| 释义 |
▪ I. intelligence, n.|ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəns|
Also 5–6 -ens.
[a. F. intelligence (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. intelleg-, intelligentia understanding, from intellegent-em intelligent: see -ence.]
1. The faculty of understanding; intellect.
1390Gower Conf. III. 378 He, which..thilke intelligence In mannes soule resonable Hath shape to be perdurable. c1450Cov. Myst. xxvii. (Shaks. Soc.) 273 It excedyth myn intellygens. 1591Spenser Teares Muses 255 A stonie coldnesse hath benumbd the sence..And dimd with darknesse their intelligence. 1664Power Exp. Philos. iii. 158 To say, this Polary direction proceeds from itself, is to put a Soul, or Intelligence, at least, into the Stone. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. iv. §3 (1819) 49 There being no difference, as far as argument is concerned, between an intelligence which is not exerted, and an intelligence which does not exist. 1830Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. 4 He is led to the conception of a Power and an Intelligence superior to his own.
2. Understanding as a quality of admitting of degree; spec. superior understanding; quickness of mental apprehension, sagacity. (Said also in reference to animals.)
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 9 God the ffulfylle withe intelligence. 1507Communyc. (W. de W.) A ij, O man deuoyde of intellygence Open thyne eeres unto my call and crye. 1508Dunbar Poems iv. 34 He spairis no lord for his piscence, Na clerk for his intelligence. 1568Grafton Chron. I. Ep., That some learned Englisheman of good intelligence would..confute such errors. 1780Burke Sp. Econ. Ref. Wks. 1842 I. 232 We can proceed with confidence, because we can proceed with intelligence. 1837Penny Cycl. IX. 350/1 Baron Cuvier..observes [of elephants] that.. he never found their intelligence surpass that of a dog nor of many other carnivorous animals. 1847Carpenter Zool. §202 The Common Seal..is readily domesticated, and shows great intelligence and attachment to Man. 1872Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 428 It is clear that intelligence has ever proved itself superior to ignorance.
3. a. The action or fact of mentally apprehending something; understanding, knowledge, cognizance, comprehension (of something). Now rare or Obs.
c1450Mirour Saluacioun 3680 To whayme..Crist gaf..Grace of the haly gast and eke of tonges intelligence. c1530Crt. of Love 5, I write, as he that none intelligence Of metres hath, ne floures of sentence. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 46 It helpis us to the trew intelligence of the scripture. 1620T. Granger Div. Logike 2 God doth not reason..but with one simple apprehension, or intelligence he knowes all things. 1790H. More Relig. Fash. World (1791) 75 A disposition to enjoy them, arising from an intelligence of their nature, and a reverence for their value. 1819Shelley Peter Bell v. xi, Of lakes he had intelligence; He knew something of heath and fell.
†b. ? A branch of knowledge, department of science. Obs.
1390Gower Conf. III. 90 Mathematique of his science Hath yet the thridde intelligence Full of wisdom and of clergie And cleped is geometrie.
4. a. An impersonation of intelligence; an intelligent or rational being; esp. applied to one that is or may be incorporeal; a spirit.
[1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ii. ii. (Add. MS. 27944), Spiritis þat beþ also I-clepid intelligencie [Lat. pl.], beþ ful of schappis & liknes þat nediþ to haue knowlech & konnynge. ]1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. iii. (Arb.) 23 The diuine intelligences or good Angels. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 181 How fully hast thou satisfi'd mee, pure Intelligence of Heav'n, Angel serene! 1685Boyle Enq. Notion Nat. 53 The School Philosophers..teach, the Cœlestial Orbs to be moved or guided by Intelligences, or Angels. 1756Nugent Montesquieu's Spir. Laws (1758) I. i. i. 1 The intelligences superior to man have their laws. 1829Southey Sir T. More I. 11 A correspondent degree of wickedness may effect a communion with evil Intelligences. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) I. iii. 50 Man, as a thinking and cogniting intelligence.
b. An embodiment of intelligence; a person of superior intellect. rare.
1824Miss Mitford Village Ser. i. (1863) 177 ‘Really’, said Charles Grover, our intelligence—a fine old steady judge..‘they are no better than so many old women’.
5. a. Interchange of knowledge, information, or sentiment; mutual conveyance of information; communication, intercourse. Now rare or Obs.
1531Elyot Gov. iii. xxiv, Also intelligence is nowe used for an elegant worde, where there is mutuall treaties or appoyntementes, eyther by letters or message. 1549Compl. Scot. ix. 78 Ane prince of athenes callit circisus..hed secret intelligens vitht xerxes kyng of perse. 1560Bible (Genev.) Dan. xi. 30 He shal euen returne, & haue intelligence with them that forsake the holie couenant. 1614Raleigh Hist. World i. (1634) 120 That they might repayre to each other and keepe intelligence by River. 1664Butler Hud. ii. iii. 848 [Constellations] as they came from hence, With us may hold Intelligence. 1717Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Pope 12 Feb., They took it into their heads..that he was of intelligence with the enemy. 1720Mrs. Manley Power of Love (1741) 250 They were of Intelligence together. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. vii. vi. (1864) IV. 190 Denunciations of..the barbarity of these..who were accused of secret intelligence and confederacy with the Mohammedans.
fig.1650Fuller Pisgah ii. iv. 106 Whence he concluded that this river entertained an underground intelligence with that fountain.
†b. esp. applied to the communication of spies, secret or private agents, etc. Obs.
1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1372/1 Diuerse aduertisements thereof sent..by other good meanes and intelligences from hir ambassadors and seruants residing in other countries. 1695Temple Hist. Eng. 565 He practis'd private Intelligences in the Danish Court. 1696Phillips (ed. 5), Intelligence,..the Correspondence that Statesmen and Merchants hold in Foreign Courts and Countreys.
†6. A relation or footing of intercourse between persons or parties; a good (or other) understanding between or with. Obs.
1597–8Bacon Ess., Followers (Arb.) 32 That ill intelligence that we many times see between great personages. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 262 With the king of Polonia hee hath not any negotiation, save good intelligence. 1661Bramhall Just Vind. vi. 146 Intestine discord between the King and his Barons, bad intelligence with Neighbour-Princes. 1696Phillips (ed. 5), Intelligence,..the Union and Amity between two or more Persons that rightly understand one another. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) VII. xvi. §6. 43 He sent an embassy..to renew the good intelligence between them. 1827Scott Napoleon VIII. 405 Having made the truce with Joachim..it was to last no longer than his good intelligence with her ally.
fig.1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. iv. §11 The sciences..which have had better intelligence..with the imagination..than with..reason, are.. astrology, natural magic, and alchemy. 1642Fuller Holy & P. State ii. viii. 77 Well did the Poets feigne Pallas Patronesse of arts and armes, there being ever good intelligence betwixt the two Professions.
7. a. Knowledge as to events, communicated by or obtained from another; information, news, tidings; spec. information of military value.
c1450Cov. Myst. xiii. (Shaks. Soc.) 125 The aungel Gabryel apperyd hym to, That hese wyff xulde conseyve he ȝaff hym intelligence. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxxvi. (Percy Soc.) 190 We anone to our lady Pacience Will geve of you perfyte intelligence. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 830, I suspend [belief] till some eye-intelligence of some of our parts have testified the truth. 1695Temple Hist. Eng. (1699) 5 These were the Men from whom Cæsar drew his best Intelligence concerning the Country. 1714Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Wortley Montagu 24 Sept., I fear her intelligence is not at all to be depended on. 1799G. Harris Diary 4 Apr. in Wellington Disp. (1837) I. 24 If our intelligence is true, his [sc. Tippoo Sultaun's] whole army are in a complete state of terror. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. v. 485 Intelligence poured in from all quarters, that one place after another was assailed. 1880McCarthy Own Times IV. xlix. 29 The most accurate source of intelligence in all matters of public interest. 1899McClure's Mag. Mar. 473/2 The swift single cruisers, the purveyors of intelligence. 1925Fraser & Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 125 ‘Intelligence’, i.e. information of military value. The use of the word as a military technical term dates from the 16th Century, but in the War of 1914–18 it was used to denote specially the department of the General Staff dealing with information. 1974Times 15 Jan. 14/3 The first question that everybody asked was why the intelligence of the Arab armies massing on the borders..was misread?
†b. pl. A piece of information or news. Obs.
1592T. Henage Let. in Sir H. Unton's Corr. (Roxb.) 268 The busines of procuringe the intelligences of the world. 1654–66Ld. Orrery Parthenissa (1676) 529 The just gods..have sent me an Intelligence. 1682Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 231 For the suppressing all the weekly intelligences and other libells. 1707J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. ii. xi. 147 The Keeper [of the Paper Office] hath in his Charge all the publick Papers..all Letters, Intelligences, Negotiations of the Queen's publick Ministers abroad. 1750[R. Paltock] Life P. Wilkins xl. (1883) 114/2, I sent for Nasgig to obtain some intelligences I wanted to be informed of.
c. The obtaining of information; the agency for obtaining secret information; the staff of persons so employed, secret service. Cf. intelligencer.
1602Marston Antonio's Rev. iv. i. Wks. 1856 I. 117 When will the Duke holde feed Intelligence, Keepe warie observation in large pay? 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 240 We have here the worst intelligence, of any Instruments that any Prince in Christendome doth imploy in so waighty a businesse. 1668Pepys Diary 14 Feb., Secretary Morrice did this day in the House..say that he was allowed but {pstlg}700 a-year for intelligence. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 133 To land some Men purposely to get Prisoners for intelligence. 1915Kipling France at War 21 The Intelligence with its stupefying photo-plans of the enemy's trenches. 1949A. Christie Crooked House xii. 95 A person who has something to hide can't really afford to talk at all. The blokes knew that in Intelligence during the war. 1957[see courier n. 1 b]. 1963A. Orlov Handbk. Intelligence i. 10 Stalin in 1932 ordered intelligence to discontinue sending him quarterly surveys of foreign countries. 1974Listener 31 Jan. 142/1 Tizard has managed to get it through that someone should be seconded to British Intelligence for a while.
d. Comb. (sense 7 c) intelligence agency, intelligence corps, intelligence officer, intelligence operator, intelligence service; intelligence department, a department of a state organization or of a military or naval service whose object is to obtain information (esp. by means of secret service officers or a system of spies); Intelligence Office (U.S.), ‘an office or place where information may be obtained, particularly respecting servants’ (Webster, 1864).
1951*Intelligence Agency [see C.I.A. s.v. C III. 3]. 1960J. Blish Galactic Cluster 116 This intelligence agency is my sole source of income... I have every right to operate a private investigation bureau. 1963A. Orlov Handbk. Intelligence i. 7 The American intelligence agencies monitor as many as five million words daily from foreign radio broadcasts alone.
1898Westm. Gaz. 24 Sept. 5/2 (France) Colonel Picquart then presided over the spy department, known in polite language as the *Intelligence Bureau.
1961*Intelligence Corps [see intelligence operator below]. 1974P. McCutchan Call for Simon Shard xiv. 132 Hedge had been in the war, a captain in the Intelligence Corps.
1875Encycl. Brit. II. 573/1 The *Intelligence Department [of the Army]..under a Deputy-Adjutant-General. 1888Times (weekly ed.) 3 Feb. 9/1 An intelligence department—that is, a department which gathers information of every class and character to enable the administration in that department to use their Services if called upon. 1895Whitaker's Almanack 230 Naval Intelligence Department. 1928W. S. Maugham Ashenden i. 2 The Colonel..was known in the Intelligence Department..by the letter R.
1611Cotgr., Intelligencier..an *intelligence-giuer; a spy.
1692Bentley Boyle Lect. iii. 102 Berosius set up his *Intelligence Office at Cos. 1856Olmsted Slave States 31 Much like Intelligence Offices, being large rooms partly occupied by ranges of forms.
1885Pall Mall G. 6 Mar. 7/1 The Survey and *Intelligence officers are again busy in all directions. 1901Westm. Gaz. 31 Dec. 10/1 You are intelligence officer to the new cavalry brigade. 1914R. Brooke in E. Marsh Rupert Brooke (1918) 132 Intelligence Officer in H.M.S. Vengeance. 1946E. M. Zacharias (title) Secret mission: the story of an intelligence officer.
1961Times 12 Sept. 2/6 The Intelligence Corps... Vacancies exist for training in the trades of:—Staff *Intelligence Operator and Counter Intelligence Operator.
1930B. Miall tr. Berndorff's Espionage i. 16 At Nice..he continued to work for the French *Intelligence Service. 1932R. H. B. Lockhart Mem. Brit. Agent iv. iii. 234 A Colonel in our Intelligence Service. 1956A. L. Rowse Early Churchills 262 Of this Marlborough, whose intelligence-service was always of the first order, was well aware. 1974Listener 31 Jan. 142/1 The Führer..said he had a secret weapon. Immediately Neville Chamberlain..asked the Intelligence Services what the secret weapon was.
8. attrib. and Comb., as intelligence quotient [ad. G. intelligenz-quotient (W. L. Stern, 1912)], a number arrived at by means of intelligence tests and intended to express the degree of intelligence of an individual in relation to the average for the age-group, which is fixed at 100; abbrev. I.Q. (I. III); so intelligence test, tester, testing.
1921C. L. Burt Mental & Scholastic Tests 151 If a child's mental age be divided by his chronological age, the quotient will state what fraction of ability the child actually possesses... This fraction may be termed..the child's ‘*intelligence quotient’. 1922R. S. Woodworth Psychol. xii. 274 Brightness or dullness can also be measured by the intelligence quotient. 1944H. Read Educ. Free Men iii. 13 Truth, we say, is not found exclusively in the possession of those with a high ‘intelligence quotient’. 1953Sci. News XXIX. 45 Isolated concepts, from sex-motivation to intelligence quotients, are taken up, puffed up, and what may be limited but useful notions become ridiculed, because of the disproportionate importance attached to them. 1971Nature 2 Apr. 306/1 The worship of the Intelligence Quotient, mercifully a-dying, is still not entirely dead. 1972Kagan & Havemann Psychol. (ed. 2) xiv. 473 The intelligence quotient, or I.Q., is simply the relationship of mental age to chronological age; it is obtained by the formula I.Q. = MA/Chronological age × 100... This is the general principle for computing the I.Q. on the Stanford-Binet. In actual practice..the I.Q. is usually determined from tables that make it possible to compare the child's raw score with the scores made by other children of the same age. This latter method is also the one used with all other intelligence tests... This statistical method of computing the I.Q. is valuable because the concept of mental age..is not meaningful for adults.
1914Eugenics Rev. Apr. 42 General ability, estimated by *intelligence tests, is largely hereditary. 1957Technology Mar. 10/1 The trade school, however, is well equipped to sort wheat from chaff—each candidate is given the latest types of intelligence and aptitude tests.
1927A. Huxley Proper Stud. 65 The *intelligence-testers would isolate..the sum of the activities of the whole mind. 1962H. J. Eysenck Know your own I.Q. 31 From the point of view of the intelligence tester it is very undesirable to have mixed groups to deal with. 1972J. L. Dillard Black English i. 28 Some intelligence testers..have suffered from lack of valid information about Black English in standard sources on American dialects.
1919Elem. School Jrnl. Sept. 26 (title) *Intelligence testing as an aid to supervision. 1958[see child welfare (child n. 22)]. 1972J. L. Dillard Black English i. 28 An intelligence-testing procedure which is completely invalid because of its cultural and linguistic bias.
▪ II. † inˈtelligence, v. Obs.
[f. prec.]
1. trans.
a. To bring intelligence of (an event, etc.).
b. To bring tidings to (a person); to inform.
1593Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 70 Thy little soule to Heauen must be sent, to intelligence the calamity of Ierusalem. 1637Wotton in Reliq. (1672) 75 They were freshly intelligenced from thence. 1642T. Case God's Rising (1644) 5 Gedaliah, when Intelligenct by Jonathan..of a bloody massacre contrived against him.
2. intr. To convey intelligence; to tell tales. (Cf. intelligencing ppl. a. 1.)
1616Beaum. & Fl. Scornf. Lady iii. i, If you stir far in this, I'le have you whipt, your ears nail'd for intelligencing o' the pillory, and your goods forfeit. |