| 释义 |
justify, v.|ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ|
[a. F. justifier (12th c. in Godef. Compl.), ad. late (chiefly eccl.) L. jūstificāre to act justly towards, do justice to, make just, pardon, vindicate, f. jūst-us just: see -fy.]
†1. trans. To administer justice to; to try as a judge, to judge; to have jurisdiction over, rule, control, keep in order; to do justice to, treat justly.
b. absol. To administer justice, to judge. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 150 (Gött.) Of salomon þe wise, Hou craftili he did iustifie. 13..St. Erkenwolde 229 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 271, I iustifiet þis ioly toun..more þene fourty wynter. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xix. 44 Þe iewes he iustified & tauȝte hem Þe lawe of lyf. 1390Gower Conf. III. 379 Hem [i.e. Clergy] oughte wel to justefie Thing, which belongith to here cure, As forto praie. 1449Sc. Acts Jas. II (1814) 36/2 Þat al Regaliteis..be..iustifiit be the kingis Justice, quhil þai remayn in þe kingis handis. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. ii. (1885) 112 Thai..ordenyd the same reaume to be ruled and justified by suche lawes as thai all wolde assent vnto. 1581Lambarde Eiren. iii. ii. (1588) 338 Them that undertake for the partie, that he shall abide to be justified by law. 1620J. Wilkinson Coroners & Sherifes 12 [The Statute] giveth power to Forresters, Parkers, and Warreners to kill the offendors if they will not be justified.
†2. trans. To execute justice upon (a malefactor); to condemn to punishment; to punish, esp. (Sc.) to punish with death, execute. Obs.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 5987 Fadirs and modirs sal rekken þat tyde..And loverdes alswa of þair men..Þe whilk þai wald noght iustify. c1450Lonelich Grail xvi. 318 Thanne Axede him Nasciens..Whi that so sore Iustefyed he were. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 353 To iustefie and punishe them for their offenses. c1575Balfour's Practicks (1754) 596 Thay beand swa convict, sall be justifyit to the deid thairfoir. 1700Collier 2nd Def. Short View (1738) 399 In Scotland they say when a Man is hanged he's justified. 1820Byron Mar. Fal. v. i. 94 Let them be justified; and leave exposed Their wavering relics in the place of judgment. 1860C. Innes Scot. in Mid. Ages vi. 182 The murderer taken red-hand..was ‘justified’..without any unnecessary or inconvenient delays of process.
3. To show (a person or action) to be just or in the right; to prove or maintain the righteousness or innocence of; to vindicate († from a charge).
13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 699 Non lyuyande to þe is Iustyfyet. 1382Wyclif Ps. l. 6 [li. 4] That thou be iustefied in thi woordis, and ouercome whan thou art demed. c1450tr. De Imitatione iii. xxix. 99 Þou..iustifiest me in all my disposicions. 1535Coverdale Ecclus. vii. 5 Iustifie not thy self before God. 1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 224 Some of his friendes, laboured to iustifie him. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 119 Justifying them from any Objections that might be made against them. 1868M. Pattison Acad. Org. v. 148 We have no longer the difficult task of justifying science in the eyes of the nation.
absol.1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xxxvi. (1739) 53 Neither Monk, Woman, nor Clerk was by Law to justify by Battle in their own person.
b. Of a state of things, circumstance, or motive: To afford a justification of. (Often in passive.)
1635A. Stafford Fem. Glory (1869) 82 The profane Idolatrizing of this Superlative Saint, will iustifie me in all eyes. 1709Atterbury Spittal Serm., Luke x. 32 The publick burthens..will not justify us in giving nothing. 1775Burke Sp. Concil. Amer. Wks. III. 102, I think then I am..justified in the sixth and last resolution. 1860Dickens Uncomm. Trav. xvi, The pair have a dejected consciousness that they are not justified in appearing on the surface of the earth.
4. To absolve, acquit, exculpate; spec. in Theol. to declare free from the penalty of sin on the ground of Christ's righteousness, or to make inherently righteous by the infusion of grace: see justification 4. Also absol.
1382Wyclif Isa. v. 23 Wo..that iustefien the vnpitous for ȝiftes. ― Rom. iii. 26 That he be iust, and iustifyinge him that is of the feith of Ihesu Crist. Ibid. 28 Forsothe we demen a man for to be iustifyed by feith, withouten workis of lawe. 1526Tindale Rom. iv. 25 Jesus..Which was delivered for oure synnes, and rose agayne forto iustifye vs. 1535Coverdale Exod. xxiii. 7 The innocent and righteous shalt thou not sley, for I iustifie not y⊇ vngodly. 1550Veron Godly Sayings (1846) 15 For say they..if the Sacramente dothe not iustyfye, & brynge grace of itselfe, then it is but bare breade & wyne. a1620Donne 2nd Serm. John xvi. 8 Only thy good life can assure thy conscience and the world, that thou art justified. a1740Waterland Doctr. Justification iv, God..has made no promise or covenant to justify any one without the use of Baptism. 1859J. Cumming Ruth viii. 138 It is the office of Jesus to pardon, to justify, to welcome.
5. To make good (an argument, statement, or opinion); to confirm or support by attestation or evidence; to corroborate, prove, verify. † Formerly with complementary obj., obj. and inf., or subord. clause. (Now coloured by 6.)
1390Gower Conf. III. 140 Rethoriqes eloquences..Wherof a man schal justifie Hise wordes in disputeisoun. 1494Fabyan Chron. v. civ. 79 So that I myght somwhat iustifie my reporte by some Auctour of Auctorite. 1559in Strype Ann. Ref. (1824) I. ii. App. xi. 34 This shalbe justified owt of Irenæus. 1600Shakes. Temp. v. i. 128 Were I so minded, I heere could..iustifie you Traitors. a1680Butler Rem. (1759) I. 41 For who can justify, that Nature there Is ty'd to the same Laws, she acts by here? 1732Berkeley Alciphr. v. §33 He justified the notion to be innocent. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvi. (1869) II. 11 The narratives of antiquity are justified by the experience of modern times. 1884Manch. Exam. 6 May 5/3 It would be hard to justify this particular assertion by an appeal to facts.
†b. To maintain as true, affirm, aver. Obs.
1579–80North Plutarch, Marius (1676) 353 The which would not be beleeved..for the uncredible force and Power of the Armies which was justified to come. 1658Osborn Q. Eliz. (1673) 461 An Inquisition..which a Cursiter did about that time justifie he had inrolled. 1781W. Blane Ess. Hunting (1788) 71 The Doctor..to this day relates and justifies the truth of every circumstance I have mentioned.
†c. To acknowledge as true or genuine. Obs.
1608Shakes. Per. v. i. 219 She shall tell thee all; When thou shalt kneele, and justifie in knowledge, She is thy verie Princes. c1611Chapman Iliad xv. 110 The great God had a son, Whom he himself yet justifies.
6. To show or maintain the justice or reasonableness of (an action, claim, etc.); to adduce adequate grounds for; to defend as right or proper.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 7 He aunswered, that he woulde iustifye that, that he had done, eyther in present disputation, or by writinge. 1641Milton Ch. Govt. ii. iii, How can they justify to have turned their domestic privileges into the bar of a proud judicial court? 1667― P.L. i. 26 That..I may assert th' eternal Providence, And justifie the wayes of God to men. 1704Penn in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 357, I justify not my son's folly. 1884F. Temple Relat. Relig. & Sc. v. (1885) 155 All who thus claim super⁓natural authority must, of course, justify their claim.
b. To make right, proper, or reasonable; to furnish adequate grounds for, warrant.
1658Bramhall Consecr. Bps. iii. 48 This very necessity had..iustified the Act. 1718Prior Hans Carvel 67 The end must justifie the means; He only sins who ill intends. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 419 Those Reasons seem to justify Bleeding. 1742Young Nt. Th. iv. 309 'Tis guilt alone can justify his death. 1813Scott Rokeby i. viii, Much in the stranger's mien appears, To justify suspicious fears. 1891Speaker 2 May 526/2 The vast circle of his readers justified his complacency by their applause.
†c. To render lawful or legitimate. Obs.
1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxii. 117 Whatsoever is commanded by the Soveraign Power, is as to the Subject..justified by the Command. 1725Pope Odyss. vi. 346 Till..public nuptials justify the bride.
7. Law. intr. and trans.
a. To show or maintain sufficient reason in court for doing that which one is called upon to answer for; to show adequate grounds for (that with which one is charged).
1529Act 21 Hen. VIII, c. 19 §2 The Lorde..may avowe or his Baylyffe or servaunt make conysaunce or justifye for takyng of the said dystresses upon the same landes..alegyng in the said avourie conysaunce and justificacyon the same Maners Landes and Tenementes to be holdin of hym. 1591Child Marriages 150 The said Smith..did arreste the said Roger Dod..and beinge charged to be a wronge, and contrary to the liberties and charters of this citie, iustifieth to be lawfull. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. xiv, 429 A master like⁓wise may justify an assault in defence of his servant, and a servant in defence of his master. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 258 If a man be impeached for beating an⁓other, he may justify by showing it was done in his own necessary defence: if for false imprisonment, he may justify under the warrant of a lawful magistrate. 1893Weekly Notes 67/2 The appellant could not justify his attempt to force an entrance, and was rightly convicted of an assault.
b. to justify († oneself) as bail, to justify bail: to show, by the oath of a person furnishing bail or other surety, that after the payment of his debts he is of adequate pecuniary ability.
1692Act 4 Will. & M. c. 5. §2 The Justices..shall make such Rules..for the justifying of such Bails..as to them shall seem meet. 1766–80Burrow Reports IV. 2527 The sum he was required to justify in, was {pstlg}9000. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. xix. 291 The bail..must justify them⁓selves in court..by swearing themselves house-keepers, and each of them to be worth double the sum for which they are bail, after payment of all their debts. 1780Newgate Cal. V. 49 They..justified bail for sums to a considerable amount, though they were not possessed of property to the value of twenty shillings. 1880Standard 9 Apr. 6/1 Bail for the husband was put in and justified. 1883Wharton's Law-Lex. (ed. 7), Justifying security. Administrators in certain cases are required by the Court of Probate to give justifying security.
†8. To account just or reasonable; to approve of; to ratify. Obs.
1682Grew Anat. Plants Pref., I was glad to see it [a book] so far justify'd by that Illustrious Society. 1729Butler Serm., Love Neighbour Wks. 1874 II. 146 God him⁓self will in the end justify their taste, and support their cause.
9. To make exact; to fit or arrange exactly; to adjust to exact shape, size, or position. Now only in technical use; esp. (Type-founding), To adjust a ‘strike’ or ‘drive’ by making the sides level and square, and keeping the impression at the proper depth, so as to form a correct matrix; (Printing) To adjust types of smaller and larger bodies together, so that they will exactly fill up the forme; to space out the line of type in the composing stick properly; also intr. of type.
1551Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 35 By true woorkinge to iustifie your Globe, which fyrste maye bee made as rounde, as any Turner can doo it, and then shall your instrument..correct it exactlye if it be amysse. 1671–2T. Marshall Let. to Dr. Fell 9 Feb. (in H. Hart Cent. Typogr. Oxford 167/1) He undertakes to justify Matrices, but not cut Punctions... I suspend y⊇ urging of y⊇ Matrices to be justifyed by Mr. Van Dijke. 1683Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xvi. ⁋2 Justifying of Matrices is, 1. to make the Face of the Sunken Letter, lie an exact designed depth below the Face of the Matrice, and on all its sides equally deep from the Face of the Matrice. 2. It is to set or Justifie the Foot-line of the Letter exactly in Line. 3. It is to Justifie both the sides, viz. the Right and left-sides of a Matrice to an exact thickness. Ibid. xxii. ⁋4 Justifying (in Compositers Language) is the stiff or loose filling of his Stick, for if it be fill'd very stiff with Letters or Spaces, they say it is hard Justified, if loosly, they say it is loose Justified. Ibid. xxiv. ⁋5 Justifying the Head is to put into the Mortesses in the Cheeks..an equal and convenient thickness of..square pieces of Felt, Pastboards, or Scaboards..that when the Press-man Pulls, the Tennants of the Head shall have an equal Horizontal level Check. 1824J. Johnson Typogr. II. 124 Taking care to space and to justify our matter. 1828Webster s.v., Types of different sizes will not justify with each other. 1892Brit. Printer V. No. 26. 19 Ample knowledge of how to justify is not yet the common property of printers. 1900H. Hart Cent. Typogr. Oxford Pref. p. viii, Nowadays a type-founder desiring to enlarge the number of his founts, would be able..to buy ‘strikes’, which when justified would become matrices. |