| 释义 |
violation|vaɪəˈleɪʃən|
Also 5–6 vyolacion, violacion(e, 6 -acyon, -atioune.
[a. OF. violacion (F. violation, = Sp. violacion, Pg. violação, It. violazione), or ad. L. violātiōn-, violātio, noun of action f. violāre to violate.]
The action of violating, in various senses.
1. a. Infringement or breach, flagrant disregard or non-observance, of some principle or standard of conduct or procedure, as an oath, promise, law, etc.; an instance of this.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 291 An objeccion was made to hym of the violacion of his religion and beleve. c1440Gesta Rom. xxxiv. 133 (Harl. MS.), Þe Emperour beynge in gret wrethe, for violacion of his precepte & comaundement. 1518Star Chamb. Cases (Selden) II. 150 The further violacion and disordryng of the ordenaunces, vsages, and auncient custumes of the said towne. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxii. §15 The harme that groweth by violation of holie ordinances. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. iv. iv. 488 It cannot faile, but by The Violation of my faith. 1655S. Ashe Fun. Serm. Gataker 18 It will be no violation of the Law of charity to affirm, that he was never truly good who doth not strive to be better. 1681J. Flavel Meth. Grace xxxiii. 556 This is a sure rule, that the greatest violation of conscience is the greatest sin. 1711Addison Spect. No. 99 ⁋7 The great Violation of the Point of Honour from Man to Man, is giving the Lie. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 153 The violation, or non-performance, of these contracts might be extended into as great a variety of wrongs, as the rights which we then considered. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. iii. (1782) I. 75 Without any violation of the principles of the constitution. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 232 Of this rule there are many violations to be met with. 1863Kinglake Crimea (1877) I. 360 It would be regarded by the Czar as a flagrant violation of treaty. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 11 Laws are passed concerning violations of military discipline.
b. Without const.
1481Coventry Leet Bk. 475 Eny thyng..wherby the seid trewes & other conuencions passed betwen vs..myght fall in vyolacion or Ruptur in any wyse. a1513Fabyan Chron. vii. 472 The peas whiche then was proclaymed..whiche endured nat longe without vyolacion. 1640Grimston Speech 9 Nov. (1641) 5 To adjourne the house upon any command whatsoever, without the consent and approbation of the House it selfe, were breaches and violations that highly impeached our priviledges.
(b) In mod. use chiefly U.S., esp. = an infringement of the law; an infringement of the rules in some sports.
1961in Webster. 1973E. Caldwell Annette (1974) vii. i. 155 Jack immediately began complaining that the police had no right to follow him and charge him with a traffic violation when he was certain he had not driven through any stop signs or red lights and had been careful to stay under the speed limit. 1976Honolulu Star-Bull. 21 Dec. h–2/1, I only hope Big Brother can take as hard a line against those who transferred out of the VH program should they be equally as guilty of violations. 1982L. Block Eight Million Ways to Die (1983) iv. 47, I couldn't recall the last time I'd seen a cop ticket anyone for a moving violation.
†2. The action of treating or handling violently and injuriously. Obs.
c1485Digby Myst. (1882) ii. 179 All..with furyous vyolacion..Thus shalbe subduyd. 1616Bullokar Eng. Expos., Violation, an offering of violence, a breaking. a1656Ussher Ann. vi. (1658) 424 Perseus..sent away the Rodians open Vessels, and Eudemus their President without Violation, nay even civilly entreated. 1699Evelyn Kal. Hort. (ed. 9) 23 To apply the Collateral Branches of his Wall Fruits..(without violation and unnatural bending, and reverting) to the Earth or Borders.
3. a. Defilement of chastity, etc.; in later use esp. by means of violence.
1497Bp. Alcock Mons Perfect. D iij, In clennes of body & soule without voluntary pollucion or vyolacion. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 182 Thou..conceyued thy chylde without corrupcyon or violacyon of thy virginite. 1696Phillips (ed. 5) s.v., A forcing of a Woman against her Will, is call'd a Violation of her Chastity. 1727Bailey (vol. II), Rape,..a Ravishing, or forcible Violation of the Chastity of a Woman, or Virgin.
b. Ravishment, outrage, rape.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, iii. iii. 21 What is't to me, when you your selues are cause, If your pure Maydens fall into the hand Of hot and forcing Violation? 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. 1769Blackstone Comm. IV. 81 By violation is understood carnal knowledge, as well without force, as with it. 1810Southey Kehama ix. 126 When Arvalan, in hour with evil fraught, For violation seized the shrieking Maid. 1843Penny Cycl. XXV. 171/2 The law [of treason] has been held to apply to a criminal connection by consent as well as to a forcible violation.
4. Desecration or profanation of something sacred.
1546Gardiner Detect. Devil's Sophistrie 15 b, The breakyng of the most blessed sacrament, by the ministre in the masse, doth no violacion to christes most precious body there present. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark iii. 26 They sawe the dumme beast might lawfully be drawen out of the hole, lest it shoulde peryshe, without anye violacion or breache of the sabboth. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. 1777R. Watson Philip II (1839) 221 The Spanish soldiers themselves..were afterwards..touched with remorse on account of their violation of the churches. 1849James Woodman ii, What he desires to do, that he will do—even to the violation of sanctuary. 1856C. Knight Hist. Eng. I. xxvii. 425 The violation of a sacred place by murder was considered a greater crime than the murder itself.
5. Improper use of something.
1822Shelley Chas. I, ii. 75 Look that those merchants..take fullest compensation For violation of our royal forests.
Hence vioˈlational a. rare.
1810Bentham Packing (1821) 94 Something or other..‘injurious’, ‘prejudicial’, ‘hurtful’, or ‘violational’. 1876J. J. G. Wilkinson Hum. Sci. & Div. Rev. 25 Medicine has made great strides of late, and this is owing noticeably to violational science. [Violationism and violationist are also used in this work, pp. 577, 579, etc.] |