| 释义 |
▪ I. karyotype, n. Biol. and Med.|ˈkærɪəʊtaɪp|
[ad. Russ. kariotip (L. N. Delone (Delaunay) 1922, in Vestnik Tiflisskogo botanicheskogo Sada 2nd Ser. 1. 49): see karyo- and -type.
Orig. coined by Delaunay in sense 2, but according to quot. 1931 it was later coined independently (again in Russ.) by Lewitsky (1924), in sense 1 a.]
1. a. The chromosomal constitution of a cell (and hence of an individual, species, etc.) as determined by the number, size, shape, etc., of the chromosomes (usually, as observed at metaphase during cell division).
1929Amer. Jrnl. Bot. XVI. 415 In studying the karyotypes of different varieties of Hyacinthus orientalis which have chromosomes with permanent secondary constrictions, del Mol (1927) found correlation between the number of chromosomes with constrictions and the number of nucleoli. 1931G. A. Lewitsky in Trudȳ po Prikladnoĭ Botanike i Selektsii XXVII. i. 221, I have proposed myself, independently from Delaunay, the same term ‘Karyotype’, but merely for designation of nuclear peculiarities of a given organism or systematical unit. 1934L. W. Sharp Introd. Cytol. (ed. 3) ix. 128 The diagrammatic representation of a karyotype..is called an idiogram. Ibid. 129 Groups of related genera, as well as the related species of a genus, often have the same general karyotype. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 336/1 In species of Hemerocallis, etc., different individuals of the same species differ in the karyotypes of the normal cells, even if these do not differ in chromosome number. 1957C. P. Swanson Cytol. & Cytogenetics xiii. 449 It is from a close study of related species..that the evolution of the karyotype has been to a limited extent unravelled. 1957, etc. [see idiogram]. 1961Lancet 29 July 263/2 The mother..and the father..were also examined by fibroblast tissue culture and their karyotypes were apparently normal. 1964M. Harris Cell Culture & Somatic Variation iv. 239 In these materials, normal chromosome complements were reported to predominate, with abnormal karyotypes appearing ordinarily only in tumors of large size or after transplantation. 1971Nature 31 Dec. 506/3 It should now be possible, in theory at least, to eradicate Down's syndrome (mongolism) by recognizing its karyotype in foetal cells, and aborting the foetuses concerned.
b. A systematized representation of the chromosomes of a cell or cells, esp. a photographic one (cf. idiogram).
1950in Webster Add. 1960Lancet 14 May 1063/1 In contemporary publications the terms, karyotype and idiogram, have often been used indiscriminately. We would recommend that the term, karyotype, should be applied to a systematised array of the chromosomes of a single cell prepared either by drawing or by photography, with the extension in meaning that the chromosomes of a single cell can typify the chromosomes of an individual or even a species. 1969Nature 22 Nov. 801/2 The results of a chromosome analysis can be displayed in several ways. The methods commonly used are the karyotype, ‘a systematized array of the chromosomes of a single cell’, and the karyogram. 1970Sci. Jrnl. June 76/3 The best way we know of detecting abnormalities is to cut out each chromosome from a photomicrograph and pair them up like a jigsaw. This array, known as a karyotype, is constructed according to an international convention. 1970J. D. Burke Cell Biol. ix. 267 (caption) The mitotic meta⁓phase chromosomes of a somatic cell of a male, arranged in a karyotype. 1973Lancet 24 Feb. 420/1 Strictly speaking the actual pictures are karyotypes, and an idiogram is a diagram of the chromosome state of an individual.
†2. [After the original meaning of the Russ.] A group of species having similar karyotypes (sense 1 a). Obs. rare.
1931Trudȳ po Prikladnoĭ Botanike i Selektsii XXVII. i. 221 [Referring to the work of L. N. Delaunay.] The variations from species to species within the indicated genera, or ‘karyotypes’ are, as it were, quantitative. In most cases it is but the length of the arms of the chromosomes..which undergoes variation. 1932H. G. Bruun in Symbolae Bot. Upsalienses I. 111 The species [of Primula] can be divided according to their nuclear constitution into different cytological types..called ‘karyotypes’. Ibid. 117 Allied species as a rule also belong to the same karyotype. Ibid. 195 In agreement with this [statement of Delaunay's], ‘Karyotypus’ has been defined as a taxonomical conception, for which reason its use is made impossible in discussing the relation between taxonomy and cytology... In this work..the unconditional term ‘cytological type’ has had to be employed instead. But there exists an obvious need of a term to include all the species with nuclei of similar type, independent of taxonomical considerations, and in this sense I suggest that the term ‘karyotype’ be used... The karyotype should, therefore, be founded exclusively on chromosome-morphology.
▪ II. karyotype, v. Biol. and Med.|ˈkærɪəʊtaɪp|
[f. prec. n.]
trans. To determine or investigate the karyotype of.
1963Lancet 24 Aug. 417/1 The more cells examined (karyotyped) the greater the chance of encountering neoplastic cells. 1971Nature 11 June 387/1 Ninety-seven of these modal cells were karyotyped according to the Denver-London system. 1972Lancet 29 July 213/2 Newborn infants who were suspected of having an anomalous cytogenetic constitution of any kind have been photographed, X-rayed, and karyotyped.
Hence ˈkaryotyped ppl. a., ˈkaryotyping vbl. n.
1963Lancet 24 Aug. 417/1 We have undertaken..the karyotyping of cells obained by lumbar puncture. 1966New Scientist 3 Nov. 217/1 Foetal karyotyping would not, of course, reveal all genetic defects. It would show up gross chromosome abnormalities. 1971Nature 2 July 25/1 In the karyotyped cells, all the normal chromosomes could be separated into pairs on the basis of their distinctive patterns of fluorescence. |