| 释义 |
▪ I. jet, n.1 and a.|dʒɛt|
Forms: α. 4–5 gete, 4–6 geet, 4–7 get, 5 geete, geyte, geitt, 5–6 gett, 6 gette, gete, geytt, (gate, giette), 6–7 geat(e. β. 4–6 ieet, 5 iet(e, 6–7 ieit, ieate, iet, 6–8 jeat, jett, 7 jette, 7– jet.
[ME. a. OF. jaiet (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), jayet (F. jais):—L. gagātēs, a. Gr. γαγάτης: see gagate. In Du. git. The Eng. may partly represent the OF. fem. jayete, geiete, Walloon gayète (Godef.).]
A. n.
1. A hard compact black form of ‘brown coal’ or lignite, capable of receiving a brilliant polish. It is used in making toys, buttons, and personal ornaments; and has the property of attracting light bodies when electrified by rubbing.
αa1387Sinon. Barthol. (Anecd. Oxon.) 22 Gagates, lapis est qui trahit paleas et cortices tritici, i. geet. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. xlix. (Tollem. MS.), Get is calde Gagates, and is a boystous ston. c1420Pallad. on Husb. iv. 694 Take oxon yonge..Their lippes and their eyen blaak as gete. 1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 191 By troy weyght is bought and solde golde syluer perlys gette. 1513Douglas æneis x. iii. 40 The blak terebynthine Growis by Orycia, and, as the geit dois schyne. 1599Dallam Trav. (Hakl. Soc.) 80 Neagers that weare as blacke as geate. a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 392 The virtues of geat are hitherto concealed. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 251/2 Get, a stone,..some write Jeat.
βc1386Chaucer Nun's Pr. T. 41 His Coomb was redder than the fyn coral..His byle was blak and as the Ieet [v.rr. let, gete] it shoon. 1463Bury Wills (Camden) 15 A peyre of smale bedys of jeet. 1657Trapp Comm. Esther i. 9 Having faculty attractive with the Jeat, and retentive with the Adamant. 1784Cowper Task. i. 122 The bramble, black as jet. 1838James Robber i, The buttons were of polished jet. 1875Ure's Dict. Arts III. 8 Jet occurs in the Upper Lias shale in the neighbourhood of Whitby in Yorkshire, in which locality this beautiful substance has been worked for many hundred years. 1894Roscoe & Schorlemmer Chem. I 688 Jet is a black variety of brown coal, compact in texture, and taking a good polish. Hence it is largely used in jewellery.
†b. A piece of jet. Obs.
1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. iii. iii, Your lustre too'll..Draw courtship to you, as a iet doth strawes. 1607Heywood Fayre Mayde Wks. 1874 II. 35 The drawing vertue of a sable jeat.
c. dial. Camel-coal, bituminous shale.
1893Northumbld. Gloss., Jeat, jead, jit, cannel coal, bituminous shale, jet.
†2. Black marble. Obs.
c1440Sir Degrev. 1461 Alle þe wallus of geete. 1591Greene Maiden's Dr. 2, I saw a silent spring railed in with jeat. c1620T. Robinson Mary Magd. 11 The battelments of smoothest Iett were made. 1648J. Raymond Il Mercurio Ital. 95 [A statue of] Seneca bleeding to death, of Jet.
3. The colour of jet; a deep glossy black.
c1450Songs & Carols (1856) 31 His comb is of red corel, his tayil is of get. 1637Milton Lycidas 144 The pansy freaked with jet. 1711Steele Spect. No. 41 ⁋3 Never Man was so enamoured..of..the bright Jett of her Hair. 1850Dobell Roman i. Poet. Wks. 1875 I. 3 Closer yet, eyes of jet.
†4. Old Cant. A lawyer. autem jet, a clergyman. (App. referring to the black gown.)
c1700Street Robberies Consider'd, Jet, Lawyer. 1737Bacchus & Venus (Cant. Dict.), Jet, a Lawyer. Autem Jet, a Parson. 1785in Grose Dict. Vulg. T.
B. attrib. or as adj.
1. Made or consisting of jet.
1444Test. Ebor. (Surtees) II. 106 To y⊇ vicar of Milton a pare of get bedds. 1596Nashe Saffron Walden O iv, These ieat droppes which diuers weare at their eares instead of a iewell. Mod. Price List. Jet goods. Cut jet buttons. Black elastic belts, jet, silver and oxydised clasps.
fig.1649Fuller Just Man's Funeral 1 Jet memories (onely attracting straws and chaff unto them).
2. Of the colour of jet, jet-black.
1716Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Lady Rich 1 Dec., All the women have..snowy foreheads and bosoms, jet eyebrows. 1792S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. ii. 330 As the coot her jet-wing loved to lave. 1834H. Ainsworth Rookwood iii. ii. (1878) 160 Hair, of the jettest dye.
b. spec. in names of certain animals and plants, as jet ant, a kind of ant (Formica fuliginosa); jet slug, a kind of slug; † jet-wood, ebony.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 193 The Ethyopians payed for a tribute vnto the king of Persia euery 3. yeare twenty of these [elephants'] teeth hung about with gold and Iet-wood. 1746Miles in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 356 Five Species of Ants have occurred to the Observation of our Author{ddd}2. The Jet Ant. 1747Gould Eng. Ants 3 The Red and Jet Ants are of an equal Largeness. Ibid. 23 The Queen of the Jets I had never the Pleasure of seeing. 1882Garden 30 Dec. 579/1 The Jet Slug..about 2½ inches long.
C. Comb., as jet-miner, jet-worker; jet-embroidered, jet-like adjs.; jet-coal, cannel-coal; jet-glass, black-coloured glass made into cheap jewellery in imitation of jet; jet-rock, a bituminous shale containing jet; jet-seam (see quot. 1891).
1606Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. 1. Tropheis 1078 One⁓while set in a black Jet-like Chair. 1851in Illustr. Lond. News 5 Aug. (1854) 119 Jet-miner. 1875Ure's Dict. Arts III. 8 The jet-miner..finding the jet spread out..follows it with great care. Ibid., The best jet is obtained from a lower bed of the upper lias formations. This bed..is known as jet rock. Ibid. 10 The jet workers complain of the great scarcity of designs in jet. 1891Labour Commission Gloss., Jet Seam, a bed of Durham coal of a coarse cannel species, nearly approaching to a black shale. Jet coal burns with a bright flame, but loses little bulk in the fire. 1891Daily News 24 Feb. 5/8 The daintiest little collars are jet-embroidered upon black silk muslin.
▪ II. † jet, n.2 Obs.
Forms: 4–5 gett, get, (4 aget), 4–6 gette; 4–5 iett(e, 4–6 iet.
[app. a substitution of jet = F. jet throw, cast, for certain senses of cast n. This sense of jet may prob. have been in Anglo-Fr.; but is not recorded in Godefroy, his nearest sense being that of ‘proposal, project’, illustrated chiefly from Flanders.]
1. A device, a contrivance; = cast n. 24.
13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 1354 In notyng of nwe metes & of nice gettes, Al watz þe mynde of þat man, on misschapen þinges. c1380Sir Ferumb. 1681 Al of marbre y-mad ys sche wyþ a quynte iet. c1386Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 724 With this stikke aboue the Crosselet That was ordeyned with that false Iet [v.rr. gett(e] He stired the coles. c1440Promp. Parv. 191/2 Get, or gyn (K. gett, or gyle, S. gette, or gyty), machina.
2. Fashion, style, mode, manner. Cf. cast n. 25. Phr. of the new jet, of the best jet, etc.: cf. after the newest cast.
c1325Poem Times Edw. II 118 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 329 He adihteth him a gay wenche of the new jet, sanz doute. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4024 After Sysilly com Glegabret, A syngere of the beste get. c1386Chaucer Prol. 682 Hym thoughte he rood al of the newe Iet. 1399Langl. Rich. Redeles iii. 159 Þe leesinge so likyde ladies and oþer That þey Ioied of þe Iette, and gyside hem þer-vnder. a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 449 There is another newe gette, A foule waste of clothe and excessyfe. c1440Promp. Parv. 191/2 Get, or maner of custome, modus, consuetudo. a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 31 Now a dayes and a woman here of a newe gette, she wille neuer be in pees tille she haue the same. 1526Skelton Magnyf. 458 What? would ye, wyves, counterfet, The courtly gyse of the newe iet.
▪ III. jet, n.3|dʒɛt|
Also 7–8 jett. See also jut n.
[Partly from jet v.2; in sense 3, app. connected or associated with jet v.1; partly (senses 4–6) from senses of F. jet, f. jeter to throw, cast.]
I.
†1. A projection, protruding part; = jetty n. 2. Obs.
1610G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. ii. xiii, Pillars that.. rise with goodly grace and courage bold To beare his Temple on their ample ietts.
II.
†2. A sudden darting movement; a dart, spring, ‘sprint’. Obs.
1647H. More Song of Soul i. i. lii, Their jets [of sparrows], their jumps, that mirour doth disclose. Ibid. ii. iii. iii. lxxi, So could I..prove..why Saturn moves Ofter in those back jets then Jove doth shoot.
†3. An affected movement or jerk of the body; a swagger. Obs.
1687Sedley Bellam. i. Wks. 1722 II. 100 Yonder goes an odd Fellow with a very pretty Wench: what a Toss she has with her head, and a Jett with her Breech. 1712Budgell Spect. No. 277 ⁋17 The genteel Trip, and the agreeable Jett, as they are now practised at the Court of France. 1719D'Urfey Pills I. 222 She..has got the Town Jett with her Bum too.
III. 4. a. A stream of water or other liquid shot forward or thrown upwards (either in a spurt or continuously), esp. from a small orifice; hence, any similar emission of liquid, steam, or gas; more rarely, a shower of solid bodies, as stones, etc.
1696Phillips (ed. 5), Jet,..a spouting forth of Waters. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 177 Thus the small jett which hasty hands unlock, Spirts in the gardner's eyes who turns the cock. 1821Southey Vis. Judgem. iv, Turrets and pinnacles sparkled, Playing in jets of light. 1825Hone Everyday Bk. I. 1185 Lighted by..a single hoop..with little jets of gas. 1846Ruskin Mod. Paint. I. ii. v. ii. §2 A jet of spray leaps hissing out of the fall. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 379 In a tank, where it is heated, by means of a jet of steam. 1869Phillips Vesuv. ix. 252 Jets of solid stones are thrown up with violence.
b. transf. and fig.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 8 The stream of nervous power, thus communicated by jets from the sensorial fountain. 1877‘H. A. Page’ De Quincey II. xvi. 28 He would brighten up..with little jets of humour.
c. Astr. (i) A thin, well-defined stream of luminous material extending from the nucleus in the head of a comet.
1866W. Lockyer tr. Guillemin's Heavens (ed. 2) 293 If we look at the drawings..of the comet of 1862..we shall be astonished at the rapidity of the changes of position and form of the luminous jets which successively were emitted from the nucleus... M. Chacornac was able to distinguish the formation of thirteen..jets, similar to jets of steam. 1888C. A. Young Textbk. Gen. Astron. (1889) xvii. 404 In the case of a very brilliant comet, its head is often veined by short jets of light which appear to be continually emitted by the nucleus. 1931Publ. Lick Observatory (Univ. Calif.) XVII. 481 Secondary nuclei were found showing all the properties of the primary nucleus, namely, halos, jets, and streamers. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. III. 314/1 At smaller distances [from the sun] (less than 0·5 AU) there may be profuse emission of material but distinguishable features, such as jets, are seldom observed.
(ii) A spicule or similar structure in the solar chromosphere.
1948Astrophysical Jrnl. CVIII. 130 An interpretation of the chromospheric spicules as a system of superthermic jets is presented. 1951Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. CXI. 630 The solar chromosphere exhibits an intricate fimbriate structure that consists of very small prominences in contact with the photosphere. For brevity, these chromospheric details will be called ‘jets’. Ibid., ‘Spicule’, introduced by W. O. Roberts.., apparently refers to the largest of the jets that appear in the Sun's polar regions. 1953G. P. Kuiper Sun v. 212 The chromosphere seems composed of a more or less homogeneous layer, from which emerge fine streaks or spikes... Roberts has introduced the name spicules for these fine details, Lyot and Mohler call them jets.
(iii) A narrow strip extending radially outwards from some galaxies and quasars and usually differing from the rest of the galaxy or quasar in the radiation it emits.
1954Astrophysical Jrnl. CXIX. 221 NGC 4486 has a unique peculiarity which has been known for a long time. In the center of the nebula..is a straight jet, extending from the nucleus in position angle 290°... Several strong condensations are in the outer parts of the jet, which extends about 20{pp} from the nucleus and has an average width of about 2{pp}. 1966Nature 13 Aug. 698/2 The synchrotron radiation of the jet of 3C 273 is detectable optically but not in the radio wave-lengths. 1967Internat. Astron. Union Symposium XXXI. 442 A well-known feature of M87 is a jet, about 1000 pc long, emitting polarized light via the synchrotron mechanism. 1972Physics Bull. Apr. 202/2 An example is galaxy M87, the famous ‘jet’ galaxy showing a high velocity jet of matter flying from its centre.
d. = jet stream.
1953Q. Jrnl. R. Meteorol. Soc. LXXIX. 236 The wind components perpendicular to this axis were evaluated on each sounding at 50-mb intervals below and above the level of the jet. 1957Ibid. LXXXIII. 222 The local and shallow nature of the near-discontinuity surface compared to the upper-temperature gradients in the jet certainly suggests a minor role for the front in the overall mechanics of the waves. 1963tr. E. R. Reiter's Jet-Stream Meteorol. iv. 167 (heading) The structure of the frontal zone in the region of the polar-front jet. 1968Jrnl. Atmospheric Sci. XXV. 1169/1 An equatorial jet can be driven by a convergence of momentum flux. 1970Nature 17 Jan. 254/2 Thermal convection on a global scale in the lower atmosphere of Jupiter redistributes angular momentum so as to produce a well defined westerly jet at high level astride the equator... On Earth, equatorial jets are found in the lower stratosphere and in the oceans.
5. a. A spout or nozzle for emitting water, gas, etc.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 216 Two other branch-pipes, supplied with gas from the gasometer, and ending in a jet at each end. 1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 389 Garden-engine..with jet and spreader, for watering plants, greenhouses [etc.]. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 500/2 The oil is injected in the form of a spray..by a steam jet arranged in such a way that air will be drawn into the furnace along with the petroleum. 1901Motor-Car World II. 42/1 Sometimes the jet gets stopped up, causing the engine to cease working. 1929Newton & Steeds Motor Vehicle vii. 108 [In a Diesel engine] the jet must also be so disposed and directed that a stream of liquid is not likely to impinge on the cylinder wall or piston, where rapid carbonization would occur. 1943A. P. Fraas Aircraft Power Plants vii. 116 The simple carburetor has been used to meter fuel to gasoline engines from the time they first came into use. Essentially, it consists of two orifices in parallel. The first, the air venturi, meters the air flow. The second, the fuel jet, meters the fuel flow. 1963C. Campbell Sports Car Engine vi. 97 This is a simple auxiliary carburettor with an air jet and a fuel jet feeding into a passage leading to the engine side of the throttle plate.
b. Pyrotechnics. A rocket-case filled with a burning composition, and attached to the circumference of a wheel or the end of a movable arm to communicate motion.
c. [Ellipt. use.] A jet plane or a jet engine.
1944Flight 10 Feb. 153/2 The advantages of the jet are so great that I am sure their development will be rapid. 1944Collier's 22 Apr. 13/3 The jet..is capable of faster flight at low altitudes than any airplane with conventional engines and propeller. 1948‘N. Shute’ No Highway i. 7 The Mark I model..had radial engines, though now they all have jets. 1957Economist 31 Aug. 697/1 In military air weapons, the jet is now giving way to the rocket motor. 1973Observer 14 Jan. 7/2 The enormous capacity of the latest generation big jets can be filled only by promotional and concessionary fares.
6. Metal-casting.
a. A channel or tube for pouring melted metal into a mould.
b. The small projecting piece of metal remaining in the aperture through which the liquid metal was poured.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., Jet, the sprue of a type, which is broken therefrom when the type is cold.
7. Phrases. at a single jet, at a single effort of the mind; at the first jet, at first impulse. [After F. d'un seul jet, du premier jet.]
1838Sir W. Hamilton Logic xxiv. (1866) II. 20 A long definition is..burthensome..to the understanding, which ought to comprehend it at a single jet. 1880Times 19 Jan. 4 It is always desirable that an etching should be a first thought..A certain spontaneity and freshness seems to belong to all work done at the first jet.
8. A large ladle.
1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Brewing, Mix it again with your Hand Jett. 1742Lond. & Country Brew. i. (ed. 4) 50 Others..for Butt or Stout-beer will..mix it once, and beat it again with the Hand-bowl or Jett. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia. Jet, a very large ladle to empty a cistern.
9. Comb., as jet-hole, jet speed, jet velocity; jet-like adj.; jet boat N.Z. (see quot. 1968); jet-break, the mark left, as on a metal type, by a jet or sprue when removed after casting; jet engine, an engine utilizing jet propulsion to provide forward thrust, esp. an aircraft engine that takes in air and ejects hot compressed air and exhaust gases; so jet-engined adj.; jet flap Aeronaut., a jet of gas from a jet engine ejected downward as a sheet through a slot in the trailing edge of an aircraft wing, so as to act as a flap and increase the lift; jet injector Med., an instrument for giving injections without breaking the skin by means of a fine jet of fluid forced through it under pressure; jet motor = jet engine above; jet pipe, a pipe or duct from which a jet of fluid is expelled; spec. the exhaust duct of a jet engine; jet-pump, a pump in which fluid is impelled by a jet of air, steam, etc.; jet turbine, a turbojet engine. Also jet stream.
1963J. Hamilton (title) White water, the Colorado jet boat expedition, 1960. 1967A. & D. Reid Paddle Wheels on Wanganui p. x, Canoes, rafts and jetboats notwithstanding, there can be no equal to the experience of shooting a long twisting rapid in..a Wanganui riverboat in its heyday. 1968Times 31 Aug. 7/5 The jet boat is..a simple enough contraption—a strong glass fibre hull..; a powerful and reliable inboard engine; and..a highly developed water pump. Water is sucked in through a flat grating..and projected violently out the back to supply propulsion and steering. 1970N.Z. Listener 27 Feb. 1 (caption) The experimental jetboat on the Waimakariri River, 1951. 1975N.Z. News 8 Jan. 9/3 Another development of consequence in New Zealand has been the invention of the jet boat... Propelled and steered by its water jet, the [Sir William] Hamilton jet boat can make 180-degree turns in its own length.
1943Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLVII. 413 In general, the jet engine performance is given not in h.p. but in kg. of thrust. 1950Sci. News XV. 72 The ordinary jet engine uses oxygen from the air, but the rocket carries its own oxygen supply with it in some form. 1952A. Y. Bramble Air-Plane Flight x. 156 There are, at present, three types of air-plane jet ‘engine’—(a) rocket, (b) turbo-jet, (c) athodyd. 1969Jet Engine (Rolls-Royce Ltd.) (ed. 3) i. 4/1 Although a rocket engine..is a jet engine, it has one major difference in that it does not use atmospheric air as the propulsive fluid stream.
1952Lancet 15 Nov. 967/2 In jet-engined aeroplanes the high sonic frequencies predominate. 1960Guide Civil Land Aerodrome Lighting (B.S.I.) 30 Where a runway is used by large jet-engined aircraft, blister type fittings are advisable as elevated fittings can be blown over by the jet efflux.
1958Spectator 7 Feb. 160/3 The vast amount of British work on blown flaps, jet flaps, jet lift and boundary layer control. 1963Engineering 5 Apr. 493/1 The principle of the jet flap was..patented in 1952 by the National Gas Turbine Establishment and is a technique whereby the power of jet engines installed for propulsion can also be used greatly to increase the wing lift at low speeds.
1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 74/1 The most brilliant light from common gas is produced by a burner in which the jet-holes are very numerous.
1947Current Res. Anesthesia & Analgesia XXVI. 223 Figure 2 shows position of the jet injector for anesthetizing the skin preparatory to insertion of lumbar puncture needle. 1965Brit. Med. Jrnl. 25 Dec. 1541/1 High-pressure jet injectors..throw the material to be injected with considerable force through a very fine nozzle. 1973Lancet 28 Apr. 927/2 Contacts of the early cases were vaccinated by intradermal injection, but two jet injectors were ordered for the vaccination of the 5 and 6-year-old children.
1883R. A. Proctor in 19th. Cent. Nov. 876 They have been classified according to the various forms of cloud-like and jet-like prominences.
1944Discovery Nov. 346/2 This is the Whittle aircraft, with a gas-turbine jet-motor. 1950J. V. Casamassa Jet Aircraft Power Syst. v. 89 The Aerojet motor is a true rocket, since its propellent charge contains both the fuel and the oxygen necessary to burn it. Consequently, this jet motor delivers its rated power independent of altitude or atmospheric conditions.
1946Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. L. 317/1 After compression in the compressor, the air is circulated through a radiator or heat exchanger situated in the jet pipe of the engine. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 227/2 Jetting consists of displacing the soil at the pile tip by means of a quantity of water or air through an internal or external jet pipe, which also lubricates the sides of the pile as it rises to escape. 1966D. Stinton Anat. Aeroplane vii. 126 The thrust of a turbojet is frequently augmented by burning additional fuel in the jetpipe, thus utilizing unburnt air.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., Jet-pump... It acts by the pressure of a column of air passing through an annular throat; or conversely, an annular jet around a central orifice.
1934Aircraft Engineering VI. 170/2 At the maximum pressure end the difference between the static pressure inside the [wind] tunnel and atmospheric at a jet speed of 200 ft./sec. is about 45 lb./sq. ft.
1945Sci. Amer. June 365 Jet turbines have extremely low oil consumption ratings. 1949Punch 14 Sept. 286/3 Emerging miraculously from its dive, the monster..flashes low across the runway, the whiffling roar of its jet-turbine manfully pursuing.
1935in Aeronaut. Jrnl. (1970) LXXIV. 130/2 The jet velocity resulting from a useful heat drop of 250 units is..2320 ft/s. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 159/1 Under these conditions, afterburning to an exhaust temperature of 3460°R provides an increase in jet velocity of..1·5.
IV.
10. Combs. in which jet represents ‘jet engine’, as jet efflux, jet fuel; jet-assisted, jet-powered adjs.; esp. in the designations of aircraft (and occas. other forms of transport) powered by jet engines, as jet aeroplane, jet aircraft, jet air liner, jet airplane, jet bomber, jet fighter, jet lifter, jet liner, jet plane, jet tanker, jet trainer. Also Jetfoil (also jetfoil), a type of passenger-carrying hydrofoil with a stabilization and control system based on that of an aircraft (proprietary in the U.S.); jet lift, lift (vertical thrust) provided by a jet engine. (For jet engine, motor, etc., see sense 9.) Also jet propulsion.
1951‘J. Wyndham’ Day of Triffids ii. 36 Also I must buy an aeroplane—a jet aeroplane, very fast.
1944Flight 3 Feb. 130/1 Now about the jet aircraft. Instead of the jets coming out of the tail, shape the aircraft like an orange pip and have several jets coming out of the shoulders, pressing air against and all round the fuselage. 1954Economist 11 Sept. 12/2 On multi-engined jet aircraft the horizontal tail must also be placed away from the jet blast. 1959Daily Tel. 23 Feb. 11/8, I have seen films of man's experience of weightlessness in a jet aircraft. 1970Times 25 Feb. 8/6 The first Whittle jet was tested three years later [sc. in 1937].., and the first British jet aircraft flew in 1941.
1947Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LI. 178/2 With regard to the comfort of jet air liners, he wondered whether people were being misled. 1959Daily Tel. 2 Mar. 16/4 The new large jet airliners are probably as fast, and can fly as high, as most jet bombers now in service.
1944Collier's 22 Apr. 13/1 Few standard conveniences for upper stratosphere flying had yet been built into the jet airplane.
1944Jet-assisted [see jato]. 1957Jane's Fighting Ships 1957–8 413 The missile is using jet-assisted rocket bottles to launch it.
1952Oxf. Jun. Encycl. X. 56/2 One of the first tactical jet bombers to go into service was the English Electric Canberra. 1965H. Kahn On Escalation x. 200 In a jet-bomber and ballistic-missile age, events go so fast.
1960Jet efflux [see jet-engined adj. in 9]. 1966D. Stinton Anat. Aeroplane 244 The position of the fin was an initial argument against mounting the engine above the boom, because of the hot jet efflux playing on the surfaces.
1944Sat. Even. Post 6 May 20/2 The British had flown a jet plane successfully, and now the USAAF proposed to develop a twin-engined jet fighter of its own. 1955Ann. Reg. 1954 149 An outstanding item in Canadian mutual aid within N.A.T.O...was the transfer of 164 Sabre jet fighters to Greece and Turkey. 1964M. McLuhan Understanding Media ii. xxvii. 272 The two pilots of one Canadian jet fighter.
1972Aviation Week & Space Technol. 16 Oct. 17/2 Boeing Co. has launched a commercial hydrofoil production program after receiving orders..for 11 100-ton boats powered by a water jet propulsion system... The boat, which Boeing is calling the Jetfoil, is being designed to cruise at 50 mph. 1974Times 27 Feb. 16 Macao is about an hour away by hydrofoil and when the jetfoils are introduced later this year the time will be cut to 45 minutes. 1976Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 17 Feb. tm155/2 The Boeing Company, Seattle... Jetfoil for watercraft—namely, hydrofoil boats. 1979Daily Tel. 23 Apr. 21/8 Using ultrasonic sensors to measure approaching wave-heights, and both vertical and horizontal gyros, to compensate for pitch and roll, a computer keeps the Jetfoil absolutely stable. 1982Observer 3 Oct. 25/5 By now you could feel the West close by..a jetfoil ride across a short stretch of the South China Sea.
1953Ann. Reg. 1952 164 Agreement was also reached on financing the first half of the..programme for air-fields, communications, and jet-fuel supplies. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. I. 178/2 Volatility is the most important consideration in the selection of jet fuels; combustion qualities are of secondary concern.
1958Jet lift [see jet flap in 9]. 1968New Scientist 25 July 167/1 Jet lift, as a means of personal mobility, has been a tempting idea since Rolls-Royce began using the Flying Bedstead about 15 years ago... This invites speculation as to whether paratroopers, deployed from a transport aeroplane, might subsequently be gathered back into it with the help of their individual jet-lift belts.
1954P. Masefield in Listener 30 Sept. 511/2 The commercial jet-lifters are yet to come. 1967Times Rev. Industry Feb. 68/2 As long as a decade ago, technically competent enthusiasts were saying that another form of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) transport, the jet-lifter, was just round the historical corner.
1949Birmingham (Alabama) News-Age-Herald 13 Nov. A. 18/3 But there is much work yet to be done before the combination of the jetliner and the helibus can be fully utilized. 1961A. Miller Misfits i. 12 A great jet liner roars over, flying quite low. 1970New Scientist 23 Apr. 172/2 The cruising speed would be competitive with current jetliners at Mach 0·93. 1971Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 30 July 25 This frenetic era of automated jetliners and impersonal airports.
1944G. Smith Gas Turbines & Jet Propulsion for Aircraft (ed. 3) 104 He believed the jet plane would be used in the near future. 1944War Illustr. 10 Nov. 404/3 The first enemy jet⁓plane to fall in Allied lines was shot down over Nijmegen on October 5 by six R.A.F. Spitfires; it was a Me 262. 1964M. McLuhan Understanding Media ii. xviii. 177 The effect of..jet-plane speeds.
1956W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Dict. 281/1 Jet-powered, powered by one or more jet engines. 1957Encycl. Brit. I. 246/2 Aeroplanes are either propeller driven or jet powered.
1959Daily Tel. 2 Mar. 16/4 The United States Air Force already has a large number, probably about 400, Boeing KC-135 jet tankers. 1967Times 28 Feb. (Canada Suppl.) 27 Jet tankers are also needed for long distance inflight refuelling of the CF5.
1959Daily Tel. 23 Feb. 11/8 The first such experiments were conducted by a pilot and a doctor in a T-33 jet trainer.
11. In numerous combinations (in which jet represents ‘jet plane’) relating to locomotion by means of jet aircraft, as jet route, jet transport, jet transportation, jet travel, jet traveller; jet-borne adj. Also jet age, the age or era of travel by jet aircraft; jet hop, a short or rapid flight by a jet aircraft; also as v. intr.; jet lag, the delayed effects (esp. temporal disorientation) suffered by a person after a long flight on a (jet) aircraft; jetport [after airport], an airport served by jet aircraft; jet set, a smart set of wealthy people who conduct business by jet travel, or who make frequent journeys, e.g. to holiday resorts, by jet aircraft; also in weakened senses; so jet-setter.
1952R. Walker (title) Jet age. 1953Sci. News Let. 21 Feb. 122/1 A weird-looking, skin-tight ‘space suit’ now clothes the jet-age test pilot. 1958New Statesman 21 June 804/2 The uppermost deck of this air-pier or jet⁓age jetty is an open public area— ‘waving base’ in official terminology—that gives one a grandstand or pierhead view of the comings and goings. 1963PMLA LXXVIII. i. p. v, Air France ground hostesses threaten to work in civilian clothes unless their employer comes up with jet age fashions. 1971Guardian 12 June 12/3 You can cleanse yourself immediately of most jet-age pollution in the..local Turkish bath.
1968N.Y. Times 21 Apr. iv. 1 Johnson..climbed aboard his jetborne White House for the flight back to his Texas ranch.
1963Times 26 Feb. 8/6 A certified real Orient just a jet-hop away. 1969J. Mander Static Soc. i. 27 As he jet-hops from country to country, it is the similarities that strike him.
1969‘A. Cade’ Turn up Stone i. 23 The long journey, jet-lag and the heat had given him a headache. 1971Times 16 Apr. 7 (Advt.), A team of scientists has researched the phenomenon of ‘jet lag’ thoroughly. The disorientation of a jet flight has been proved to upset..decision-making. 1972Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 10 June 15/2 The news of Nixon—booked into Salzburg to fight jet lag for a weekend on his way to the summit meeting in Moscow. 1973Observer 3 June 29/1 They had the dazed, sleep-walking look of people still confused by jet-lag.
1961N.Y. Times 1 June 37/1 (caption) New study backs jetport in Morris. 1972Fortune Jan. 40D/3 (Advt.), A fourth major jetport to serve the New York metropolitan area.
1970Times 27 Feb. 3/8 (heading) Windsor on jet route.
1951San Francisco Examiner 5 Aug. 5/1 You're strictly jet set..if you stake your claim in the dunes..never descend to ocean level except for a quick dunk. 1956N.Y. Times Mag. 4 Nov. 14 This is the Soviet ‘Jet Set’, an element of the younger generation... The term was originated by a young member of a foreign embassy staff in Moscow and refers to the Soviet youth who are attracted by things foreign. 1963Amer. Speech XXXVIII. 206 Jet set (analogous to smart set), rhyming slang term referring to the sophisticated, well-to-do skiers who go abroad by jet just for skiing vacations in the best known resorts. 1964Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 10 Oct. 70/1 The Jet Set..has rediscovered St. Tropez. 1966Daily Tel. 24 Oct. 13/6 Clothes for the jet set, for you who seek the sun in winter. 1970Americana Ann. 694 His campaign managers created a new image of him [sc. Pierre Trudeau] as the youthful, debonaire, ‘with-it’ man of the jet-set age. 1972House & Garden Dec.–Jan. 126/2 Even in the jet-set hotels..local dishes are presented.
1965N.Y. Times 13 June 17 (caption) Jet-setter Mrs...and model..prepare for ABC's fall special, ‘The Wild, Wild East’. 1966Time 9 Dec. 88/3 In swarmed the jet-setters (Gloria Guinness, Lee Radziwill, Count and Countess Rudolfo Crespi). 1973Daily Tel. 22 Sept. 19/8 The crowd..naturally included show business celebrities and jet-setters who had paid {pstlg}40 for court-side seats.
1949Flight 29 Sept. 438/2 A large jet transport might take five years to develop to the production stage. 1961L. Mumford City in Hist. xvi. 505 Jet transportation brings an area twelve hundred miles away as near as one sixty miles distant today. 1962Daily Tel. 13 June 11/1 What with jet travel, the Common Market and [etc.]. 1964M. McLuhan Understanding Media ii. x. 94 The jet traveler..might just as well be in a cocktail lounge.
Add:[IV.] [11.] jet-lagged a., suffering from jet lag (freq. predic.); also fig.
1976Nature 29 Apr. 737/1 Businessmen at Heathrow..couldn't know whether they were *jet lagged until they had found out whether their internal clocks were waking them up at the witching hour of 3 am the following morning. 1985N. & Q. Sept. 406/1 The reader leaves rather jet-lagged, yet might have flown further and reached a more satisfying destination. 1991H. Gold Best Nightmare on Earth viii. 118 Thirty years later in Paris, criminally jetlagged, I was walking at three a.m. in St.-Germain-des-Prés.
jet-lagging a., that induces jet lag.
1982Life Apr. 8/1 Right from the *jet-lagging start, I was knocked out by the place.
▪ IV. jet, n.4
Also 8 jett, (jest), jut.
[By-form of gist, a. Law Fr. gist, mod.F. gît in the legal phrase action gist or gît ‘action lies’, taken subst. as the ‘lie’ of the action; cf. the following:
1613Finch Nomotechnia 7 [Il] ne girra le foundation de son edifice sur estates, tenures, les gists de briefes ou tiel [i.e. the lie of writs (the cases in which a writ will lie) or the like]. ]
That wherein the action lies, the real point of an action at law; hence, the substance or pith of a matter; = gist n.3
α1748Richardson Clarissa (1811) III. lxii. 363 Here comes the jet of the business. Ibid. VIII. x. 54 To point out..where the jet of our arguments lieth. 1777Sheridan Sch. Scand. iii. i, Sir Pet. But Rowley, I don't see the jest [some later edd. jet] of your scheme. 1795tr. Moritz' Trav. Eng. 57 The jett, or principal point in the debate, is lost in these personal contests. 1813Dickinson 5 May in Hansard's Parl. Deb. XXV. 1141 The story of the loaf was the whole jet of the case. 1818Cobbett Pol. Reg. 483 This is the jet of all her reasoning. 1872R. Rainy Lect. Ch. Scotl. iii. (1883) 140 The very jet of the quarrel lay here.
β1772Nugent tr. Hist. Friar Gerund ii. ii. 287 The whole jut of the business consists in advancing boldly a proposition. Ibid. iii. iii. 481 All the jut of which..consists in its being very like that vulgarism.
▪ V. † jet, v.1 Obs.
Forms: 5 gette, 5–7 iett(e, 6 get, 6–7 iet(t, 7–8 jet.
[In form, app. a. Anglo-F. gett-re (Bozon), in 15th c. F. getter, jetter, mod.F. jeter to throw, cast, etc.; but the senses appear to be those belonging to the L. jactāre sē, jactārī ‘to carry oneself confidently or conceitedly, to talk boastfully of oneself, to boast, brag, vaunt oneself, make an ostentatious display’, sense not recorded in French. The n. jetter, corresp. to L. jactātor ‘an ostentatious displayer of himself, a boaster, a braggart’ (senses also absent from F. jetteur), was app. in earlier use than the vb., and possibly contributed to the currency of the latter.]
I. Of gait and motion.
1. intr. To assume a pompous gait or make a vaunting display in walking; to walk or move about in an ostentatious manner; to strut, swagger. Said also of animals, as a prancing horse, a peacock, a turkey, etc. Often with up and down.
a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 428 Þogh he iette forth a-mong þe prees, And ouer loke euery pore wight. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) VIII. 149 The seide William wente iettynge in the stretes [Higden pompatice procedebat, Trev. wente wiþ greet boost and array], and moche peple drawynge to hym. c1440Promp. Parv. 192/2 Gettyn, verno, lassivo, gesticulo. a1529Skelton E. Rummyng 51 And yet she wyll iet..In her furred flocket. 1530Palsgr. 563/2, I get, I use a proude countenaunce and pace in my goyng, je braggue. 1548Udall Erasm. Par. Luke xix. 150 The Pharisee, he goeth jetting bolt upright. 1587M. Grove Pelops & Hipp. (1878) 41 They [horses] prauncing iette, to shew themselues which best might tread the land. 1601Holland Pliny I. 291 Others..cast out their feet before them, staulk and jet as they go, as Storks and cranes. 1649W. M. Wand. Jew (Halliw. 1857) 59 Your Wife [shall be] pointed at, for jetting in stolne feathers. 1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 304 The Wicked Crow aloud fowl⁓weather threats, When alone on dry sands she proudly jets.
b. To move along jauntily, to caper, to trip.
1557T. Phaer æneid vii. T iv, Girt in skinnes they iett, wt vinetree garlonds borne on prickes. 1604T. Wright Passions iv. ii. §3. 134 To trip, to iet, or any such like pase, commeth of lightnesse. 1632T. Morton New Eng. Canaan (1883) 180 Cleare running streames..jetting most jocundly where they doe meete and hande in hande runne downe to Neptunes Court. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Jetting along, or out, a Man Dancing in his Gate.
c. quasi-trans. to jet it. (Cf. to trip it.)
1526Skelton Magnyf. 974 Mary, thou iettes it of hyght. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 10 b, Mistris Minx..iets it as gingerly as if she were dancing the Canaries. a1624Bp. M. Smith Serm. (1632) 229 They iet it not onely in soft clothing, but in cloth of gold and of siluer. a1634Randolph in Ann. Dubrensia (1877) 20 Where..harmlesse Nimphes, jet it with harmlesse Swaynes. 1672Maypole Dance in Westm. Drollery 80 Then ev'ry man began to foot it round about; And ev'ry Girl did jet it, jet it, jet it, in and out.
2. intr. To stroll; sometimes simply a humorous equivalent of walk or go. (In quot. 1546, to ‘depart’, to die.)
1530Palsgr. 563/2, I get up and downe, I loyter as an ydell or masterlesse person dothe, je vilote. 1546J. Heywood Prov. ii. iv. (1867) 49 God forbyd wyfe, ye shall fyrst iet. I will not iet yet (quoth she), put no doutyng. a1571Jewel On 2 Thess. (1611) 134 Poore soules came creeping and crying out of Purgatory, and ietted abroad. 1600Maides Metam. iii. i. in Bullen O. Pl. I. 137 Ioculo, whither iettest thou? Hast thou found thy maister? 1706Phillips, To Jet, to run up and down. a1777Robin Hoode & Q. Kath. xix. in Child Ballads v. cxlv, Thus he ietted towards louly London.
3. trans. To traverse ostentatiously; to parade.
1557North tr. Gueuara's Diall Pr. 262 b/2, I ietted the stretes, I sang ballades. 1576Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 63 In towne he ietted euery streete, As though the god of warres..Might wel (by him) be liuely counterfayte. 1581Savile Tacitus, Hist. ii. lxxxviii. (1591) 105 The Tribunes also..with multitudes of armed men went squaring and ietting the streetes.
II. Of behaviour.
4. intr. To act or behave boastfully, to vaunt, to brag.
c1514Barclay in Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) p. lxvii, They laude their verses, they boast, they uaunt, and jet. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 490 On this maner ietteth forth this Buskine Portingall. a1592Greene Alphonsus v. Wks. (Rtldg.) 247/1 Jason did jet whenas he had obtain'd The golden fleece by wise Medea's art. 1664Flodden F. ii. 20 King James for joy began to jet So huge an army to behold.
5. intr. To revel, roister, riot; to indulge in riotous living.
1514Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 2 In the towne & cyte so long jetted had he, That from thens he fledde for det & poverte. 1530Palsgr. 570, I go a jettynge or a ryottynge, je raude. 1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. xii. xvii. (1886) 216 A certeine sir John..once went abroad a jetting, and..robbed a millers weire. 1640in Balfour Scot. Ballads 37 That he may jet in dancing and whooring.
▪ VI. jet, v.2|dʒɛt|
Forms: 6–8 jett, (8 jeat), 7– jet; see also jut v.
[a. F. jeter (14–16th c. also jetter, Cotgr. jecter) to throw, cast; to fling, dart, thrust, push, cast metal, etc. = Pr. gitar, getar, Sp. jitar, jetar, It. gittare, gettare:—late L. or Com. Rom. type *jettare:—jectare ‘unexplained alteration’ of cl. L. jactāre, freq. of jacĕre to throw, cast.]
I.
†1.
a. intr. To shoot prominently forward; to project, protrude, jut. Const. out, over. Obs.
1593Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 76 Thy streets were paued with Marble, and thy houses ietted out with Iaphy and Cedar. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 116 The houses..jetting over aloft like the poopes of ships, to shadow the streets. 1640tr. Verdere's Romant of Rom. III. vii. 28 A Window, that jetted upon the Garden. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 83 Some..bear fruits which jett out from the stem a little. 1749L. Evans Mid. Brit. Colonies (1755) 8 note, Spurs we call little Ridges jetting out from the principal Chains of Mountains. 1762Bp. Forbes Jrnls. (1886) 228 A moss-grown Ruine, jetting into the North Side of the Lake.
fig.1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. v. §2 Enough hereof at this time, having jetted out a little already into the next year. 1662W. Gurnall Chr. in Arm. verse 18. i. xviii. (1669) 362/2 That thy faith may not jet beyond the foundation of the promise.
†b. intr. (transf.) To encroach on or upon.
1588Shakes. Tit. A. ii. i. 64 (Qos.) Thinke you not how dangerous It is to iet [Fos. set] vpon a Princes right? 1594― Rich. III, ii. iv. 51 (Qos.) Insulting tyranny beginnes to iet [1623 Folio Iutt] Upon the innocent and lawlesse throane. c1590Play Sir T. More (1844) 2 It is hard when English⁓mens pacience must be thus jetted on by straungers. 1636Heywood Loves Mistr. i. Wks. 1874 V. 104 A..foole, Who spights at those above him,..and his equalls jets upon.
†2. trans. To build out (part of a house, etc.); to cause to project, to furnish with projections.
1632Manchester Crt. Leet Rec. (1886) III. 192 John Gryffin hath Jetted out his chamber Windowes over the Lords Wast. 1667Obs. Burn. London in Sel. fr. Harl. Misc. (1793) 449 Magistrates..have suffered them..to incroach upon the streets, and to jet the tops of their houses, so as from one side of the street to touch the other. 1714Derham Phys.-Theol. iii. iv. (ed. 2) 79 That..it [the earth] should be jetted out everywhere into Hills and Dales.. is a manifest Sign of an especial Providence.
II.
3. To throw, cast, toss. Obs. exc. dial.
1659D. Pell Impr. Sea 407 As the ball that is jetted to and fro upon the racket. Ibid. 414 They have no mind to bee jetted up to the Heavens in a storm. 1877N.W. Linc. Gloss., Jet, to throw with a jerk.
†4. intr. To spring, hop, bound, dart. Obs.
1635Quarles Embl. iii. i, Like as the haggard, cloister'd in her mew,..Jets oft from perch to perch. 1647H. More Song of Soul ii. iii. iii. xxxiv, Not more heavie then dry straws that jet Up to a ring, made of black shining jeat. 1827Montgomery Pelican Isl. vii. 174 He hoped to see..The wingless squirrel jet from tree to tree.
†5. intr. To move or be moved with a jerk or jerks; to jolt or jog. Obs.
a1635Corbet Poems (1807) 95, I on an ambling nag did jet,..And spur'd him on each side. 1676Wiseman Surg. (J.), Upon the jetting of a hackney-coach she was thrown out of the hinder seat.
†6. intr. Of a bird: To move the tail up and down jerkily. Obs.
1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 60 As she [a bird] sits on a stick, jets, and lifts up her train, looking with so..merry a countenance. 1783Ainsworth Lat. Dict. (Morell) v, Todeo, -ere,..to jet up and down like a wagtail.
III. 7. intr. To spout or spurt forth; to issue in a jet or jets, or curve in the form of a jet d'eau.
1692Ray Dissol. World ii. ii. 96 Springs break out after great rains which jet and spout up a great height. 1730A. Gordon Maffei's Amphith. 168 Pipes, by which..they caused odoriferous Liquor to spring up from the bottom to the top of the Amphitheatre, which then jetted and spread itself in the Air. a1854H. Reed Lect. Brit. Poets iii. (1857) 101 That quiet humour which is forever jetting out of Chaucer's pages. 1862Tyndall Mountaineer. xi. 90 We..observe the smoke of a distant cataract jetting from the side of the mountain.
8. trans. To emit or send forth in a jet or jets.
1708Motteux Rabelais i. iv. 158 The Three Graces, with their Cornucopia's,..did jet out the Water [earlier edd. jert, orig. jectoyent l'eau] at their Breasts, Mouth, Ears, Eyes. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles i. xviii, Conflicting tides that foam and fret, And high their mingled billows jet. 1849Dana Geol. vii. (1850) 356 The lavas may be jetted from a vent in small ejections.
9. Building. To loosen and remove (sand, gravel, etc.), or to sink (a pile), by the technique of jetting (see jetting vbl. n.2 4).
1956H. L. Nichols Mod. Techniques Excavation v. 58/2 In peat, the points are jetted down and sand pumped in the hole around them. Ibid. vi. 25/2 If the cover should be left off, and the vertical pipe filled with dirt.., it may be jetted out by the use of an engine-driven water pump.
Hence ˈjetted, † jet, ppl. a.
1709Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. (1736) II. 49 In that Chamber was a large jet-out Window. 1762Ustick in Phil. Trans. LII. 512 Every one of the windows of the church, (excepting one in the jet-out north-isle). 1864S. Ferguson Forging of Anchor ii, Hurrah! the jetted lightnings are hissing high and low.
▪ VII. jet, v.3|dʒɛt|
[f. jet n.3]
intr. To travel by jet plane. Also trans. (and refl.), to convey by jet plane or jet engine. So ˈjetted ppl. a.
1946All Hands June 50 A Martin Marauder was jetted into the air for the scientist-spectators. 1949Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 8 Jan. 17, I rather think Captain Osborne will be the first of us to go jetting to the moon. 1951A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars vii. 81 They jetted themselves slowly out across the surface of Deimos. 1956F. Pohl Alternating Currents (1966) 96 We can't jet home through normal space because we don't have the fuel. 1959Time 23 Mar. 20/3 Jetting home to Moscow..Krushchev exuded confidence. 1962Daily Tel. 13 June 11/1 There's no rest for the ‘jetted’ British businessman. 1966Guardian 7 June 12/6 In the last few days, Brown has jetted over an area the size of Europe. 1968Daily Tel. 28 Sept. 9/6 (Advt.), Clarksons jet you to top resorts like Alpbach, Auffach, [etc.]. 1971Radio Times 21 Oct. 71/3 Perhaps I'd been lucky to catch him in today, before he jetted off to Tokyo or the Bahamas? 1973Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 10 Aug. 7/2 But Beer now jets between Santiago and his Surrey home. |