| 释义 |
▪ I. jungle, n.|ˈdʒʌŋg(ə)l|
Also 9 jangal, jingle, jungul.
[a. Hindī and Marāṭhī jangal desert, waste, forest, Skr. jaṇgala dry, dry ground, desert.
The change in Anglo-Indian use may be compared to that in the historical meaning of the word forest in its passage from a waste or unenclosed tract to one covered with wild wood. In the transferred sense of jungle there is app. a tendency to associate it with tangle.]
1. In India, originally, as a native word, Waste or uncultivated ground (= ‘forest’ in the original sense); then, such land overgrown with brushwood, long grass, etc.; hence, in Anglo-Indian use,
a. Land overgrown with underwood, long grass, or tangled vegetation; also, the luxuriant and often almost impenetrable growth of vegetation covering such a tract.
b. with a and pl. A particular tract or piece of land so covered; esp. as the dwelling-place of wild beasts.
a.1776N. B. Halhed Gentoo Code xiii. 190 Land Waste for Five Years..is called Jungle. c1813Mrs. Sherwood Ayah & Lady ix. 52 The banks were covered with thick jungle down to the very brink of the water. Ibid. Gloss., Jungle, brushwood, or very high grass. 1853Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges 128 In loading and unloading, in moving through jungle. 1900Blackw. Mag. May 640/1 [My] concealment for safety in the fields of jhow and jangal.
b.1783Burke Sp. India Bill Wks. IV. 24 That land..is now almost throughout a dreary desart, covered with rushes, and briers, and jungles full of wild beasts. 1804W. Austin Lett. fr. Eng. 167 note, Lord Cornwallis writes that 3/5 of the territory has become a Jingle, that is deserted by the natives and possessed by wild beasts. 1858J. B. Norton Topics 275 Transforming uninhabitable jungles into well cultivated plantations. 1889R. S. S. Baden-Powell Pigsticking 45 A somewhat similar manner of beating is employed in the case of canal bank jungles.
c. Extended to similar tracts in other lands, especially tropical.
1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 603 It [Sedgemoor] was a vast pool, wherein were scattered many islets of shifting and treacherous soil, overhung with rank jungle. 1851Layard Pop. Acc. Discov. Nineveh i. 4 We passed the night in the jungle which clothes the banks of the river. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. vii. 282 The Jordan..threading its tortuous way through its tropical jungle. 1865Livingstone Zambesi x. 214 Our course passed though a dense thorn jungle.
2. transf. and fig.
a. A wild, tangled mass. Also, a place of bewildering complexity or confusion; a place where the ‘law of the jungle’ prevails; a scene of ruthless competition, struggle, or exploitation; esp. with qualification, as blackboard jungle in schools, asphalt jungle, concrete jungle in cities.
1850Carlyle Latter-d. Pamph. iii. (1872) 74 What a world-wide jungle of redtape. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xlvii. (1856) 433 We could see the perfect jungle of sea-weed that was growing under us. 1879Academy 10 May 412/2 In that tangled jungle of disconnected precedents [Digest of Justinian]. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa xxi. 493 Out of the luxuriant jungle of information that followed I gathered that no man's soul dallies below long. 1906U. Sinclair (title) The Jungle. 1920Ade Hand-Made Fables 83 After the newly arrived Delegate from the Asphalt Jungles had read a Telegram..he..sauntered back to the Bureau of Information. 1924A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl ii. vi. 150 The jungle itself was part of the order, since the demimondaine was taken as much for granted as the femme du monde. 1949W. R. Burnett (title) The asphalt jungle. 1954[see blackboard]. 1956‘E. McBain’ Cop Hater (1958) viii. 70 Their front page..shouted ‘The Police Jungle—What Goes On In Our Precincts.’ 1958[see blackboard]. 1969D. Morris Human Zoo 8 The city is not a concrete jungle, it is a human zoo. 1971Sunday Times 30 May 31/5 Namier..fitted especially ill in the academic jungle. 1971Times 17 July 5/2 New York seemed to me infernal... By night the streets become concrete jungles, their occupants hysteric, terrified of predators. 1972Guardian 14 Feb. 10/5 The Minister lit up some lurid corners of the taxation jungle. 1974Black World Jan. 38 The Waikiki jungle is kind of a—you might call it a ghetto surrounded by high-rise buildings in Waikiki.
b. the jungle (Stock Exch. slang): the West African share market: cf. jungle-market in 3 b. pl. Shares in West African concerns. Also attrib. ? Obs.
a1901Mod. Newspr. Signs of renewed activity in the jungle. 1904Daily Chron. 2 Dec. 1/7 Kaffirs weakened, but Jungles moved upward. 1906Ibid. 9 Feb. 2/3 Jungle shares were..firm. 1908Westm. Gaz. 10 Dec. 15/4 A Jungle Dividend.
c. A camp for hoboes, tramps, or the like. Also attrib. slang (orig. U.S.).
[1908C. Johnson Highways & Byways Pacific Coast 215 My companions spoke of the grove they were in as the ‘Hoboes Jungle’.] 1914Sat. Even. Post 4 Apr. 10/3 It followed the two along the tracks and into the jungle. Ibid. 11/3 Frisco Red slouched into the jungle. 1915N.Y. World Mag. 9 May 14 Jungle buzzard, a tramp who sneaks around hobo or tramp camps to get a free meal. Ibid., Jungle court, a make-believe court held in woods by hoboes. 1923N. Anderson Hobo ii. 21 Most ‘jungle buzzards’, men who linger in the jungles from season to season, take an interest in the running of things. 1926J. Black You can't Win vi. 65 ‘This is a pretty snide jungle,’ he said, ‘no cans.’ Ibid. 82 There was a grand jungle by a small, clean river where they boiled up their verminous clothes. 1971Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 4 Apr. 12/1 During the depression in the 1930s gangs of youths ranged across the country, riding the rails and sleeping in jungles, and caused us concern.
3. a. attrib. and Comb.: simple attrib., as jungle-bush, jungle-craft, jungle-fire, jungle-folk, jungle-grass, jungle-growth, jungle-land, jungle-life, jungle-people, jungle-side, jungle-tale, jungle-tribe; instrumental, as jungle-clad, jungle-covered, jungle-worn, adjs.; locative, as jungle-travelling, jungle-trudging, jungle-walking.
1884Sunday at Home June 398/2 We crept under the shade of a thick crop of *jungle-bush.
1900Daily News 30 July 6/3 Mr. H. C. P. Bell has done much in excavating the *jungle-clad remains of Anuradhapura.
1886Pall Mall G. 14 Dec. 13/2 *Jungle-covered wastes of abandoned cornfields.
1942R.A.F. Jrnl. 27 June 24 Even an expert can make mistakes in *jungle craft. 1946W. S. Churchill Secret Session Speeches 59 The Japanese armies..having added their jungle-craft..have established themselves..in the whole of these wide regions.
1889R. S. S. Baden-Powell Pigsticking 37 The destruction of his home by *jungle-fire or flood.
1810Southey Kehama xiii. vii, The tall *jungle-grass fit roofing gave Beneath that genial sky. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 573 We clamber up into the long jungle-grass region.
1894Athenæum 5 May 572/1 The *jungle-growth of seventeenth and eighteenth century dreaming has been..cleared away.
1889R. S. S. Baden-Powell Pigsticking 14 To..foster the sport by the grant of waste *jungle lands to serve as preserves.
1894R. Kipling 2nd Jungle Bk. (1895) 14 He made the First of the Tigers..the judge of the Jungle, to whom the *Jungle People should bring their disputes.
1845Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 322 Nags unworthy to contest the glories of either the turf or the ‘*jungle-side’.
1866C. Brooke Saráwak I. 30, I did not admire Bornean *jungletrudging.
1889R. Kipling From Sea to Sea (1900) I. 229 Old friends, now *jungle-worn men of war.
b. Special comb.: esp. in specific names of animals inhabiting the jungles of India, as jungle-hog, jungle-peacock; jungle-bashing slang [bashing vbl. n. 3], movement through a jungle, esp. by soldiers; so jungle-basher; jungle-bear, the Sloth-bear of India, Prochilus labiatus; jungle bunny, a derogatory term used by some white people to designate Blacks, Australian Aborigines, etc.; jungle-cat, the Marsh-lynx, Felis chaus; jungle-cock, the male jungle-fowl; jungle-fever, a form of remittent fever caused by the miasma of a jungle; the hill-fever of India; jungle-fowl, (a) an East Indian bird of the genus Gallus, esp. G. ferrugineus (G. bankiva); (b) a mound-bird of Australia, as Megapodius timulus; jungle green, a dark green colour; clothes of this colour; also attrib.; jungle gym (formerly a registered trade mark in the U.S.), a type of climbing frame; jungle-hen, the female jungle-fowl (b); jungle juice slang, alcoholic liquor, esp. liquor that is either very powerful or that has been prepared illicitly or amateurishly; also transf.; jungle law, the ‘law of the jungle’ (see law n.1 16 c); jungle-market (Stock Exchange), the market in shares of West African Companies; jungle-nail, an East Indian tree, Acacia tomentosa (Treas. Bot. 1866); jungle-ox, the gayal, Bibos sylhetanus; jungle poultry, jungle-fowls; jungle-rice, the millet-rice, Panicum colonum; jungle rot slang, name given to a tropical skin disease; jungle-sheep, an Indian ruminant, Kemas hypocrinus; jungle war, a war fought in jungle, also fig.; so jungle warfare; jungle-wood (see quot.).
1963Times 24 May 14/6 All the poor ‘*jungle-bashers’ could offer by way of city reminiscence was the egregious Calcutta.
1954V. Bartlett Rep. from Malaya iii. 46 A man does an average of 700 hours ‘*jungle-bashing’ before he kills a Communist. 1969J. M. Gullick Malaysia ii. 113 British, Malay and other Commonwealth troops spent many weary hours on patrol, ‘jungle-bashing’ as they called it, with the object of contacting terrorists.
1966Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. 1964 xlii. 27 Both middle-aged informants giving *jungle bunny..work with adolescents. 1968–70Current Slang (Univ. S. Dakota) III–IV. 76 Junglebunny, n. Negro (derogatory). 1973Sunday Times (Colour Suppl.) 10 June 51/3 Australians in the Territory can be grossly insensitive to the pride of the local people, using terms like ‘jungle bunnies’. 1974New Society 14 Mar. 627/2 White South Africans who wanted to gamble, buy Playboy..and go to bed with a ‘jungle bunny’.
1895I. Petrie in Life ix. (1900) 199 A huge *jungle-cat, who had discovered the milk-jug.
1803Syd. Smith Ceylon Wks. 1867 I. 43 A low and malignant fever, known to Europeans by the name of the *jungle-fever. 1894Fenn In Alpine Valley I. 24 I'm burnt up with the cursed old jungle fever.
1824–5Heber Narr. Journey (1828) I. xviii. 508 A small flock or covey of *jungle fowl..crowing and cackling. My companions were not able to tell me whether the jungle poultry had ever been tamed. 1871S. Mateer Travancore 2 The jungle fowl, a small bird with brilliant plumage, is perhaps the original of the common domestic fowl. 1893Newton Dict. Birds 289 Of the genus Gallus..four well-marked species are known. The first of these is the Red Jungle-Fowl of the greater part of India, G. ferrugineus..which is almost undoubtedly the parent stock of all the domestic races.
1946Nature 14 Sept. 386/2 Land Army hose, sea-boot stockings, R.A.F. socks and *jungle-green pullovers also came under the scheme. 1947Jungle green [see cobber n.2]. 1973D. Lees Rape of Quiet Town iii. 53 A commanding figure in jungle green with a Lüger pistol in his hand.
1923Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Off.) 30 Jan. 844/2 *Junglegym, Inc., Chicago, Ill. Filed Nov. 14, 1921. Junglegym... Playground Apparatus, in Particular Climbing Frames. 1925Playground Mar. 721 (Advt.), 22 Units—Now in the New York City Playgrounds... Junglegym is six years old this spring. 1929L. F. Zwarg Study of Hist. Apparatus Physical Educ. i. 81 Many odd contrivances [of physical education apparatus] of former years have disappeared entirely, others have from time to time been rediscovered or reinvented. The climbing tower (jungle gym) and the teeter ladder, are examples of this. 1931Recreation May 97 The low climbing device (which is known as the Junglegym). 1951W. van Hagen et al. Physical Educ. Elem. Sch. v. 93 Monkey rings... Manufactured under various names, such as climbing trees, junglegyms, climbing towers, castle towers, and climbing maze. 1963Barnard & Lauwerys Hanbk. Brit. Educ. Terms 115 Jungle gym, a simple gymnastic apparatus on which children in an infant school can climb or swing as part of their free activity curriculum. 1967J. Redgate Killing Season (1968) ii. vii. 104 Through the kitchen window he could see the children laughing and wrestling with each other inside their jungle gym. 1973Washington Post 3 Oct. B1/4 (heading) Recreation 1973: Everything from jungle gyms to the Bataca bromb.
1890C. Lumholtz Cannibals 97 The *jungle-hens (mound builders)..The bird is of a brownish hue, with yellow legs and immensely large feet; hence its name Megapodius.
1845Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 292 Deer of the largest kind, bisons, bears, *jungle hog.
1945Baker Austral. Lang. viii. 157 *Jungle juice, any alcoholic beverage concocted by servicemen in the tropics. Ibid. 158 Jungle juice, poor quality petrol. 1958R. Stow To Islands i. 19 The cartoons..about going troppo and drinking jungle juice. 1960News Chron. 9 Mar. 7/4 The draught cider and gin they drink in the West of England and call ‘jungle juice’. 1967O. Norton Now lying Dead vi. 99 Oh, I know what our ale can do! Jungle-juice, as the lads call it.
1894Kipling Jungle Bk. 63 One of the beauties of *Jungle Law is that punishment settles all scores. 1957M. Kennedy Heroes of Clone iii. vi. 204 It was awkward having to explain jungle law to someone who had never..emerged from a well-kept shrubbery. 1971Daily Nation (Nairobi) 10 Apr. 13/2 The Obote regime had turned the country into ‘a political jungle ruled by jungle law’ whereby some people earned their living by putting others into prison.
1900Westm. Gaz. 12 Oct. 9/1 The new *Jungle Market, or Assis Market, as it has been called because of the number of companies whose names bear the affix assis. Ibid. 16 Oct. 9/1 With all its prospectusless companies the Jungle Market is a regular Monte Carlo.
1837Lett. fr. Madras xiii. (1843) 118, I am taming some fine *jungle peacocks.
1886A. H. Church Food Grains Ind. 50 This millet [Shama] sometimes called ‘Wild Rice’ or ‘*Jungle Rice’, is a poor food.
1944Amer. N. & Q. Mar. 183/1 Can somebody identify a tropical disease called ‘*jungle rot’? Is it a new name for an old illness? 1945Jungle rot [see crud 2 b]. 1958Times 28 Oct. 4/5 (headline) N.A.L.G.O. fear ‘jungle war’—arbitration move opposed.
1955E. Waugh Officers & Gentlemen i. vi. 70 They put me in charge of a *jungle warfare school. 1972D. Bloodworth Any Number can Play viii. 61 He had forgotten more about jungle warfare than a fellow like that would learn in a lifetime. Ibid. xix. 194 It has..a big tangle of forest and swamp for jungle-warfare training.
1880C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 357 The karamarda (Terminalia coriacea), called ‘*jungle-wood’, with bark very rough and cracked in squares, like a tortoise's back.
c. Passing into adj. = characteristic of the jungle; savage, untamed; spec. designating a style of jazz music characterized by primitive sounds redolent of the jungle.
1908A. Noyes William Morris 118 Torn by the savage jungle-cries of the elemental passions. 1909Daily Chron. 22 Jan. 3/3 These wild poems of fierce jungle-passion and horror. 1935Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Nov. 71/3 The savagery of their rhythm calls forth the terms ‘shake music’ and ‘jungle music’. 1955Keepnews & Grauer Pict. Hist. Jazz xiii. 141 Cootie Williams..produced a fine, muted ‘jungle’ sound. 1955L. Feather Encycl. Jazz vii. 133 Early Ellington orchestral characteristics included the use of what he originally called ‘jungle style’ effects, through the use of plunger mutes. 1957Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Oct. 637/2 A clearly truthful account of the lives and jungle-fights of those cold-hearted career-women who make fortunes from knocking pounds of unnecessary weight off sad fat ladies without love. 1972Jazz & Blues Feb. 20/2 Duke's ‘jungle’ sounds.
▸ A genre of dance music, originating in Britain in the early 1990s, which incorporates elements of ragga, hip-hop, and techno, and is characterized by its bare instrumentation which consists almost exclusively of very fast electronic drum tracks and slower, booming synthesized bass lines.
Although the precise origin of the usage is disputed, it has been said to derive from ‘The Jungle’, a name given to the Tivoli Gardens district of Kingston, Jamaica (see quot. 1995 junglist n. and adj.). Other commentators have ascribed the name to the music's rhythmic drumming and repetitive chanting vocals (cf. sense 3) or to the emphatically urban concerns of its lyrics (as in concrete jungle, urban jungle).
1992City Limits 2 July 37/2 Queen Maxine, Smokin'Jo, Vikki Red and Mrs.Woods playing Belgian techno and jungle whilst Fat Tony and Anthony keep things Garagey & disco-like upstairs. 1994Independent on Sunday 17 July (Rev. Suppl.) 20/1 Jungle, an exclusively homegrown, London-based hybrid, incorporating elements of soul, hip-hop and especially ragga, whose overloading bass-lines and rumbling vocal style are ever more prominent. 2001Evening Standard (Electronic ed.) 2 Jan. They had come to hear 40 ultra-cool DJs playing house music, jungle and garage.
▪ II. jungle, v.|ˈdʒʌŋg(ə)l|
[f. jungle n. 2 c.]
intr. To prepare a meal at a hoboes' camp; to form such a camp; to join forces with another person. Usu. with up.
1922J. Tully Emmett Lawler 252 The fire was built in the improvised furnace, and water was carried from the brook. They returned laden with meat and eggs, potatoes, and coffee... The method is called ‘jungling up’ by tramps. 1924‘Digit’ Confessions 20th Cent. Hobo 12 Jungle up, bivouac in the weeds and clean up generally. 1926J. Black You can't Win vi. 70 You're welcome to travel with me, kid, if you want to jungle-up for a month or two. 1931U. Ledoux Mr. Zero's Scrapbk.: Ho-bo-ho Medley No. 1 11 Hoboes and Yeggs never mix and jungle in separate camps. 1937J. Steinbeck Of Mice & Men i. 8 Tramps who come wearily down from the highway in the evening to jungle-up near water. |