to call respectively, venom-peptone, venom-globulin, and venom-albumen. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 811 One observer classing a venom proteid with the albumins or globulins.
B. adj. Venomous; virulent, malignant, spiteful. Obs. exc. dial.
a1350St. Laurence 158 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 109 And seyn bete his body bare With scorpions þat uenym ware. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. xi. (Bodl. MS.), The venem spiþer hatte Aranea. a1425Cursor M. 20959 (Trin.), Þe venym nedder þat was strong. c15111st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. p. xxxiv/1 Forestis full of snakes and other venym beestes. 1538Bale God's Promises iii. in Dodsley Old Plays (1780) I. 18 In my syght, he is more venym than the spyder. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. v. 69 The venome clamors of a iealous woman. 1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. (Grosart) V. 116 Things like sheep-lice, which aliue haue the venomest sting that may be. 1600Breton Melanch. Hum. Wks. (Grosart) I. 13/1 Tis a subtill kinde of spirit, Of a venome kinde of nature. 1892E. Anglian Daily Times (E.D.D.), A man remarked to two boys fighting, ‘You-a-munshy [you amongst you] fare as wenom as harnets’.
▪ II. ˈvenom, v. Now Obs. or arch.
Forms: α. 4–5 venem(e, 4–6 venym(e, (4 venymp-, femyne), 4, 6–7 venim(e, 6 veneymen. β. 5–7 venome (5 vemon), 6– venom, 7 vennum.
[ad. OF. venimer to envenom, or f. venom n. Cf. anvenom v. and envenom v.]
1. trans. To injure by means of venom; to poison (a person, etc.); = envenom v. 1.
c1320Sir Tristr. 1526 Þe tong [of þe dragon] y bar oway; Þus venimed he me þan. 1375in Horstmann Altengl. Leg. (1878) 136/1 Who so were..venympd wiþ eny wikked beste. a1400–50Alexander 4842 A Basilisk..vemons in þe vaward valiant kniȝtis. c1440Gesta Rom. xviii. 332 (Harl. MS.), It befelle in shorte tyme, that dragons and venemous bestes venemed men. 1483Cath. Angl. 400/1 To venome, venenare, jntoxicare. 1552Huloet, Veneymen, inficio, cis, intoxico, as, ueneno, nas. 1579Langham Gard. Health 202 He that rubbeth his hands with the root [of Dragons] in May, take adders, and they shall not venim him. 1610Markham Masterp. ii. cviii. 390 Out of the same will runne a..humor, which will venome the whole foote. 1665Bunyan Holy Citie 230 The Dragon is a venemous beast, and poisoneth all where he lieth; he beats the Earth bare, and venoms it, that it will bear no grass. 1694Phil. Trans. XVIII. 280 These with many other different Herbs spreading and running upon the Trees choak and venom them.
fig.1579Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 116/2 We shall see these vermine that seeke nothing else but to rotte or venime the Church of God. 1607Tourneur Rev. Trag. iii. E 4 b, Since I must, Through Brothers periurie, dye, O let me venome Their soules with curses.
transf.1679Dryden & Lee Œdipus iii. i, Oh his murd'rous Breath Venoms my airy Substance!
b. absol.
1563T. Hill Arte Garden. (1593) 111 Linnen cloathes..laid to any place, where either Spider or waspe hath venomed, dooth quickly take away the paine thereof. 1575Turberv. Venerie 187 She venometh with hir byting when she is sault, as the Wolfe doth. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 515 A shrew, which biting horses and labouring cattell, it doth venome vntill it come vnto the hart, and then they die. 1610Markham Masterp. ii. cxxv. 427 Looke that you touch no part of the horse therewith, saue the sorrance onely; for it will venome.
2. To put venom in or on (something); to render venomous; = envenom v. 2.
c1350Libeaus Desc. 2050 For þoruȝ þat swordes dint..Þe venim will me spille: I venimed [v.r. femynede] hem boþe,..Our fomen for to fille. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 443 A swerdman, wiþ a swerd i-venymed. a1470Harding Chron. lxxii. xiii, There was a well whiche his enemyes espied,..Whiche they venomyd with poyson on a daye. 1569J. Sandford tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 105 b, They have poysoned the water, infected the corne, and venomed the victuals. a1604Hanmer Chron. Ireland (1633) 52 He also was sore wounded with a Speare, whose head was venomed. 1612J. Davies (Heref.) Muse's Sacr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 18/1 The Med'cine, so, thou gau'st to cure my Wounds, I venomed to make my hurt the more. 1725Pope Odyss. x. 272 Venom'd was the bread, and mix'd the bowl, With drugs of force to darken all the soul. 1834Beckford Italy II. 78 The heat seems..to have new venomed the stings of the fleas and the musquitoes.
fig.1794Southey Elinor 52 All her rankling shafts Barb'd with disgrace, and venom'd with disease. 1800Coleridge Piccolom. v. v, Wherefore barb And venom the refusal with contempt?
b. To embitter; = envenom v. 2 b.
1621Lady M. Wroth Urania 154 Loue like a serpent poysoning my ioyes, and biting my best daies, venomd all my blisse. 1819Keats Vis. Hyperion i. 175 Only the dreamer venoms all his days, Bearing more woe than all his sins deserve.
3. fig. To infect with moral evil; to corrupt, deprave, vitiate; = envenom v. 3.
13..K. Alis. 2860 [They] saide wel, er that tyme, Al Grece was of heom venyme [v.r. venymed]. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 286 Þes religious & seculere prestis,..bi brekynge of þis lawe, ben cursid of god & venemyn cristendome. c1407Lydg. Reson & Sens. 3391 And of venym..Venus pleynly took her name. For she venemyth many wyse Al that doon to hir servise. 1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 51 Sen our time is now sa venomit with uncouth and superflew metis and drinkis. 1591R. Turnbull St. James 161 b, Lyes, blasphemie,..filthie talke,..whereby the soules of men are often poysoned and venomed to death. 1616Breton Invective agst. Treason Wks. (Grosart) I. 4/2 Pride doth blinde y⊇ Eie, Infects y⊇ Minde, vennums y⊇ harte, and gives the Sowle a sting. 1681Peace & Truth 10 This was the felicity of innocent Man before his Heart was venomed with Lust and Vanity. 1906Westm. Gaz. 24 Dec. 2/1 To the pyre With this fiend that venoms all our sinful veins! |