| 释义 |
juvenile, a. and n.|ˈdʒuːvɪnaɪl|
[ad. L. juvenīlis of or belonging to youth, f. juvenis a young person. Cf. F. juvénile (15th c.).
(L. juvenīlis referred to a more advanced age than its Eng. repr.; juvenis being a young man or woman, beyond the stage of adolescence, i.e. between 21 or 25 and 40.)]
A. adj.
1. a. Young, youthful. spec. Designating young offenders against the law, or the offences committed by them; esp. in juvenile delinquency, juvenile delinquent; also juvenile adult, a person below the legal age of responsibility and above a certain minimum age, who is held to be punishable for breaking the law (the term was discontinued by the Family Law Reform Act of 1969).
1625Bacon Ess., Viciss. Things (Arb.) 576 Learning hath his Infancy, when it is..almost childish; Then his Youth, when it is Luxuriant and Iuuenile. 1671Grew Anat. Plants vii. §11 In its first and juvenile Constitution, it is a very Spongy and Sappy body. 1782V. Knox Ess. (1819) I. xvii. 101 Man at every age seeks to be pleased, but more particularly at the juvenile age. 1796Jane Austen Sense & Sens. I. vii, He was a blessing to all the juvenile part of the neighbourhood. 1816Rep. Soc. investigating Causes Increase in Juvenile Delinquency 5 It was found that Juvenile Delinquency existed in the metropolis to a very alarming extent. 1817Observer 14 Sept. 1/3 Your Committee have anxiously sought for information as to the number of juvenile delinquents who are annually committed to the different prisons in the metropolis;..the greater part of these Juvenile Offenders..are mixed indiscriminately with old offenders of all ages. 1837Dickens Let. c 2 Oct. (1965) I. 315 Many thanks for your statistical Magazine, which contains some tables concerning juvenile delinquency. 1837― O. Twist (1838) I. xix. 321 Then the Juvenile Delinquent Society comes, and takes the boy away. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. vii, Although the order was..carried to Aunt Chloe by at least half a dozen juvenile messengers. 1847,1854[see offender]. 1902[see Borstal]. 1916Lancet 2 Feb. 365/1 (title) Juvenile crime. 1917C. Leeson (title) The child and the war, being notes on juvenile delinquency. 1926Encycl. Brit. I. 411/1 In 1894 two public inquiries into the administration of prisons and of Home Office schools arrived..at the same..conclusion, viz: ‘that the age 16–21 was the dangerous age; that we must concentrate on that; on the incipient criminal’ or, as he was officially christened, the juvenile adult. 1958New Statesman 25 Oct. 551/1 Some years ago when the current crop of juvenile delinquents were being labelled in the press as cosh-boys, I had written an article that contained interviews with some live specimens, hand-picked for me by an underworld acquaintance. 1959Jowitt Dict. Eng. Law II. 1041/1 Juvenile adult, a person not less than sixteen and not more than twenty-one. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. v. 59 Juvenile delinquency is one of our most pressing social problems. Ibid. xv. 187 The rate of juvenile crime has risen rapidly during the decade, particularly since 1955.
b. juvenile lead = juvenile n. 2; spec. an actor who plays the leading youthful part in a play, etc.; the rôle so played. So juvenile leading.
1870[see heavy a.1 21]. 1885J. K. Jerome On Stage (1891) xi. 102 Juvenile Lead's opinion is that the stage manager is a fool. 1897G. B. Shaw Our Theatres in Nineties (1932) III. 210 This is not human nature or dramatic character; it is juvenile lead, first old man, heavy lead, heavy father. 1910Beerbohm Around Theatres (1924) II. 460 The ‘ingénue’ and ‘juvenile lead’ of old-fashioned commercial drama. 1946G. Millar Horned Pigeon i. 7 The part..might lead to great things, even to juvenile leads. 1973J. Porter It's Murder with Dover xvi. 160 MacGregor flashed his juvenile lead smile.
2. Belonging to, characteristic of, suited to, or intended for youth. juvenile court, a court of law for the trial of young offenders.
1661Glanvill Van. Dogmatizing Ep. Ded. A iij, I hope you'l consider, that Scepticism is..no crime in a Juvenile exercitation. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 96 This inspires a juvenile warmth through his whole frame. 1844(title) Juvenile Missionary Magazine of the London Missionary Society. 1848Dickens Dombey i, Dressed in a very juvenile manner. 1882Hinsdale Garfield & Educ. ii. 381 At that period, few juvenile books were published. 1899Illinois Laws 132 A special court room, to be designated as the juvenile court room, shall be provided..and the court may, for convenience, be called the ‘Juvenile Court’. 1908Act 8 Edw. VII c. 67 §111 A court of summary jurisdiction when hearing charges against children..shall..sit either in a different building..or on different days.., and a court of summary jurisdiction so sitting is in this Act referred to as a juvenile court. 1944Ann. Reg. 1943 381 More attention than usual was focussed on the work of the Juvenile Courts. 1972Daily Tel. 5 May 13/1 The Scots..abolished juvenile courts and replaced them with a system of children's panels.
3. Geol. [tr. G. juvenil (E. Suess 1902, in Verh. d. Ges. deutsch. Naturf. u. Ärzte 141).] Originating within the earth (or another planet) and brought to the surface for the first time.
1907Econ. Geol. II. 266 Many mineral springs may be of magmatic origin, but since their starting points are inaccessible they can be proved to be juvenile only by showing that they cannot be meteoric. 1909H. B. C. & W. J. Sollas tr. Suess's Face of Earth IV. xv. 549 [The hot springs] of Carlsbad..bring yearly to surface a million kilogrammes of juvenile salt. Ibid. 559 We must assume that the juvenile gases are originally liberated beneath the Sal mantle. 1944Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LV. 1375 Clearly one cannot hold that the volcano was kept alive merely by free juvenile gas rising from an abyssolithic injection. 1955[see connate a. 5]. 1973Sci. Amer. Jan. 56/2 One speculation is that deep permafrost is involved, associated perhaps with the arrival near the surface of juvenile water preceding and accompanying the rise of molten rock near the surface of the planet during the volcanic episode apparent to the west.
4. Special collocations: juvenile foliage, leaf, a type of foliage characteristic of the immature stages of certain trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, differing in shape, colour, etc., from the adult form; juvenile hormone Ent., the hormone that controls the development of larval characteristics in insects; juvenile wood, an inner core of wood in a tree, distinguished by particularly small cells.
1957M. Hadfield Brit. Trees 96 The *juvenile foliage [of Cryptomeria] is spreading, with flatter and softer leaves than the adult. 1971T. T. Kozlowski Growth & Devel. Trees I. iii. 95 Plants derived from needle-leaved cuttings [of Chamæcyparis pisifera] retained juvenile foliage if the source tree did so.
1940V. B. Wigglesworth in Jrnl. Exper. Biol. XVII. 221 In previous papers the ‘inhibitory hormone’ was so called because in its presence the production of imaginal characters at moulting is suppressed. But in view of its probable mode of action through the activation of the nymphal system at the expense of the imaginal, it might be preferable to refer to this hormone as the ‘nymphal’ or ‘*juvenile’ hormone. 1965Lee & Knowles Animal Hormones xiii. 161 Normal development depends on changes in the relative amounts of ecdysone and the juvenile hormone which are available to the tissues. 1967New Scientist 20 Apr. 154/1 Juvenile hormone..is necessary for the normal growth of immature insects—caterpillars and grubs, for example. 1970Daily Tel. 16 Nov. 6/1 Many South American plants contain similar substances to insect juvenile hormone.
1910L. Cockayne N.Z. Plants iv. 60 After a few weeks its [sc. a veronica's] new growth will be of the juvenile form, and *juvenile and adult leaves will be on the plant at the same time. 1946A. B. Jackson Identification of Conifers 2 In many cases the juvenile leaves differ in form, attachment or arrangement from those on the adult tree.
1956F. W. Jane Struct. Wood ix. 191 *Juvenile wood often has cells of smaller dimensions, often much smaller, than those of the trunk. 1971T. T. Kozlowski Growth & Devel. Trees I. iii. 109 The wood in the region of the pith, which is formed early..is termed juvenile (sometimes called core or pith) wood.
B. n.
1. A young person; a youth.
1733P. Aram in Gent Rippon 12 Thus angry speaks, and yet deceitful smiles, With Juv'nal Air, on tender Juveniles. 1847C. Brontë J. Eyre xviii. II. 83 ‘Yes—yes—yes!’ cried the juveniles, both ladies and gentlemen. ‘Let her come—it will be excellent sport!’ 1871Longfellow in Life (1891) III. 172 Some bashful juvenile is even now timidly applying his hand to it.
2. Theatr. An actor who plays a youthful part.
1890in Cent. Dict. 1898G. B. Shaw Our Theatres in Nineties (1932) III. 307 Ferdinand Gadd, the leading juvenile of The Wells. 1933P. Godfrey Back-Stage iv. 46 His legs are too short or too long..for him to be a successful male juvenile. Ibid. vi. 72 Dramatists, like stage juveniles, are considered young until they are past the age of forty. 1973Times 17 Nov. 11/5 I'm going to be your juvenile next season.
3. A book written for children. Freq. pl. Also attrib.
1849Mother Goose in Hieroglyphics (1963) (Advt.), Pictures from the history of the Swiss... A very instructive and entertaining Juvenile, designed for children from ten to fifteen years of age. 1908Daily Chron. 27 Nov. 3/5 What would John Newbery say if he were to..see his old shop..filled with this season's ‘juveniles’? 1930Publishers' Weekly 5 July 28 We announce 10 juveniles. 1947Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Nov. 593/2 (Advt.), The exacting and critical Juvenile public in this country.
Hence ˈjuvenilely adv., in a juvenile or youthful way; ˈjuvenileness, youthfulness; juveˈnilify, ˈjuvenilize vbs. trans., to make young or youthful.
1727Bailey vol. II, Juvenilely, Juvenileness. 1833Blackw. Mag. XXXIII. 848/1 Our system is juvenilized by all matin rural influences. 1833M. Scott Tom Cringle xii. (1859) 279 Our old friend..quite juvenilified by the laughing scene. 1889J. M. Robertson Ess. Crit. Meth. 246 Juvenilely facetious.
Add:[4.] juvenile-onset adj. Path., spec. designating or pertaining to forms of diabetes that develop in children or young adults; esp. insulin-dependent diabetes.
1975Diabetes XXIV. 44/2 There do appear to be two relatively polar forms of diabetes in children, adolescents and young adults. The classical, and more common form (here called classical *juvenile-onset type diabetes, or classical JOD) is usually characterized by an abrupt clinical onset, severe symptoms, and a tendency to ketoacidosis. 1977Ann. Internat Med. LXXXVI. 56/1 Thirteen juvenile-onset diabetics with azotemic diabetic neuropathy..being evaluated for renal transplantation underwent cardiac catheterization with angiography. 1990Sci. Amer. July 42/2 The autoimmune process that causes insulin-dependent diabetes is highly selective and frequently begins before adulthood (which is why the disease was formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes). |