| 释义 |
include, v.|ɪnˈkluːd|
Also 5–6 enclude, 6 includ, 6 pa. pple. include.
[ad. L. inclūd-ĕre to shut in, f. in- (in-2) + claudĕre to shut.]
trans. To shut in, enclose, confine, embrace, comprise, contain: predicated either of the agent or of the confining or containing limits or space.
1. a. trans. To shut or close in; to enclose within material limits; † to shut up, confine (obs.). Now only in pass.: cf. included ppl. a.
c1420Pallad. on Husb. iv. 338 The flouryng tre, the trunke in leed Enclude. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 169 That he includede a wicked spirite in a potte boylynge. Ibid. I. 39 Marianus a Scotte and a monke, included at a cyte callede Mangotia. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxv. 78 Hospitall riall, the lord of all Thy closet did include. 1564Haward Eutropius i. 10 The Romaynes which were here [in the capitol] included. 1570Billingsley Euclid i. 7 That two right lines include not a superficies. 1571Digges Pantom. iii. viii. R j b, The circles semidiameter that encludeth the greater Hexagonum. 1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. i. xvii. 62 b, They hedge in and include the ground. a1592Greene Jas. IV, ii. ii, O, that I were included in my grave. 1678Evelyn Diary 23 July, Went to see Mr. Elias Ashmole's library and curiosities..He shew'd me a toade included in amber. 1750tr. Leonardus' Mirr. Stones 151 It holds air included in it, and swims by the lightness of the air. 1784Cowper Task vi. 244 He..includes In grains as countless as the sea⁓side sands, The forms with which he sprinkles all the earth. 1799Davy in Beddoes Contrib. Phys. & Med. Knowl. 158 The globe was..inserted horizontally in a vessel, so as to be perfectly included from light. 1857–8Sears Athan. viii. 68 A spirit allied with seraphim included in this animal frame.
b. fig. (The limits, object, or inclusion being non-material.)
a1550Dunbar's Poems (S.T.S.) 325 The Souerane Senȝour of all celsitude..Quhilk all thing creat, and all thing dois includ. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 185 Of thair fude his flock we haif begylit..And in fals belief hes thame includit. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 119 Then euery thing includes it selfe in Power, Power into Will, Will into Appetite. 1609Bible (Douay) Jer. xix. 9 The distresse, wherein their enemies shal include them. 1781Cowper Charity 598 The soul, thus kindled from above..Includes creation in her close embrace.
c. To enclose (in an area).
1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. i. ii. §4 It was after included in its circuit. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. xiv. (1858) 459 The question whether the wall of Herod really ran so as just to exclude or just to include the present site.
2. To contain, comprise, embrace.
a. To contain as a member of an aggregate, or a constituent part of a whole; to embrace as a sub-division or section; to comprise; to comprehend.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (1840) 118 The moralite..includithe in many sundry wise, No man shuld..For no prerogatif his neyghburghe to dispise. 1494Fabyan Chron. 5 This boke Includyth Storyes fele. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, i. ii. 137 With Henries death, the English Circle ends, Dispersed are the glories it included. 1659Pearson Creed (1839) 370 In the number of the fifty days was both the day of the wave-offering and of Pentecost included. 1673Temple Observ. United Prov. i. (R.), I can⁓not affirm whether it [Flanders] only bordered upon, or included the lower parts of the vast woods of Ardenne. 1797T. Bewick Brit. Birds (1847) I. 70 It includes..the Pie, Jay, Nutcracker, Chough, Chatterer, &c. 1843Mill Logic i. v. §3 The proposition, Man is mortal, asserts, according to this view of it, that the class man is included in the class mortal. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §2. 167 The Great Council..was held to include all tenants who held directly of the Crown.
b. To contain as a subordinate element, corollary, or secondary feature; to comprise virtually or by inference; to involve, imply.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 128 In the vertue of fayth is vnderstande sure hope & perfyte charite: For whan fayth is perfyte, it encludeth them bothe. a1540Barnes Wks. 228 (R.) Our mayster Christ sheweth that in fulfilling ii. of these commaundementes, bee all workes included. 1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. i. i. 2 b, [A proposition] which is contrarie to all reason, and includeth in it selfe a manifest contradiction. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, i. iii. 8 The losse of such a Lord, includes all harmes. a1763Shenstone Ess. (1765) 144 Every good poet includes a critic. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 174 A power of appointment, which relates to the land, includes a right to appoint either absolutely or with a new power of revocation and appointment. 1876J. Parker Paracl. i. iii. 24 The term God includes all other terms. 1883Contemp. Rev. XLIII. 47 There is a love that includes friendship, as religion includes morality.
3. a. To place in a class or category; to embrace in a general survey or description; to reckon in a calculation, mention in an enumeration, etc.
1560Rolland Crt. Venus iii. 796 Bot I suppone thir wemen ar Include..For to fulfill the number suspensiue. 1625Ussher in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 132, I was bold to include you in a Letter to my Lo. of Landaff. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 18 Men of feeble parts..are not to be included in this number. 1843Mill Logic i. i. §3 The enumeration has omitted nothing which ought to have been included. 1848― Pol. Econ. i. i. §1 It is necessary to include in the idea [of Labour] all feelings of a disagreeable kind..connected with the employment of one's thoughts, or muscles, or both, in a particular occupation.
b. Const. out: to exclude (oneself or someone). Hence, pleonastically, to include (someone) in.
This colloquial expression, which freq. indicates strong feelings of cynicism or disillusion, is attributed to the American film producer Sam Goldwyn.
1937A. Johnston in Sat. Even. Post 8 May 6/1 An ordinary man, on deciding to quit the Hays organization, might have turned to his fellow producers and said, ‘Gentlemen, I prefer to stand aloof,’ or, ‘Gentlemen, I have decided to go my own way.’ Sam [Goldwyn] said, ‘Gentlemen, include me out.’ 1938Hansard Commons 8 Nov. 18/1 It may be that the First Commissioner of Works..will now label the ‘Aye’ Lobby the ‘Sez you’ Lobby, and the other the ‘Include me out’ Lobby. 1946Wodehouse Joy in Morning xvi. 140 Include me out... Nothing doing. 1958G. Mitchell Spotted Hemlock x. 101, I shall suggest giving you lunch and include him in. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Aug. 435/1 He sees that our young men are angry; they do not see visions or dream dreams; they want neither to go back nor move forward: they only ask to be included-out of the social and historical process. 1959M. Steen Woman in Back Seat i. vii. 128 Oh, darling, please include me out! I can't bear affairs of that kind. 1967Wodehouse Company for Henry ii. 39 You surprise me. A free meal, and he made no attempt to include himself in? 1969V. Gielgud Necessary End iii. xv. 120 I'd like nothing better—in the immortal words—than to include myself out. 1971Daily Tel. 13 Oct. 11/5 Half the in-jokes included me out, but I revelled in the way the actors caricatured famous folk. 1972G. Bromley In Absence of Body iii. 33 Looking for clues? If so, include me in.
†4. To bring to a close: = conclude 5. Obs.
1591Shakes. Two Gent. v. iv. 160 We will include all iarres, With Triumphes, Mirth, and rare solemnity.
†5. To infer: = conclude 8. Obs.
1529More Suppl. Soulys Wks. 291/1 Wherof he would include that..y⊇ king must nedes graunt a licence to such lewd felowes to rayle vpon them.
Hence including vbl. n., inclusion.
1598Florio, Inclusione, an including. |