| 释义 |
▪ I. vie, n.1|viː|
Also vye, uye, uie, vi.
[a. OF. (also mod.F.) vie:—L. vīta life.]
†1. An account of the life of a saint. Obs.
a1200St. Marher. 34 Here i mai tellen ou..The vie of one meidan, was hoten Maregrete. a1225Juliana 2 Her cumseð þe uie of seinte iuliane, ant telleð of liflade hire. a1300Marina 227 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 173 He þat made & wrot þis vie, & hyre haþ in memorie, From shome Crist him shilde.
†2. Way of, or lot in, life. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 3474 Oure lauerd..Had don hir in to sikernes,..Quat suld be þaa childer vie, O þair weird and o þair lijf. Ibid. 21740 Þe croice..es..Fondement of ur clergi, Reule it es of hali vi. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 122 Angeles þat in helle now ben, hadden ioye some tyme, And diues in deyntees lyued, and in douce vye.
‖3. |vi| Used in a number of mod.Fr. phrases, as vie de Bohème |də bɔɛm|, a Bohemian way of life; also attrib.; vie de château |də ʃɑto|, the way of life of a large country house; aristocratic social life; vie de luxe |də lyks|, a life of luxury; vie d'intérieur |dɛ̃terjœr|, private or domestic life; vie en rose |ɑ̃ roz| [app. from a French song by Edith Piaf containing the line ‘je vois la vie en rose’], a life seen through rose-coloured spectacles; (la) vie intérieure |ɛ̃terjœr|, one's inner life, the life of the spirit; (la) vie intime |ɛ̃tim|, the intimate personal life of a person; Vie Parisienne |parizjɛn|, Parisian life, the name of a popular French magazine; used attrib. to denote a characteristic quality of voluptuous appeal; vie romancée |rɔmɑ̃se| [see romancé ppl. a.], a fictionalized biography.
1888Mrs. H. Ward Robert Elsmere I. i. vii. 174 That golden vie de Bohème which she alone apparently of all artists was destined never to know. 1957‘P. Quentin’ Suspicious Circumstances i. 5 Two days later I was installed in a suitably Vie de Bohème apartment looking out on the Luxembourg gardens. 1980S. T. Haymon Death & Pregnant Virgin ii. 12 Who could have prophesied that Paul Falkener, that personification of the vie de Bohème, would fall so completely under her spell?
1924A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl i. vii. 61 Is there a vie de château in the neighbourhood? 1979A. Buchan Scrap Screen i. 4 The denigrated sentiment of nostalgia..feeds on reconstructions of the vie de château.
1920‘K. Mansfield’ Let. Nov. (1928) II. 81 You realize the vie de luxe they are living—the very table— sweets, liqueurs, lilies, pearls. 1929O. Seaman Interludes of Editor 81 And, when in Town you take your meed, I'll mark the vie de luxe you lead.
1889M. S. Van de Velde Cosmopolitan Recoll. I. vii. 235 Under the roof that shelters them it appears to her [sc. the Queen of Italy] that there is no room for that happy vie d'interieur of which she is so honestly fond. 1933G. Arthur Septuagenarian's Scrap Bk. 201 The vie d'intérieur makes far less appeal. Take a look at the English drawing-room..conspiring to give a delicious sense of the room being lived in, a sense which is wholly foreign to the French salon. 1957O. Nash You can't get there from Here 45 He was wafted into a glamorous vie en rose of amorous ruses. 1974M. Cecil Heroines in Love vi. 157 So many hopes had tumbled that magazine writers were reluctant to present an unending vie en rose.
1912C. Mackenzie Carnival xxvii. 299 Suffragism viewed in retrospect was shoddy embroidery for the vie intérieure of Jenny. 1977A. Fraser in A. Thwaite My Oxford 175 If caught, alone and inexplicably loitering, it was conventional to snatch up a book of poetry (Donne was rather smart) and indicate sudden world-weariness, a preference for la vie intérieure. 1984Listener 5 Apr. 23/1 A work in which the vie intérieure of the American and European bourgeoisie is brought out into the daylight.
1891S. Webb Let. 23 May (1978) I. 272 La vie intime—I want to talk to you about very frankly. 1939Times Lit. Suppl. 7 Jan. 4/4 A novel with real characters, who, however, are not likely on that account to prosecute him for libel, despite his plain-spoken exposure of their vie intime. 1979L. Lerner Love & Marriage p. x, Those social historians who believe that la vie intime has a history which can be studied.
1890Kipling Abaft the Funnel (1909) 287, I replied that all my French was confined to the Vie Parisienne [sc. the French weekly La Vie Parisienne] and translations of Zola's novels with illustrations. 1936C. Connolly Rock Pool iii. 57 She..gave him long, soft Vie Parisienne glances. 1983L. MacDonald Somme viii. 78 The saucy Vie Parisienne, whose cut-out pictures enlivened the decor of almost every dugout on the Western Front.
1941New Yorker 13 Dec. 34/1 ‘The Beloved Returns’, last year's full-length vie romancée about Goethe, started as a short sketch. 1976Times Lit. Suppl. 9 Jan. 39/5 In biographical matters we have vie romancée: ‘if the question flashed through Schiller's mind, he must have dismissed it’.
▪ II. † vie, n.2 Obs. rare.
Also vye.
[Aphetic f. envie envy n.]
Envy.
13..Seuyn Sages (W.) 1028 Tho Ypocras wel he fond, Bi craft of the childes hond, That he couthe al his mastrie, And brast negh forth [read for] onde and vie. a1450Myrc 435 Ihesu cryst..Þat..vnder pounce pylate Was I-take for vye and hate, And soffrede peyne and passyone.
▪ III. † vie, n.3 Obs.
Also 6–7 vy(e.
[Aphetic ad. F. envi increase of stake (in OF., challenge, provocation), vbl. n. from envier to increase the stake (in OF., to challenge, provoke, invite):—L. invitāre: see envy v.2 So Sp. and Pg. envite (Sp. † embite), It. invito. The adv. avie is found slightly earlier (1509–). See also revie n.]
1. In card-playing: A challenge, venture, or bid; a sum ventured or staked on one's cards. Also in fig. context. (Common c 1590–1650).
1533More Debell. Salem Wks. 955/2 He fareth..as though we sate together playing at poste. For first he casteth my contradiction as a vye, to witte whether I woulde geue it ouer with a face. 1591Greene Conny Catch. (1859) 27 The Conny upon thys, knowing hys Card is the third or fourth Carde,..pawnes his rings if he hath any, hys sworde, his cloake, or els what hee hath about him to maintaine the vie. 1592Wotton Lett. (1907) I. 273 Not unlike a bad game at Mawe, wherein the first vye being seene, the cards are given before the second. a1618J. Davies (Heref.) Wittes Pilgr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 32/1 Both which an end do make Of all Love's Games saue when the Vies are paid. 1648Gage West Ind. ix. 26 So the cards were handsomely shuffled, the vies and revies were doubled. 1680Cotton Compl. Gamester xxii. (ed. 2) 106 The Vye is what you please to adventure upon the goodness of your own hand.
b. In the phr. to drop vie(s, in fig. use.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe Wks. (Grosart) V. 227 But Parish for Parish.., both for numbers in grosse of honest housholders,..and substantiall graue Burgers, Yarmouth shall droppe vie with them to the last Edward groate they are worth. 1636B. Jonson in Ann. Dubrensia (1877) 23, I cannot bring my Muse to dropp Vies Twixt Cotswold, and the Olimpicke exercise.
2. A challenge to contest or rivalry; a display of rivalry or emulation; a contest or competition. Occas. const. of. (Very common in 17th c.)
1568T. Howell Arb. Amitie (1879) 64 O Gratious Golde, Whose glittring vie Doth cheere and holde Eche gazing eie. 1605Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. Captaines 10 Samuel succeds: Jews crave a King: a vie Of People-Sway: States-Rule: and Monarchy. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxiv. 876/1 They..beganne a vie, who should be first in shewing their alteration. 1662Owen Animad. Fiat Lux xxi. Wks. 1855 XIV. 169 Let him begin the vie when he pleaseth; if I live and God will, I will try this matter with him before competent judges. 1674Govt. Tongue vi. 109 The King of Ethiopia in a vie of Wit with the King of Egypt, propos'd it as a Problem to him, to drink up the Sea.
b. In prepositional phrases, as at (a) vie, at the vies, in vie (of), on vie. Cf. avie adv.
1591Harington Orl. Fur. xxxix. xiv, They wast the fields, and seeme on vye to runne, By which of them most damage may be donne. 1603Florio Montaigne i. xxxix, Philip having heard his sonne great Alexander sing at a feast in vie of the best musitians. 1626Daniel Hist. Eng. Wks. (Grosart) IV. 231 The Empresse at the Vies with her Councell, resolues to send ouer her brother into Normandie. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xlv. 264 It was worth him above ten thousand Duckats, wherewith the Lords rewarded him as it were in vye of one another in recompence of the good service he did. 1674Govt. of Tongue vi. §12. 127 However as to this particular of defaming, both the sexes seem to be at a vie. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew s.v. Taudry, They..Bedeckt the Shrines and Altars of the Saints, as being at vye with each other upon that occasion.
3. A challenge as to the accuracy of something; an objection or difficulty. rare.
1591Horsey Trav. (Hakl. Soc.) App. 340 [He] hindred al the procedings I had begone, standinge uppon termes and vyes, saeing they were not the Quens letters I brought, nether her hand and sealle. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1197 Then came in Theon also with his vie, adding moreover & saying, that it could not be denied, but that in truth herein there haue bene great changes & mutations. 1640Sanderson Serm. (1681) II. 177 For private men to put in their vie, and..to call in question the decency or expediency of the things so established,..is it self indeed the most indecent and inexpedient thing.
4. attrib., as vie crown, vie stabs.
The meaning of three [? read thee] a vies wits in quot. 1589 is not clear.
1570Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) III. 2292/2 The Lord of Tame, with an other Gentleman beyng at Tables, playing, and dropping vye crownes, y⊇ Lady Elizabeth passing by, sayd: she would see the game out. 1589[? Lyly] Pappe w. Hatchet B ij, Thinkst thou thou hast so good a wit, as none can outwrangle thee? Yes Martin, wee will play three a vies wits. Ibid., Art thou so backt that none dare blade it with thee? Yes Martin, we will drop vie stabbes. 1593Harvey Pierce's Superer. Wks. (Grosart) II. 128 Vie stabbes, good Ecclesiasticall learning in his Apologie; and good Christian Charitie in his Homilie.
▪ IV. vie, v.|vaɪ|
Also 4, 6–9 vye, 7 vy.
[f. prec. or ad. F. envier: see prec. Sp. and Pg. envidar (Sp. † embidar), It. invitare are used in sense 1.
For an isolated earlier instance of the form see the note to sense 7.]
†1. intr. In card-playing: To make a ‘vie’; to hazard a certain sum on the strength of one's hand.
The use of the word by Singer Hist. Playing Cards (1816) 245 is merely an echo of invitasi in the Italian original (1526) of the passage.
1565Jewel Replie Hardings Answer iv. 302 He commeth in onely with ioyly bragges, and great vauntes, as if he were plaieinge at poste, and shoulde winne al by vieinge. 1591Greene Conny Catch. Wks. (Grosart) X. 27 They vie and reuie till some ten shillings bee on the stake. Ibid. 95 The next game they vied, and laid some fiue pound by on the belt. 1594Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits viii. (1596) 112 To play well at Primero, and to face and vie,..and by coniectures to know his aduersaries game,..are all workes of the imagination. a1618–1640 [see revie v. 4].
†b. In fig. context. Obs.
1622Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d' Alf. ii. To Rdr., He hath made a second part out of my first; and I onely imitated his second. And shall doe the like in the third, if being elder hand, he shall vye vpon me. 1646Quarles Judgem. & Mercy Wks. (Grosart) I. 83/1 As for thee, thy Cards are good, and having skill enough to play thy hopefull Game, vie boldly, conquer and triumph. 1654[see revie v. 4].
†2. trans. To hazard, stake, or venture (a certain sum, etc.) on a hand of cards. Freq. in fig. context. Obs.
1577Grange Golden Aphrod., etc. P j, Then will they vaunt, and graunt, and for affinitie, At cardes they will vye and reuye, each their virginitie. 1591Greene Conny Catch. Wks. (Grosart) X. 28 At last the barnacle plies it so, that perhaps he vies more mony then the cony hath in his purse. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage i. xvi. 84 The worlds false-hood, that playeth with Scepters, and vieth Diademes, vsing men like Counters. 1640Quarles Enchirid. i. c. G iv, You,..Princes of this lower World, who..vye Kingdomes, and winne Crownes. c1645Howell Lett. II. xv, I find that you have a very hazardous game in hand, therfore give it up, and do not vie a farthing upon't. 1658–9Burton's Diary (1828) III. 35 note, The Commonwealth party and the Protector's or Court party, began to vie stakes, and pecked at one another in their light skirmishes.
†b. To venture (money) in other ways. Obs.
1599Hall Sat. iv. ii. 93 More than who vies his pence to view some tricke Of strange Moroccoes dumb arithmeticke.
†3. To back (cards) for a certain sum; to declare oneself able to win (a game, etc.). Obs.
In first quot. in fig. context: for the use of pair cf. quot. a 1618 in 3 b.
1583B. Melbancke Philotimus E e iij, So that hee which hath my misaduentures, and is enthralled with thy presente state, maye vie the paire for sorrowe, whatsoeuer the stake be. 1591Greene Conny Catch. (1592) 7 Ile vie and reuie euerie card at my pleasure, til either yours or mine come out. 1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. iv. ii, Wel. S'light, here's a trick vyed, and reuyed! 1655J. Cotgrave Wit's Interpr. (1662) 366 The first, or eldest, 'tis possible, sayes, Ile vye the Ruff; the next says, Ile see it.
†b. In the phr. to vie it; also in fig. context.
1591Florio 2nd Fruites 69 S. Let vs plaie at primero... A. What shall we plaie for? S. One shilling stake, and three rest... I vye it, will you hould it? A. Yea Sir, I hold it, and reuie it. 1608Chapman Byron's Trag. Plays 1873 II. 285 Qu. Passe. Byr. I vy 't. a1618J. Davies (Heref.) Wittes Pilgr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 38/1 One, vies it, beeing but a Knaue, perchance, Against a King, or Queene, or Paires of both. 1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. ix. 235 All this time the Knights play'd it at Dutch Gleek, and had so vied it, and revied it, that they were all Honours in their faces. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. xvi. (Roxb.) 73/1 The eldest hand may pass and com in againe, if any of the gamsters vye it, else the dealer may play it out, or double it.
†c. In fig. use. Obs.
1604Middleton Father Hubburd's T. in Bullen O. Pl. VIII. 95 One..likened me to a sea-crab;..another fellow vied it, and said I looked like a rabbit. 1641H. L'Estrange God's Sabbath 31 As for the Protestant writers,..we dare vie it with the Anticiparians, and give them oddes, two for one at least. 1654Gataker Disc. Apol. 3 He makes grievous complaint elswhere of scurrilous Mercuries, that vie it with his scurrilous Merlins. 1673[R. Leigh] Transp. Reh. 100 To vye him, and see him, and re-vye him in contradictions. This figure now is lost to any man that is not a gamester.
4. To display, advance, practise, etc., in competition or rivalry with another person or thing; to contend or strive with in respect of (something). Obs. or arch. (Very common in 17th c.)
c1570Bugbears ii. iv. 39 in R. W. Bond Early Plays from Italian (1911) 106, I will vye slepes with him that lookes oute of a hood. 1605B. Jonson Volpone iv. vi, Out, thou Chameleon harlot; now, thine eyes Vie teares with the Hyæna. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iv. vi. 267 The Queen, vying gold and silver with the King of Spain, had money or credit, when the other had neither. 1660N. Ingelo Bentiv. & Ur. i. (1682) 102 One eye vied drops with the other. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables ccclxxx. (1694) 401 Nothing else will serve him..but to vye Exellencies with those that took him out of the Dirt. 1702S. Parker tr. Cicero's De Finibus ii. 126 The Mortal might vie Pleasures and Summum Bonum with the Eternal Being. 1720Mrs. Manley Power of Love (1741) 11 So beautiful, that thou may'st vie Advantages with the East and West. 1822Lamb Elia i. Some old Actors, I have seen some..very sensible actresses..who..have seemed to set their wits at the jester, and to vie conceits with him in downright emulation.
†b. Similarly without const. Obs.
1597J. King On Jonas (1618) 282 An auncient historie of vowes vied and reuied between the citizens of Croto. 1598E. Guilpin Skial. (1878) 60 By and by Thei'le be by the ears, vie stabs, exchange disgraces. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. i. 40 They vyed cruelties, and strove who should overcome each other therein. 1650Weldon Crt. Jas. I, 7 Had you seen how the Lords did vye courtesies to this poor Gentleman,..you could not but have condemned them of much basenesse. 1694Atterbury Serm. (1723) I. 79, I think it by no means a fit and decent thing to vie Charities, and to erect the reputation of one upon the ruins of another.
†c. To rival (a thing). Obs. rare.
1607Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. ii. 72 He did it to vie that triple crowne which the Emperour had. 1691J. Wilson Belphegor iii. i, Bating that Palace, there's not a House in Genoa better furnish'd;—and for Picture—I dare almost vie Italy.
5. To match (one thing) with another by way of return, rivalry, or comparison. Now arch.
1583B. Melbancke Philotimus T iij b, Though I enuie thee now, thou shouldest not vye it with malice. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Sacrifice xxii, The Jews..vying malice with my gentlenesse, Pick quarrels with their onely happinesse. 1664J. Wilson A. Commenius ii. ii, I'll vie his Autumn, with the pride of springs. 1685Lady R. Russell Lett. I. xxvii. 73, I will take your advice, and vie my state with others. 1718Entertainer No. 19. 124 People would never be so vilely corrupted, as to vie Shade with Substance, and prefer Trash..to intrinsick Worth. 1877Tennyson Harold v. i. 86–7 Leofwin. And someone saw thy willy-nilly nun Vying a tress against our golden fern. Harold. Vying a tear with our cold dews, a sigh With these low-moaning heavens.
†6. To increase in number by addition or repetition. Obs.
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. ii. i. 311 Shee hung about my necke, and kisse on kisse Shee vi'd so fast..That in a twinkle she won me to her loue. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. iii. Furies 664 Sorrow..Creeping in corners, where she sits and vies Sighs from her heart, tears from her blubbered eyes. 1630R. Brathwait Eng. Gentlem. (1641) 24 Lest shee be forced to vie sighes for their sinnes. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Easter iii, Since all musick is but three parts vied And multiplied.
†b. To add on; to give or take by way of addition. Obs.
a1635Randolph Amyntas ii. iv. 161 Minds in love, Doe count their daies by minutes, measure howres,..And for each vie a teare. 1635Quarles Emblems i. viii. Wks. (Grosart) III. 57/2 One dotes; the other loathes: One frisks and sings, and vies a flagon more To drench dry cares.
7. intr. To enter into, or carry on, rivalry; to be rivals or competitors; to contend or compete for superiority in some respect. Also const. for or in (the object or matter of rivalry).
In Chaucer's Dethe of Blaunche 173 the Tanner MS. (15th c.) has vie, and Thynne (1532) vye, for envye of the Fairfax MS., which is prob. the correct reading.
1615R. Brathwait Strappado (1878) 146 Her teares by his finde their renew'd Supplies, Both vie as for a wager, which to winne, The more she wept, the more she forced him. 1648Gage West Ind. 209 In Rome Sir William Hamilton..vied much for the said Cardinals Cap. a1700Evelyn Diary 6 June 1687, The Commanders profusely vying in the expence and magnificence of tents. 1718Prior Protogenes & Apelles 86 Howe'er Protogenes and I May in our Rival Talents vie. 1736Thomson Liberty iv. 291 Not unworthy, she [sc. Genoa] Vy'd for the trident of the narrow seas. 1785Wolcot (P. Pindar) Lyric Odes, To P. Pindar i, They show'd their gold-lac'd clothes with pride, In harmless sallies frequent vied. 1806Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life (1870) I. xi. 54 They all vied in paying me every attention. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles i. v, As vainly had her maidens vied In skill to deck the princely bride. 1860Maury Phys. Geog. Sea (Low) iii. §168 The China seas and the North Pacific may vie in the fury of their gales.
b. Const. with; also † against, † on, † upon.
1602[see revie v. 4 b]. 1614W. Browne Sheph. Pipe v. E 3, Who 'gainst the Sun (though weakned by the morne) Would vie with lookes, needeth an Eagles eye. a1650Montrose in Watson Sc. Poems (1711) III. 108 If..in the Empire of thy Heart, Where I should solely be, Another do pretend a Part, And dare to Vie with me. 1683Kennett tr. Erasm. on Folly (1709) 128 How the tawdry butterflies vie upon one another. 1692Washington tr. Milton's Def. Pop. vii. Wks. 1851 VIII. 183 Many other things I omit, for..my design is not to vie with you in Impertinence. 1731–8Swift Polite Conv. Introd. 81 One Isaac Newton..might possibly pretend to vye with me for Fame in future times. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. iv. (1778) I. 359 They vie with one another in refinements of torture. 1832R. & J. Lander Exped. Niger I. i. 1 In fact they all vied with each other in making themselves agreeable. 1840Macaulay Ess., Clive (1897) 531 The wealth of Clive was such as enabled him to vie with the first grandees of England. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1875) III. xii. 79 Distant Kings would have vied with one another in offering their daughters to such a bridegroom.
c. transf. Of things.
1615R. Brathwait Strappado (1878) 173 For know (though my ability be poore) My good-will vie's with any Emperour. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 184 We beheld Lamps at Night striving to vie with the Stars for Number and Lustre. 1702Pope Dryope 23 Fruits that vie In glowing colours with the Tyrian dye. 1747Gray Death Fav. Cat 10 Her coat, that with the tortoise vies. 1773Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 25 Aug., A library that for luminousness and elegance may vie at least with the new edifice at Streatham. 1823F. Clissold Ascent Mt. Blanc 23 The glassy pinnacles of the..Alps,..vying with the brightness of the western horizon. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. x. II. 617 The wealthiest merchant of London,..whose banquets vied with those of kings. 1872Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes (1879) 224 The view from the summit will vie with that from any one of the Lake mountains.
†8. To contend in debate. Obs.
a1610–a 1734 [see revie v. 4 c].
Hence † vied ppl. a.; ˈvieing vbl. n. and ppl. a.; ˈvieingly adv.
1605R. Armin Foole upon F. (1880) 5 Iack Oates..was dealing to himselfe at *vide-ruffe (for that was the game he ioyed in). 1607Heywood Wom. Killed w. Kindn. 128 Gentlemen, what shall our game be?.. Faith, let it be vide-ruff, and let's make honours. 1610R. Cocks Diary (1901) 114 Dec. 12, Loste at vyed ruffe ij s vj d. 1612Bacon Charge touching Duels Wks. 1879 I. 681/1 A difference..made in case of killing and destroying man, upon a fore-thought purpose, between foul and fair, and as it were between single murder and vied murder. 1620Shelton Quix. (1746) III. 245 My Sport shall be vy'd Trump at Christmas.
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Embite, *vieng at any game, Iteratio. 1689Tryal Bps. 6 The King's Counsel have answered your Objections, and we must not permit Vying and Re-vying upon one another.
a1660Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archæol. Soc.) II. 43 Colonell Jones, governor of Dublin, the other *veyinge gamster, played his parte very well hitherto.
1832Examiner 691/1 People would have to be careful how they..exaggerate their afflictions, as they are apt *vyingly with each other to do.
▪ V. vie
southern ME. variant of fay v.1 |