| 释义 |
janizary, janissary|ˈdʒænɪzərɪ, ˈjænɪ-|
Forms: α. 6 genys-, genez-, gianniz-, ienes-, ianess-, ianits-, ianitzarie, 6–7 genis-, ianis(s-, ianiz(z-, ienis-arie, 7 janazary, 7– janis(s-, janizary. β. 6 ianniz-, ianis-, giannizz-er, 6–7 ianizer(e, ianizar(e, 7–8 janisar, 7– janizar. γ. 8 yenesherre, 9 yanizari.
[Ultimately ad. Turkish yeṅi-tsheri, f. yeṅi new, modern + tsheri soldiery, militia. Variously adopted in European langs., e.g. 15–16th c. Lat. Ienizari, Ianizari, It. ianizzero, giannizzero (pl. -eri), Sp., Pg. genizaro, ianizaro, F. janissaire (in 15th c. jainusere), Ger. janitschar, Du. janitsaar. The Eng. forms reflect the L., It., Sp., or Fr. channels, through which they were derived; the attempt to represent the Turkish word directly was rare.]
1. One of a former body of Turkish infantry, constituting the Sultan's guard and the main part of the standing army. The body was first organized in the 14th century, and was composed mainly of tributary children of Christians; after a large number of them had been massacred in 1826, the organization was finally abolished.
α1529More Dyaloge iv. xv. X ij a/2 Mammolukes & genysaryes about y⊇ turke and sowdeyn. 1562Shute Cambine's Turk. Wars 36 b, Upon the death of Mahomethe, the Gianizzaries marched with all spede to Constantinople. 1579J. Jones Preserv. Bodie & Soule i. xxxix. 87 As his Ienesaries are instructed al too Heathenly. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. ii. xxiv. 65 b, The Sarail of the Azamoglans or Ianissaries. 1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1589) 407 Being advertised..of the valure of a yong Ianitsarie. Ibid. 718 The Pretorian soldiours (who were to the emperours as the Ianitzaries are to the Turke). 1702W. J. Bruyn's Voy. Levant xxv. 107 The Janizaries..compos'd partly of Tributary Children, and partly of voluntary Renegades. 1717Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Pope 12 Feb., We were met..by an aga of the janisaries. 1832tr. Sismondi's Ital. Rep. xi. 241 The new militia of the janissaries was, at the same time, the best infantry in Europe. 1866Felton Anc. & Mod. Gr. II. ii. v. 343 The place called the At Midan is memorable in recent history for the slaughter of the janizaries.
βa1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 191 b, Thei were firste robbed of the Ianizeres, and..shamfully slain. 1572W. Malim in Hakluyt Voy. (1599) II. i. 127 The Lieutenant of Mustafa, and the Aga of the Giannizzers. 1597Bp. Hall Sat. iv. iv, Then falls to praise the hardy Ianizar That sucks his horse side, thirsting in the war. 1598Florio, Ianizzeri, the Turkes gard, Ianizers. 1713Lond. Gaz. No. 5106/1 The Janisar Aga..went to the King. 1821Shelley Hellas 240 The Janizars Clamour for pay.
γ1704J. Pitts Acc. Mohometans 160 The Cull Ougles, that is, the Sons of the Yenesherres, or Soldiers.
2. By extension, any Turkish soldier; esp. one of an escort for travellers in the East.
1615tr. De Monfart's Surv. E. Ind. 3 Trauellers..become as poore wretched slaues subject to all injuries..from which their very Ianisaries and Gardes cannot alwayes defend them. 1642Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 83 He may go to Venice, where he may agree with a Janizary to conduct him in company of a Caravan all the way through the Continent of Greece as farre as Constantinople. 1775Chandler Trav. Asia M. (1825) I. 100 Our janizary was unwilling to go then. 1812Byron Ch. Har. ii. App. D i, The traveller whose janissary flogs them. 1847Disraeli Tancred iii. vi, Eva..mounted her horse;..before whom marched her janissary armed to the teeth.
3. In various allusive and figurative uses, from prec. senses.
a.1565Jewel Repl. Harding (1611) 6 Such eloquence might better become some of your yonger Iannizers. 1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe 32 Being not much behinde in the check-roule of his Ianissaries and contributories, with Eagle⁓soaring Bullingbrooke. 1663Flagellum or O. Cromwell (1672) 145 Volleys of Acclamations, were given at the close of this mock solemnity, by Cromwel's Janizaries. 1679Establ. Test 26 The Romish Janizaries are the tribute Children of all Europe. 1810Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 153 The shipping interest, commercial interest, and their janizaries of the navy. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. I. vi. 581 The King had now at his command a body of Janissaries..ready to carry out his personal will.
b.1612T. Lavender Trav. Four Englishm. Pref. C j b, The heauenly Ierusalem..Iesus Christ being our Pilot and Ienisarie to conduct vs thereunto. 1659D. Pell Impr. Sea To Rdr. d iv, Let this Epistle be thy Janisary, or Pole-star to the perusal of this book.
4. attrib. and Comb. janizary music [G. janitscharenmusik] = Turkish music (Turkish a. 2 b); janizary pedal, a pedal attached to some old pianofortes, etc., having an arrangement of drums and cymbals connected with it, by which a sound as of martial music was produced.
1642Sir E. Dering Sp. on Relig. xvi. 121 Monks, Fryers, and Secular Priests, with his Janizary Jesuits. 1812Sir R. Wilson Priv. Diary I. 123 Even under Janissary prejudice and despotism civilization is advancing. 1888F. Moscheles tr. Mendelssohn's Lett. to I. & C. Moscheles 54 He must have a cradle song with drums and trumpets and janissary music. 1896A. J. Hipkins Descr. & Hist. Pianoforte 106 Drum and triangle (for Janissary music). 1900Pall Mall Gaz. 21 May 4/2 Even Mozart condescended to employ the ‘Janissary pedal’ in one or two of his sonatas. 1922J. Riviere tr. Freud's Introd. Lect. Psycho-Anal. 75 The little bells, shaken violently, begin their familiar janizary music.
Hence janizaˈresque a., in the style of a janizary.
1835New Monthly Mag. XLV. 5 A most trenchant and janissaresque style of handling his cleaver. |