| 释义 |
▪ I. project, n.|ˈprɒdʒɛkt, ˈprəʊdʒɛkt|
[ad. L. prōject-um something thrown forth or out, neut. sing. of prōject-us pa. pple.: see next. So F. projet (pourget 1518 in Hatz.-Darm., project in Cotgr.).]
†1. A plan, draft, scheme, or table of something; a tabulated statement; a design or pattern according to which something is made. Obs.
a1400–50Alexander 3331 A corone, ane þe costious þat euire kyng weryd, On þe propurest of proiecte þat euire prince bere. 1581Lambarde Eiren. ii. vii. (1588) 225, I will now adventure to run thorow all the sortes of Manslaughters and Felonies..which (for the more light) I have bestowed in this project (or Table) following. 1600(title) A Projecte, conteyninge the State, Order, and Manner of Governmente of the University of Cambridge. As now it is to be seene. 1601Holland Pliny II. 535 Many other plots and projects there doe remaine of his [Parasius'] drawing. 1627Wren Serm. bef. King 6 My sonne, love God; or, My sonne, praise God; or, My sonne, obey God;..My sonne, feare God, is a Project and Promise of them all.
†2. A mental conception, idea, or notion; speculation. Obs.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, i. iii. 29 Flatt'ring himselfe with Proiect of a power, Much smaller, then the smallest of his Thoughts. 1599― Much Ado iii. i. 55 She cannot loue, Nor take no shape nor proiect of affection, Shee is so selfe indeared. 1727De Foe Acc. Scot. 152 A great deal of project and fancy may be employed to find out the ancient shape of the Church.
3. Something projected or thrown out; a projection, an emanation (of some being). rare.
1601B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. (Qo. 1) iii. i. 22 Oh beauty is a Project of some power, Chiefely when oportunitie attends her. 1849G. Dawson Shaks. & other Lect. (1888) 416 The house should be a project of the creature who inhabits it.
†4. The (fact of) being thrown out or put forth.
1601Holland Pliny I. 535 The said branches immediatly from their project must rise somewhat vpright in maner of fingers, standing forth from the palm of ones hand.
5. a. Something projected or proposed for execution; a plan, scheme, purpose; a proposal.
1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 81 Till they retyred, having performed the project of their journey. 1604T. Wright Passions v. §3. 172 Orators, whose proiect is persuasion. 1623T. Scot Highw. God 80 All our Proiects of draining surrounded grounds. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §50 New Projects were every day set on foot for Money, which serv'd only to offend, and incense the People. 1711Addison Spect. No. 5 ⁋3 There was actually a Project of bringing the New River into the House, to be employed in Jetteaus and Water-works. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola Proem, We Florentines were too full of great building projects to carry them all out in stone and marble. 1874Green Short Hist. vi. §6. 326 The moral support which the project was expected to receive from the Parliament.
b. Educ. An exercise in which pupils are set to study a topic, either independently or in co-operation, from observation and experiment as well as from books, over a period of time.
1916D. Snedden in School & Society 16 Sept. 420/2 Some of us began using the word ‘project’ to describe a unit of educative work in which the most prominent feature was some form of positive and concrete achievement. 1919J. A. Stevenson in School Sci. & Math. Jan. 57 A project is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting. 1924Progressive Education I. 72 A distinguishing earmark of a project, then, is the whole child responding to a situation; it is child activity. 1938New Statesman 8 Jan. 46/2 New Schools for Old shows us the changes now being introduced into American public school methods of education. Children are encouraged to cope with the practical problems of life, and emphasis laid upon the ‘project’ or collective enterprise. 1942B. Clements et al. Projects for Junior School: Teachers' Bk. i. 5 When working out a project the teacher gives help only when and where necessary, since the basic principle of modern teaching is child activity and teacher guidance. 1959Housewife June 16 Cristy, who in one crowded summer, enjoys a library reading project, a visit to a Kansas farm and a course in baby care. 1961Curtis & Boultwood Short Hist. Educ. Ideas (ed. 3) xx. 580 Not only were large-scale projects on such topics as ‘Conservation’ and ‘Pan-Americanism’ undertaken by many schools—often all the schools of an area—as part of the curriculum, but, in addition, community service by school children became common. 1965Nursing Times 5 Feb. 191/1 By etymological definition, a project is a plan, scheme or design. Educationally, it refers to any exercise in which students gather their own information on a subject, arrange it and present it in an interesting form. 1976P. Dickinson King & Joker i. 19 Can I do next term's project on it [sc. a toad]?
c. N. Amer. A government-subsidized block of houses or apartments available at low rents. housing project: see housing n.1 7.
1932Amer. City Aug. 82/1 (heading) Federal Aid Now Offered for Low-Cost Housing and Slum-Clearance Projects. Ibid. 82/2 All housing projects should be large-scale developments. 1958Hearings Housing Act 1958 (U.S. Congress, Comm. Banking & Currency) 7 July 78 There is new thinking now to break up the projects and even though they are slum sites or urban redevelopment sites, to build scattered on the site. 1966Listener 29 Sept. 454/1 Jim lives in one of a group of fifteen-storey-high buildings that make up a project, a city-owned housing estate. A family can rent an apartment cheaply in a project if it has a low income. Officially intended to replace the slum neighbourhoods of ten years ago, the projects are stark, anonymous, all-brick slums now. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 3/4 A 2,000-unit high-rise and low-rise project. 1975New Yorker 29 Sept. 43/3, I lived in a project then. The floors were so new they didn't have to be covered with anything.
d. A co-operative enterprise, often with a social or scientific purpose, but also in industry, etc.
1952D. Riesman in Antioch Rev. Dec. 426 Professor John R. Seeley is now engaged in directing a large research project. 1952Auden Nones 61 Thou shalt not worship projects nor Shalt thou or thine bow down before Administration. 1965H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy ii. 17 CIT uses long-term profitability over the lifetime of the project as the yardstick for evaluation. 1966T. Pynchon Crying of Lot 49 iv. 88 When they grew up they..got stuck on some ‘project’ or ‘task force’ or ‘team’ and started being ground into anonymity. 1969J. Argenti Managem. Techniques v. 26 Major projects call for the co-ordination of large numbers of machines, sub-contractors, finance, local authorities, design staff and so on. 1974Howard Jrnl. XIV. 37 One aspect of a larger collective project being undertaken by members of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies on ‘mugging’.
†6. A projectile, a missile. Obs.
1686Phil. Trans. XVI. 9 (title) Propositions concerning..the Motion of Projects. 1706W. Jones Syn. Palmar. Matheseos b j, The Doctrine of the Motion of Projects, particularly applied to Gunnery and Throwing of Bombs. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Projectile or Project.
†7. = projection 6. Obs.
1807Hutton Course Math. II. 159 [A] set of theorems, relating to projects made on any given inclined planes.
8. attrib. and Comb. (sense 5), as project approach, project area, project book, project engineer, project house, project housing, project manager, project method, project-monger, project officer, project work.
1973N.Y. Law Jrnl. 4 Sept. 5/6 We are endeavoring to try appropriation cases on a project approach.
1961Economist 2 Dec. 935/3 It means accepting—as in India—the idea of a ‘project area’ in which all the means of modernisation will be made to converge. 1976Billings (Montana) Gaz. 20 June 3-b/1 We joined Montana Federation of Women's Clubs because it offers prizes in all sorts of project areas.
1947A. Einstein Mus. Romantic Era xiii. 181 The scheme for the composition of such a work is found in Schumann's ‘project-book’. 1976Columbus (Montana) News (Fair Bk. Suppl.) 10 June 18/1 Those exhibiting must have the project books up to date and be enrolled in the project and unit in which they are exhibiting.
1931F. L. Eidmann Econ. Control Engin. & Manuf. iv. 45 In plants where the engineering projects are large,..it has been found that a very good way of handling the work is to assign one engineer to the task of ‘living’ with the job from start to finish... This engineer is known as a ‘project engineer’ in some organizations. 1973Times 12 Nov. 28/8 Let us see the professionals all take a greater share of responsibility if a project is to be a success instead of leaving it to the ‘jack of all trades’—the project engineer.
1967G. Jackson Let. Nov. in Soledad Brother (1971) 139, I thought most blacks..understood..that these places were built with us in mind, just as were the project houses, unemployment offices, and bible schools. 1970D. Goldrich et al. in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. v. 182 Those invaders who could qualify by ‘normal’ criteria for project housing would receive it. 1973Black Panther 14 Apr. 7/3 Her application for project housing was refused by the Chattanooga Housing Authority.
1965Guardian 31 Mar. 11/3 The truth lies..in the person of what is usually known as the project manager. 1976Southern Even. Echo (Southampton) 10 Nov. 19/6 Conder, based at Winchester, are also acting as the project managers.
1916J. C. Moore in School Sci. & Math. Nov. 688 The project method in science is nothing new, though the name often calls forth an attack... The story of every great invention is the story of a project. 1925W. H. Kilpatrick Foundations of Method xxi. 346 ‘You defend then the term ‘project method’?’..‘If it be thought of as a purposeful way of treating children in order to stir the best in them and then to trust them to themselves as much as possible, yes, I approve it.’ 1943H. Read Educ. through Art vii. 233, I am aware that serious criticisms have been made of the project method of teaching, but they seem to be based on a formless type of project. 1953Curtis & Boultwood Short Hist. Educ. Ideas xvii. 476 After the Great War of 1914–18 Dewey's problem method was reinterpreted by W. H. Kilpatrick as the project method.
1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Gt. Eater Kent 4 Some get their liuings..by their braines, as politicians, monopolists, proiect-mongers, suit-ioggers, and star-gazers. 1905Longm. Mag. July 262 The old project-monger beamed with her full moon face.
1968H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy 1 Dr Ansoff worked for the RAND Corporation as a project officer. 1973R. Hayes Hungarian Game xxxi. 183 Generally speaking, sir, agents administer things, while Project Officers administer people.
1941Manch. Guardian Weekly 14 Mar. 214/4, I..discover ‘underlying object of fostering project work on citizenship’. 1958Sunday Times 15 June 4/8, I want more, not less, practical mathematics in junior schools..and suitably graded mathematical project work in secondary schools.
▪ II. † proˈject, ppl. a. Obs.
[ad. L. prōject-us, pa. pple. of prōicĕre, prōjic-ĕre to throw forth, stretch out, expel, reject, give up, etc., f. prō, pro-1 + jacĕre to throw.]
I. Construed as pa. pple.
1. Stretched out, extended.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 295 This prouince, proiecte by the longitude of the occean, hathe on the este to hit Turonea, whom the floode callede Ligeris flowethe abowte.
2. Given up, abandoned.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 87 Proiecte in the lustes of lechery, [þei] haue grete delectacion in women.
3. Projected, thrown.
1471Ripley Comp. Alch. Pref. ii. in Ashm. Theat. Chem. Brit. (1652) 127 When thereon itt ys project,..That Mercury teynyth permanently. 1647H. More Cupid's Conflict xxi, Whose pestilent eye into my heart project Would burn like poysonous Comet in my spright.
II. as adj. [= L. prōjectus immoderate, abject.]
4. Abandoned; abject, base.
1607Chapman Bussy D'Ambois ii. i. Plays 1873 II. 29, I would haue put that proiect face of his To a more test, than did her Dutchesship. c1611― Iliad iii. Comm. (1857) 78 For which yet his Criticus hath the project impudence to tax Homer. 1616― Hymn Apollo 43 With minds project, exempt from list or lawe.
▪ III. project, v. Also South. U.S. dial.|prəʊˈdʒɛkt|
projeck, projick.
[f. L. prōject-, ppl. stem of prōicĕre, prōjicĕre: see project ppl. a. (which occurs earlier than the finite vb.). OF. had in same sense purjeter (12th c.), pourjeter (14th c.), projetter (1452 in Godef. Compl.); in 16th c. Rabelais used projecter, Amyot projetter, mod.F. has projeter. L. had also a freq. prōjectāre, in the senses ‘drive out’ and ‘reproach’.]
I. Of mental operations.
1. trans. To plan, contrive, devise, or design (something to be done, or some action or proceeding to be carried out); to form a project of.
a. With simple obj. or clause. (Now a leading use.)
c1477Caxton Jason 10 For to ymagine and proiecte the deth of his neuewe Jason. 1581Savile Tacitus' Hist. ii. lx. (1591) 88 The rest of the Legions..proiected warre in their minds [orig. bellum meditabantur]. 1664Evelyn Diary 15 Oct., My Lord Chancellor..carried me..to see their palace,..and to project the garden. 1671Barrow Serm., Ps. cxii. 9 Wks. 1687 I. 444 Thus hath God wisely projected, that all his children should both effectually and quietly be provided for. 1679J. Goodman Penit. Pard. iii. iv. (1713) 318 Having projected the adjoining a neighbour kingdom to his own dominions. 1788Franklin Autobiog. Wks. 1840 I. 176, I projected and drew up a plan for the union. 1841D'Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 114 He was a critical writer, projecting a system to which he strictly adhered. 1865Grote Plato I. iv. 137 Sketches projected but abandoned.
b. With infin. To plan, devise, or design to do something. Now rare or Obs.
1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 164 For that Emanuel of Portugal who had proiected to make the Prior King. a1661Fuller Worthies, Yorks. (1662) iii. 199 King Richard..presently projecting to repair himself by a new Marriage. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. I. iii. 228 He even projected to clothe the people whom he took along with him in some peculiar garments. 1810W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. (1844) II. 293, I project already to complain of the completeness of the detail.
†2. intr. To form a plan, design, scheme, or project; to scheme. Obs.
1639Fuller Holy War iii. xxix. (1840) 170 Wise he was in projecting. 1642― Holy & Prof. St. iv. xiv. 308 About this time John Dudley Duke of Northumberland projected for the English Crown. c1680Beveridge Serm. (1729) I. 64 The devil..projects and contrives against the church.
†3. trans. To put forth, set forth, exhibit; to present to expectation. Obs.
1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. v. ii. 121, I cannot proiect mine owne cause so well To make it cleare. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xvi. §7. 96 The care that this good Emperour had for the weale of his subiects is proiected by his prouidence in making wayes passageable from place to place. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 622 When the South projects a stormy Day, And when the clearing North will puff the Clouds away.
†4. To put before oneself in thought; to conceive, imagine. Obs.
1612R. Sheldon Serm. St. Martin's 4 By their ambitious thoughts, they proiected to themselues a Messias like some Soueraigne Lord. 1657S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. 45 Which (whatsoever some have projected) is unpossible.
II. Of physical operations.
†5. trans. To throw or cast away (lit. and fig.); to reject. Obs.
c1557Abp. Parker Ps. xxvii. 63 Project not me: dis⁓pleasantly, O Lord, my health, do not depart. 1593Nashe Christ's T. 77 Abstinence and fasting, are as Corsiues to ate out the dead-flesh of gluttony, drunkennes, and concupiscence..which so proiected and eaten out, Christ..will come and bind vp our wounds. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1303 There is no reason and probability, that any one should project this assertion also.
6. a. To cast, throw, hurl, shoot, impel, or cause to move forward, or onward in any direction.
1596Spenser F.Q. vi. i. 45 Before his feet her selfe she did project. 1620Venner Via Recta vii. 148 It proiecteth..those excrements which sticke to the bowels. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 209 In War, holy things are projected to dogges. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Projectile, The Line of Motion which a Body projected describes in the Air..is..the Curve of a Parabola. 1806Hutton Course Math. (1807) II. 151 If a body be projected upward, with the velocity it acquired in any time by descending freely, it will lose all its velocity in an equal time. 1834M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. i. (1849) 6 A body projected in space will move in a conic section. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 53 The heat which would otherwise be projected into space.
b. To throw or cast (a substance) in, into, on, upon something. (Chiefly in Alchemy and Chem.)
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 125/1 Take five wallenuttes with their shelles, glowe them in the fyere, then proiecte them in a gobblet with oulde wine. 1610B. Jonson Alch. ii. i, The great medcine! Of which one part proiected on a hundred Of Mercurie, or Venus, or the Moone, Shall turne it, to as many of the Sunne. 1800Henry Epit. Chem. (1808) 367 When projected on red-hot nitre, it [plumbago] should detonate. 1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 128/1 The pollen..is projected or falls upon the pistillum. 1849D. Campbell Inorg. Chem. 183 Five parts of flowers of sulphur and eight parts of iron borings are mixed together, and projected gradually into a red-hot crucible.
c. intr. In Alchemy: To make projection, i.e. to throw powder of projection (see projection 2) into a crucible of melted metal, for the purpose of transmuting the latter into gold or silver.
1610B. Jonson Alch. i. i, You must be chiefe? as if you, onely, had The poulder to proiect with? Ibid. ii. ii, My onely care is, Where to get stuffe, inough now, to proiect on, This towne will not halfe serue me. 1680[see projection 10].
d. South. U.S. dial. To wander, saunter, stroll (around); to trifle, mess, play with.
1828J. Hall Lett. from West 290 A man who goes into the woods..has a..great deal of projecking to do, as well as hard work. 1845W. T. Thompson Chron. Pineville 107 You see what comes of your projectin' about town, when you ought to be gwine home. 1848― Major Jones's Sk. Trav. 62, I didn't know whether he was projeckin' with me or not. 1891‘O. Thanet’ Otto the Knight 66 Quality liked projeckin' roun' de kitchin. 1893H. A. Shands Some Peculiarities of Speech in Mississippi 51 Projicking, a word used by negroes and illiterate whites to mean fooling, trifling; as, ‘If you don't stop your projickin' with me, I'll lick you.’ 1906F. Lynde Quickening 135 Don't you know you oughtn't to go projecting around in the woods all alone? 1929W. Faulkner Sound & Fury 10 Don't you start no projecking with Queenie. Ibid. 67 Is you been projecking with his graveyard? 1957Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 5 Feb. 8/1 It beats all get-out how some people are always tinkering and ‘projecking’ on how to do things different from the way most people do them.
7. trans. To place (a thing) so that it protrudes or juts out; to cause to jut out, stand out, or protrude. Now rare.
1624[see projected 1]. 1679Moxon Mech. Exerc. viii. 148 The better way is..to project it an Inch and a half beyond the side of the Building. 1700Dryden Fables, To Duchess of Ormund 52 The land..had met your way, Projected out a neck, and jutted to the sea. 1765in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 264 Going to project out Bow windows from their houses. 1825Greenhouse Comp. I. 7 A noble conservatory or green-house may be projected from the south front. 1860Motley Netherl. (1868) I. v. 181 Strong structures, supported upon piers, had been projected, reaching..five hundred feet into the stream.
8. intr. To jut out; to stick out or protrude beyond the adjacent parts. (Now a leading use.)
1718Prior Solomon i. 559 The craggy rock projects above the sky. 1795Burns Address Miss Fontenelle 34 As the boughs all temptingly project. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 350 The booths..projected far into the streets. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. vi. (1858) 267 The promontories of Tyre, Sidon, and Beirût project further..than those of Ascalon, Jaffa, Dor or Acre.
9. a. trans. To throw or cause to fall (light or shadow) upon a surface or into space.
1664Power Exp. Philos. i. 43 The smallest Atom..was presented as big as a Rounseval-Pea, and projecting a shade. Ibid. 73 If with a Prisme you strike the Rainbow-colours upon a wall, and observing where a red is projected. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. vi, The Shade my Body projected, near Noon. 1868Lockyer Guillemin's Heavens (ed. 3) 169 In all the other positions..the lunar cone of shade is projected into space away from the Earth. 1878Huxley Physiogr. xix. 332 The shadow is said to be projected on to the flat surface.
b. To cause (a figure or image) to appear or ‘stand out’ on or against a background.
1831Brewster Nat. Magic ii. (1833) 25 If a living figure had been projected against the strong light which imprinted these durable spectra of the sun. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xi. 73 He..saw Huxley's form projected against the sky as he stood upon a pinnacle of rock. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. ii. 71/2 The mode of projecting views of objects at whatever angle they may be placed in relation to both planes.
c. To cause (an image) to be visible on a screen situated at a distance. Also absol.
1865Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1864 ii. 98 The impressive character of the image projected [by a magic lantern], being often stereoscopic in aspect. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 95/2 In the magic lantern an electric lamp or limelight..projects, through an objective lens, the successive images of the film upon a distant screen. 1935Television Today II. 599/2 (heading) Projecting the cathode-ray oscillograph picture. 1946R. Lehmann Gipsy's Baby 57 Leisure employs me..as a kind of screen upon which are projected the images of persons. 1964Photogr. Jrnl. CIV. 152/1 Microfilm images..can be projected directly on to printing plates. 1969Focal Encycl. Film & Television Techniques 378/1 The projection cathode ray tube..produces a very bright picture which can be projected with a suitable optical system. 1979D. Meiring Foreign Body ii. 30 Now it's film time... We'll project on the wall, just to the left of the bar.
d. To cause the image(s) on (a photograph, film, or slide) to be visible on a screen.
1896R. W. Paul Brit. Pat. 4686, My invention relates to an improved apparatus for producing representations of moving scenes, figures or objects by projecting onto a screen..by means of.. suitable projecting apparatus, a series of photographic pictures of such scenes... In order to give a definite position to the picture on the film which is to be projected I prefer to employ the following mechanism. 1912F. A. Talbot Moving Pictures ix. 91 The film to be projected is carried upon a spool mounted on an arm or bracket above the mechanism. 1949Kidd & Long Filmstrip & Slide Projection 8 Often miniature slides can be projected in the standard projector (some of which project both miniature slides and filmstrips). 1962L. Deighton Ipcress File xv. 87 If they had to have a major here to project the film it might just be worth watching. 1971L. B. Happé Basic Motion Picture Technol. i. 37 Corresponding prints could..be projected by similar anamorphic lenses to show a picture filling a very wide screen. Ibid. 39 The proportions of the new Cinemascope format when projected were 8 units wide by 3 high.
10. fig. (From senses 6 and 9.)
1850Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. x. 127 Then we project everything stamped with the impress of our own feelings. 1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith iv. ii. §1. 180 Thus we project into the realm of space a moral cause. 1869Goulburn Purs. Holiness x. 94 The very image of Christ..as it was projected upon the mind of the Jew. 1870E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. I. 47 The realistic teaching of Holy Scripture projected itself sharply upon their uncultured minds. 1874Symonds Sk. Italy & Greece, Siena 58 Ideas were projected from her vivid fancy upon the empty air around her. 1878S. Cox Salv. Mundi iv. (ed. 3) 94 Can we not project ourselves so far into the future as to anticipate the time when [etc.]? 1879G. C. Harlan Eyesight iii. 37 An excited or disordered brain may project some phantasm of its own conjuring..and see it as distinctly as if it were a tangible object. 1903Myers Human Personality I. 25 The occasional power of some agent to project himself phantasmally; to make himself manifest, as though in actual presence, to some percipient at a distance.
b. To attribute (an emotion, state of mind, etc.) to an external object or person, esp. unconsciously. Also absol.
1923J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist iv. 167 Certain neurotic types project their depression so as to colour everything that comes into their cognizance a gloomy black. 1925A. & J. Strachey tr. Freud's Coll. Papers III. 458 It was incorrect of us to say that the perception which was suppressed internally was projected outwards; the truth is rather..that what was abolished internally returns from without. 1939Jrnl. Psychol. VIII. 409 It appears that the subject projects similar patterns or configurations upon widely different materials. 1960E. E. Cummings Let. 30 Jan. (1969) 266 Indeed this correspondent can't help suspecting yourself of what the psychoanalysts call ‘projecting’. 1966I. G. Sarason Personality xii. 181 A defense mechanism through which an individual unconsciously projects his own undesirable characteristics to others than himself. 1975K. R. Scherer et al. Human Aggression & Conflict iv. 116 The subjects were projecting their needs into their imagery.
c. To convey to others, esp. by one's manner and actions (a positive image of one's personality or attributes). Usu. absol.
1955Psychiatry XVIII. 217/2 The self-evaluation projected by his clothes and manner. 1957Economist 12 Oct. 130/1 This matter of ‘projection’ is taken very seriously. ‘He simply doesn't project’ can be as final a dismissal of political aspiration as the fact that a man is known to have beaten a whole series of wives. 1959Encounter Sept. 50/2 Competing with the roar of the machines..the actors struggle to project. 1960News Chron. 28 July 4/5 Unable to ‘project’ publicly, in private he deploys considerable private charm. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour iii. 55 If a person behaves unpleasantly, or in some other way fails to live up to the image he has projected, equilibrium is disturbed.
11. Geom. To draw straight lines or ‘rays’ from a centre through every point of a given figure, so that they fall upon or intersect a surface and produce upon it a new figure of which each point corresponds to a point of the original. (With either the rays, the original figure, or the resulting figure as obj.) Hence, to represent or delineate (a figure) according to any system of correspondence between its points and the points of the surface on which it is delineated.
1679Moxon Mech. Exerc. ix. 151 The manner of projecting them, is copiously taught in many Books of Architecture. Ibid. 152 Winding Stairs are projected on a round Profile. 1831Brewster Optics i. 9 The truth of this rule may be found by projecting fig. 7 upon a large scale. 1854Hooker Himal. Jrnls. I. Pref. 17, I did not use instruments in projecting the outlines. 1866Proctor Handbk. Stars 19 The whole hemisphere is projected into a circle whose radius is twice that of a great circle of the sphere. 1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 798/1 Any conic can be projected into any other conic. 1887D. A. Low Machine Draw. (1892) 116 Draw and complete the two views, as shown.., and add an end elevation, properly projected. 1895Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. ix. 488 It may happen that we wish to project the two crystals on a plane perpendicular to the twin-face.
b. Chartography. To make a geometrical or other projection or representation on a plane surface of (the earth, sky, or any portion thereof).
1855Brewster Newton I. i. 11 We were not able to determine whether they [dials at Woolsthorpe] were executed by a tentative process..or were more accurately projected, from a knowledge of the doctrine of the sphere. 1858Herschel Outl. Astron. iv. §279 (ed. 5) 183 A spherical surface can by no contrivance be extended or projected into a plane without undue enlargement or contraction of some parts. 1866Proctor Handbk. Stars 12 A simple method of projecting the meridians and parallels for any small portion of the celestial sphere. 1870Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 170 As if Shakespeare's world were one which Mercator could have projected.
III. 12. a. pass. = next sense.
1902J. M. Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. II. 414/2 The radiations taken together are called the ‘projection system’, the lower centres being projected upon the cortex. 1925Jrnl. Neurol. & Psychopath. VI. 5 We draw the conclusion that the upper part of the retina in apes is projected on the medial side of the corpus geniculatum externum. 1926Brain XLIX. 2 The nasal part of the retina is always projected laterally to the temporal half [of the external geniculate body].
b. intr. Physiol. Of an area or organ of the body, or its nerves: to have or be nerve fibres extending to an area. Also const. upon.
1936Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. LXIV. 37 The anterior thalamic nuclei project to a small part of the orbital surface of the frontal lobe. Ibid., The nucleus ventralis posterior, projects entirely upon the cortex of the central sulcus and the postcentral convolution. 1951T. C. Ruch in S. S. Stevens Handbk. Exper. Psychol. iv. 125/2 The ablation of a cortical area truncates the axons running to it, and the locus of the resulting retrograde degeneration establishes which thalamic nucleus projects to the particular area ablated. 1975D. H. Ford Anat. Central Nerv. Syst. vii. 83 The white matter of the [spinal] cord..consists of association fibers..which connect adjacent levels of the cord, longer association bundles which project up or down the various funiculi to interconnect further segments of the cord, or very long projection systems which project to supracord levels or which enter the cord from higher levels. 1978Sci. Amer. July 38/1 These fibers usually branch repeatedly and may project to distant parts of the nervous system or leave the nervous system to innervate effector tissues.
Add:[II.] [11.] c. To calculate or forecast on the basis of present trends. Cf. projection n. 7 d. Chiefly Econ.
1961Ethical Outlook XLVII. 93/2 Genuine human leadership..can project long-term goals for itself. 1964R. K. Srivastava Projecting Manpower Demand ii. 8 If manpower considerations are accepted as one of the criteria that ought to influence long-term economic planning, it becomes necessary to ‘project’ manpower demands for given future periods. 1977Sci. Amer. Jan. 43/2 If 11 million 1977-model automobiles are sold in the U.S., as is projected [etc.]. 1986Times 23 Dec. 17/7 Contrary to developments in past cyclical upturns, inflation is projected to remain relatively subdued. |