| 释义 |
▪ I. item, adv. and n.|ˈaɪtəm|
[a. L. item adv., just so, in like manner, moreover, f. i-s, i-d he, it + advb. ending -tem. Used also in F. as adv. (1290 in Godef. Compl.) and as n. from the 16th cent.]
‖A. adv. Likewise, also. Used to introduce a new fact or statement, or, more frequently, each new article or particular in an enumeration, esp. in a formal list or document, as an inventory, household-book, will, etc.
1398in Rymer Fœdera (1709) VIII. 55 Item, it is Accordit and Ordaint that [etc.]. Ibid., Item, for als mykil as [etc.]. c1400Mandeville (1839) xxviii. 288 Item, in this Yle..there is a manner of Wode, hard and strong. 1418in E.E. Wills (1882) 31 Item I be-quethe to the freres Menours of Bryggenorth..xl s. Item I bequethe..to the ffreres of Wodehouse xl s. 1484Caxton Fables of Alfonce i, Item my sone suppose it not a lytyll thynge to haue a good Frend. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 56 Item this yere was alle the chaunterys put downe. Item also the wacche at myd⁓somer was begonne agayne... Item also the byshoppe of Wenchester..preched before the kyng. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. i. v. 265 It shalbe Inuentoried..As, Item two lippes indifferent redde, Item two grey eyes, with lids to them. 1732Fielding Miser ii. i. Wks. 1882 IX. 308 Item, Two muskets, one of which only wants the lock. 1781Cowper Truth 152 Not a grace appears on strictest search, But that she fasts, and, item, goes to church. a1818in Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 337 He..added this clause: ‘Item, all the houses and lands which I have given between my sons, is to this purpose, that [etc.]’.
B. n.
1. A statement, maxim, or admonition such as was commonly introduced by the word item; a saying with a particular bearing. Hence, generally, an intimation, a hint. Esp. in vbl. phrases, as to give (take, etc.) an item, also to give (take, etc.) item. Now U.S. local.
1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iv. xii. (1634) 616 marg., Two Items to the Church of Rome concerning the single life which they require in the order of Priests. 1600Holland Livy xxv. xvi. 559 The Soothsayers aforesaid, had given an Item, and foretold, that this prodigious sight perteined properly unto the chiefe captaine. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 171 ‘That nothing be lost’, it was one of our Sauiours items. 1684Bunyan Pilgr. ii. 150 He..has Need of an Itum, to caution him to take heed, every Moment of the Day. 1704Hearne Duct. Hist. II. 14 Getting item thereof, he departed to the sea. 1786E. Inchbald Such things are 51 (in Br. Theat.) If my friend had not given me an item of this I should think her downright angry. a1860Spirit of Times (N.Y.) (Bartlett), The minit yer get item that I'm back, set off for the cross-roads.
2. a. An article or unit of any kind included in an enumeration, computation, or sum total; an entry or thing entered in an account or register, a clause of a document, a detail of expenditure or income, etc.
1578T. Wilcocks Serm. Paules 50 The lawe layeth no Item to youre charge. 1588Marprel. Epist. (Arb.) 39 His grace had need to prouide a bag ful of Items for you if you be so liberal. 1601Cornwallis Ess. ix, That makes not the purse emptie, and the household-booke rich in Items. 1607Dekker Knt.'s Conjur. (1842) 34 Our vaunt' currer..offred to pay some of the tauern items. 1765Cowper Let. to J. Hill. 3 Dec., Wks. 1837 XV. 7 That I may return as particular an answer to your letter as possible, I will take it item by item. 1870J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 87 Timber is an important item in the national revenue. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. iii, I have to spend a good deal in that way; it is a large item. 1961Lancet 12 Aug. 358/2 Questions [set]..included items that the undergraduate who had read something more..than an introductory text could be expected to answer. 1970Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 63 A person may agree with an item and its opposite because he believes statements worded in the dogmatic (authoritarian) direction but agrees with a reversed item because of the high social desirability of this item.
b. A detail of information or news, esp. one in a newspaper.
1819B. E. O'Meara Exp. Trans. St. Helena 11 The general accuracy of these items may be inferred. 1865Lowell Scotch the Snake Pr. Wks. 1890 V. 241 We cannot estimate the value of the items in our daily newspapers. 1876― Among my Bks. Ser. ii. 130 This item kind of description. 1888J. Inglis Tent Life Tigerland 2 Filling my sporting journal with many items of more than ordinary interest.
c. Computers. Any quantity of data treated as a unit, such as a field, a group of fields, or a record.
1954Computers & Automation May 17/2 Item, a set of one or more fields containing related information. 1958Computer Jrnl. I. 71/1 Let us call the units which are to be sorted items. Ibid. 71/2 If every item of data has a unique key, complete sorting will result in each place holding no more than one item. Ibid. 72/2 A typical item in commercial data is an 80-column punched card. 1964A. Lytel Fund. Data Processing (1965) iv. 108 Information is stored in variable-length memory areas called fields... Consecutive fields can be combined to form a larger unit of information called an item. Grouping fields to form an item simplifies the manipulation of related⁓data fields, and minimizes the number of instruction executions required to move consecutive fields within the main memory. 1967B. S. Walker Introd. Computer Engin. vi. 157 The field or item is typically a group of letters or numbers, in association, to mean a name, or reference number, or a heading of some kind. 1971Computers & Humanities VI. 67 Each item file is composed of an open-ended sequence of variable length records called ‘items’, every item being the description of one entity.
d. A member of a set of linguistic units.
1954Word X. 230 ‘Items’..are either morphemes or sequences of morphemes, but still one has to contend with the independent status of order, constructions, and hierarchical structure. Even so, there is a clear difference between taking some phonemic material as ‘root’ (= item) and some as ‘marker’ of processes. 1964R. A. Hall Introd. Ling. vi. 34 The first group [of linguistic analysts] wish to limit their description strictly to an enumeration of items and the arrangements or sequences in which they are found... The other group..take into account the passage of time when the observer moves from one part of his material to another... This approach is based on a listing of items involved and of ‘processes’ which the items ‘undergo’. Ibid. 35 In some respects, the item-and-process (IP) approach is closer to our traditional type of grammatical description than is the item-and-arrangement (IA) approach. 1964M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. ii. 24 In English..‘chair’ is a lexical item: it operates as an item in open set choices. ‘the’, ‘chair’, the ‘-s’ in ‘chairs’, ‘in case’..are grammatical items. 1970Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XV. 95 This system grew out of a union of the item-and-process approach to linguistics with automata theory. 1971T. F. Mitchell in Archivum Linguisticum II. 64 In the English-speaking world of linguists little more than ten short years ago, the talk was of grammatical models labelled ‘Item and Arrangement’, ‘Item and Process’, and ‘Word and Paradigm’.
C. attrib. and Comb.
1859E. H. N. Patterson in L. Hafen Overland Routes to Gold Fields (1942) 68 This..is one of those cases, probably, that will remain a mystery only to be solved when the great item book of the recording angel shall be opened to justify the final sentence. 1961Lancet 12 Aug. 359/2 Item analysis showed that there were fairly large differences between the groups on a few questions, and these were seen to be due to specific differences in teaching. 1970Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 166 Item-item and item-test correlations were computed. 1972Jrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVI. 221 An item analysis technique was used to select those items that discriminated between the high and low scores by 20 percentage points.
▸ colloq. (orig. U.S.). A pair of lovers, a couple; to be an item: (of a couple) to be involved in an established romantic or sexual relationship, esp. a socially acknowledged one.
1970‘T. Coe’ Jade in Aries xv. 109 ‘What was Maundy's relationship with Dearborn?’ Remington said, ‘They were an item once, long ago... Before Ronnie.’ 1984T. McGuane Something to be Desired v. 48 She and the doctor were soon a hot item. 1996Just Seventeen 14 Aug. 6/2 My mate had a fling with one of his and they hung out together, even though they weren't officially an item. 2000Heat 13 Jan. 20/2 We want to remain friends but we are no longer an item.
▪ II. item, v.|ˈaɪtəm|
[f. prec.]
trans. To set down or reckon up item by item; to enter as an item.
1601? Marston Pasquil & Kath. iv. 157 Here I haue item'd forth what I am worth. 1615E. Hoby Curry-Combe i. 14 Had he Itemd the lampe oyle, as well as hee summed the Spanish wine, his intruding curiosity would haue passed with lesse blame. 1716Addison Drummer iii. i, I have Item'd it in my memory. 1788Cowper Stanzas for Year, I..item down the victims of the past. 1855Lewes Goethe I. iii. ix. 303 A process which looked less heroic when item'd in the bill next day. |