| 释义 |
initiation|ɪnɪʃɪˈeɪʃən|
[ad. L. initiātiōn-em, n. of action f. initiāre to initiate. Cf. F. initiation (15th c. in Godef. Compl.).]
The action of initiating, or fact of being initiated.
1. The action of beginning, entering upon, or ‘starting’ something; the fact of being begun; beginning, commencement, origination.
1641Brightman Predict. 3 The Church of Germanie had its initiation or beginning in Martin Luther..in..1517. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 132 The Parliament..had granted but one Subsidy since the initiation of King James his reign. 1842Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 73 We must ever refer them back to some antecedent force..and therefore the word initiation cannot in strictness apply. 1859Mill Liberty iii. (1865) 39 The initiation of all wise or noble things, comes and must come from individuals; generally at first from some one individual. 1863H. Cox Instit. i. vi. 43 Concerned in the initiation of Parliamentary measures.
2. a. Formal introduction by preliminary instruction or initial ceremony into some position, office, or society, or to knowledge of or participation in some principles or observances; hence generally, Admission to the knowledge, or instruction in the elements, of any subject or practice.
1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 81 At the time of their initiation, institution, induction and admission [into a benefice]. 1610Bp. Hall Apol. Brownists §6 In the first of these is required indeede a solemne initiation by baptisme. 1659Order in Commons, Bernard Inn in N. & Q. 7th Ser. II. 302/1 Some young Gentlemen of this House have lately had disorderly Meetings which they call ‘Initiations’. 1780Johnson Lett. to Mrs. Thrale 25 May, Bath is a good place for the initiation of a young lady. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. xvi. (1877) 268 A large school is a most valuable initiation into actual life.
b. attrib., as initiation ceremony, initiation fee, initiation process, initiation rite.
1899Spencer & Gillen Native Tribes Cent. Austral. vii. 212 All Australian natives, with rare exceptions, have to pass through some initiation ceremony before being admitted to the secrets of the tribe. 1935B. Malinowski Coral Gardens II. vi. 234 The instruction may take place in the course of initiation ceremonies. 1951R. Firth Elem. Social Organiz. ii. 47 Economic, ritual, and recreational affairs..are often difficult to disentangle within a complex institutional sequence of events, such as an initiation ceremony. 1890Gross Gild Merch. I. 29 To become a gildsman..it was necessary to pay certain initiation-fees. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 531 They always take a new name, and are supposed by the initiation process to become new beings in the magic wood.
1916H. B. Alexander N. Amer. Mythol. xi. 243 A myth which seems clearly reminiscent of initiation rites. 1937R. H. Lowie Hist. Ethnol. Theory (1938) xi. 180 Boys' initiation rites probably involve circumcision. 1974‘S. Woods’ Done to Death 186 Tribal initiation rites in one of the Indian reservations in the United States.
▸ Chem. A process which begins a chain reaction; spec. the use of a reactive species to begin a polymerization reaction.
1936Proc. Royal Soc. (A.) 155694 We represent polymerization as a chain reaction comprising (i) initiation..(ii) propagation..(iii) termination. 1967D. Margerison & G. C. East Introd. Polymer Chem. iv. 154 Isobutene cannot be polymerized using free radical initiation. 1985A. Streitwieser & C. H. Heathcock Introd. Org. Chem. xxxiv. 1114 In anionic polymerization, initiation is accomplished by addition of a nucleophile to a carbon-carbon double bond. 2002Q. Zhou et al. in R. Krishnamoorti & R. A. Vaia Polymer Nanocomposites v. 45 The surface properties and chemistry involved in the initiation process may dramatically affect a living polymerization mechanism.
▸ initiation codon n. Molecular Biol. a codon that signals the beginning of the synthesis of a polypeptide chain, esp. the beginning of translation.
1966Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56 1583 Factors which might primarily influence the specific interaction between a unique species of Met-tRNA and an *initiation codon. 1990EMBO Jrnl. 9 2639/1 The BM2 protein initiation codon overlaps with the termination codon of the M1 protein. 2000B. Lewin Genes VII i. 26/2 A sequence that is translated into protein has a reading frame that starts with a special initiation codon (AUG) and that extends through a series of triplets representing amino acids. |