| 释义 |
▪ I. keel, n.1|kiːl|
Forms: 4–6 kele, (4 kelle, 5 keole, 6 kyele, kile), 6–7 keele, Sc. keill, 7– keel.
[prob. a. ON. kjǫl-r (Da. kjøl, Sw. köl):—*kelu-z; not connected with Du. and G. kiel (keel n.2). F. quille, in a Rouen document of 1382 (Hartz.-Darm.) was prob. also from ON.; Sp. quilla, It. chiglia may be from French. The sense-development of the English word has been influenced by its use to translate L. carīna keel, hull, ship.
ON. kjǫlr is not parallel, either in sense or form, with the OE. (scipes) celae, which in the earliest glossaries renders L. rostrum beak.]
1. a. The lowest longitudinal timber of a ship or boat, on which the framework of the whole is built up; in boats and small vessels forming a prominent central ridge on the under surface; in iron vessels, a combination of iron plates taking the place and serving the purpose of the keel of a wooden vessel.
1352[see keel-rope in 7 b]. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 233 Þe schippe was..þritty cubite high from þe cule [v.r. kele] to þe hacches. 1398― Barth. De P.R. v. xxxii. (MS. Bodl.) lf. 17 b/1 Alle þe bones in þe body beþ ifounded in þe rigge, as a schippe of þe keole. 1496Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 181 For Reparacion..of the Soueraignes grete Bote & Jolywat..for the Kele & Belge of the same. 1551Robinson tr. More's Utop. i. (1895) 31 Afterwarde thei founde shyppes wyth rydged kyeles. 1555Eden Decades 2 The keele or bottome of the biggeste vessell ranne vpon a blynde rocke. 1611Florio, Dare carena, to giue the keele, to carene as Mariners say. 1622Malynes Anc. Law Merch. 152 Then shall he [unfit pilot]..lose his hire,..or else (by the Law of Denmarke) passe thrice vnder the Ships Keele. 1665Lond. Gaz. No. 5/1 A Vessel you have heard so much of with a double Keel. 1725Pope Odyss. ii. 468 The crooked keel the parting surge divides. 1804Naval Chron. XI. 212 A boat oversets and lies keel up. 1849Longfellow Build. Ship 136 The keel of oak for a noble ship, Scarfed and bolted, straight and strong. 1869E. J. Reed Shipbuild. ii. 18 The keels of iron ships were originally external, and not unfrequently of wood. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 10 Texture of upright pine with a keel's curved rondure uniting.
fig.1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. i. i. 2 Our good wife sets up a sail according to the keel of her husbands estate. 1898Lit. World 20 May 453 The keel of his education was laid at Dummer House, near Basingstoke.
b. With qualifying terms: bar-keel, a projecting keel formed by a bar or plate; box-keel, a composite iron keel whose section is that of a box; dish-keel, a keel formed of iron-plates with dish-shaped section; drop-keel, (a) a centre-board; (b) a projecting keel, as distinguished from a flat plate-keel; false keel, (a) an additional keel attached to the bottom of the true keel to protect it and increase the stability of the vessel; (b) an external keel subsequently added to a vessel; inner keel, the kelson of an iron vessel; outer keel, the plate-keel in the hull of an iron vessel; plate-keel, a keel formed by a line of iron plates, which do not project below the hull; rank-keel, a very deep keel; sliding keel, a centre-board; vertical keel (see quots. 1883 and 1890); etc. See also bilge-keel, fin-keel (fin n.1 6).
1627False keel [see false a. 17 b]. 1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 49 New Stirrups put to secure the false Keel. 1706Phillips, Rank-keel is a deep Keel, which keeps a Ship well from rolling. 1792Ld. Chatham in Naval Chron. XIII. 203 His Majesty's armed Vessel built with sliding Keels. 1805Ibid. 201 In the year 1774, that gentle⁓man [Capt. J. Schank, R.N.] first constructed a Boat with sliding keels. 1825Clark, etc. Shipwrights Scale Prices 4 To chisel up the under side of the main or false keel. 1874Thearle Naval Archit. 69 There are three principal forms of keel in vogue, viz:—bar, flat plate, and centre plate or side bar keels. Of these the former is the commonest. 1883Nares Constr. Ironclad 4 The vertical keel..is placed upright on its edge on the outer keel... It is about 3½ feet high, and on it, parallel to the outer keel, is fastened the inner keel. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 65 On the blocks is laid the flat keel, which is practically the centre-line of plating; on this is placed the vertical keel, and on this come the keelsons.
c. Phr. † in keel, in the hull. on (or with) even keel, with the keel level: see even a. 1 c.
1568Sempill Marg. Fleming 9 in Satir. Poems Reform. xlvi, With evin keill befoir the wind Scho is richt fairdy with a saill. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. xi. 54 Trying her sailing..upon an euen Keele. 1643Prynne Sov. Power Parl. App. 209 Those who are in keel [are] as safe as those in the shrouds, if the storme rage. 1867F. Francis Angling ix, A steady draw and an even keel.
2. a. A ship, vessel. (poetic, after L. carīna.)
a1547Earl of Surrey æneid ii. 229 The God that they by sea had brought In warped keeles. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. iv. 47 No Keel shall cut the Waves for foreign Ware. 1870Morris Earthly Par. I. i. 16 To buy a new keel with my gold, And fill her with such things as she may hold.
b. A yacht built with a permanent keel instead of a centre-board.
1883Harper's Mag. Aug. 453/1 Many keels are afloat.
3. a. That part of anything which corresponds in position, form, or otherwise to a ship's keel; the bottom or under surface; a keel-like lower part.
1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. II. 10/1 The keel or bottom of any weight, that is to be drawn along, shou'd be even and solid. 1815Sporting Mag. XLVI. 131 Tom knock'd his friend keel upwards on the floor. 1826J. Adamson Sk. Inform. Rail-Roads 6 To the part projecting downwards..we may apply the..designation of the keel of the rail.
b. A longitudinal member or assembly of members running the length of a rigid or semi-rigid airship at the bottom of the envelope.
In quot. 1877, and perh. also 1888, keel has not acquired this specific sense.
[1877Design & Work 1 Dec. 602/2, I arrived at this principle [of propelling the air boat]:..that though the car must contain the weight of passengers, cargo, and machinery, even to do duty as the weighted keel or plummet, yet it is only in that character it can serve the navigation in aid of propulsion. ]1888Peel City Guardian 22 Sept. 3/3 Connecting the balloon with the arrow-like rod beneath is a keel of the same material as that composing the body of the balloon. 1893Eng. Illustr. Mag. July 746/2 From the outer gallery the [airship] Attila looks as if her bottom was gently curved, terminating in the customary orthodox keel... But three feet below the level at which we stand lies a flat projecting bottom. 1910A. Williams Engin. Wonders of World III. 48/2 The distribution of the load over the gas holder in such a way as not to strain any part unduly is, in the case of a Zeppelin airship, simplified by the employment of a girder keel. 1929E. F. Spanner About Airships iii. 28 Throughout the length of the keel there is a more or less uniform lift, varying according to the size of the gasbags. 1955Oxford Jun. Encycl. IV. 20/2 The semi-rigid type, in which a long rigid keel supports the passenger and engine-cars, has been developed mainly by the Italians. Ibid., Keels running through the hull [of a rigid airship] add strength and provide access to various parts of the ship. 1974J. B. Collier Airship 12/1 The distinction between these two types [sc. non-rigid and semi-rigid airships] is sometimes hard to draw, but ‘semi-rigid’ implies..that the airship in question has a rigid keel.
†c. In some early aeroplanes and kites, a vertical fin fixed towards the rear of the fuselage and parallel to it, and intended to give lateral stability. Obs.
1894O. Chanute Progress in Flying Machines 184 Very good results with central keels have been obtained by M. Boynton with his various forms of ‘Fin’ kites. Ibid. 185 Keels have been frequently proposed for aeroplanes, in which they will produce less resistance to forward motion than obtains with other arrangements. 1907C. Dienstbach in Navigating the Air (Aero Club Amer.) p. xxxix, A multiplicity of ‘keels’, which might be called ‘barbarian’ if compared to American moderation. 1910R. W. A. Brewer Art of Aviation xvii. 230 The Antoinette machine has a smaller keel, but some of the monoplanes dispense with this surface altogether. 1911G. C. Loening Monoplanes & Biplanes xii. 255 In the old Voisin type use was made of several vertical keels, partitions, placed not only at the rear, but also between the main surfaces themselves. 1919H. Shaw Text-bk. Aeronaut. vii. 97 The dihedral planes give rise to a greater righting moment, when tilted at a similar angle, than the keel, and so are more efficient.
d. A longitudinal member running along the centre of the bottom of the hull of a flying boat (or the float of a seaplane), or the fuselage of a landplane from one end to the other.
1920Flight 23 Sept. 1019/2 The hull lines are somewhat unusual, the downward sweep of keel and chines in front of the rear step being rather more pronounced than usual. 1930P. H. Sumner Marine Aircraft vi. 164 The type of keel used in the flexible circular flying boat hull is that which is built up as a light girder, comprising a keel proper, keelson and rider piece. The keel proper..is rabbeted on its upper face and receives the vertical keelson. 1933W. Munro Marine Aircraft Design iv. 58 The detail design of frames, bulkheads, stringers, keel, etc., is very definitely affected by the heat treatment and anodic treatment of the material. 1968Flight International 12 Dec. 983/1 Because of the four-leg main under⁓carriage [of the Boeing 747]..a centre-line keel links the lower part of the forward and rear fuselage. 1969Jane's 100 Significant Aircraft 81/1 Four-engined commercial flying-boat... Structure composed of deep keel, widely spaced transverse frames and heavy stringers.
4. A central ridge along the back or convex surface of any organ or structure, as a leaf, a petal, a glume of grass, the lower mandible of a bird, etc. In dogs, the sternum or breast-bone, esp. in the dachshund and other breeds in which it is a prominent feature.
1597Gerarde Herbal i. lxxxvi. 138 The blades of the Leeke be long..hauing a keele or crest in the backside. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 327 The full-sized North Devon cow,..open bosom, with a deep chest or keel preceding and between its legs. 1851–6Woodward Mollusca 45 The discoidal ammonites sometimes..have the keel on one side, instead of in the middle. 1852Dana Crust. i. 595 The beak is rather short..with a keel above. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 214 Leaves with the keel usually setose. 1950C. L. B. Hubbard Dachshund Handbk. iv. 50 Chest oval, well let down between the forelegs, with the deepest point of the keel level with the wrist joints. 1962R. H. Smythe Anat. Dog Breeding i. 19 Dachshunds possess an over-lengthy body and an over-developed sternum, the ‘keel’. 1971F. Hamilton World Encycl. Dogs 344 The Standards [for dachshunds] require that the height at the shoulder should be half the length of the body..the lowest point of the keel being on a level with the wrist joint.
5. spec. in Bot. and Zool.
a. The two lowest petals of a papilionaceous corolla, more or less united and shaped like the prow of a boat; the carina; also any analogous structure in other orders, as the lower petal in Polygala, etc. b. A prominent ridge along the breastbone of birds of the class Carinatæ, at first cartilaginous but afterwards becoming ossified. † c. A name for the notochord which appears in an egg during incubation (obs.).
1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 35 The shaplings or tiny keoles of the great Malpighiuses eggs. 1766Parsons in Phil. Trans. LVI. 208 The crane is the next..which has such a turning of the aspera arteria in the keel of the sternum. 1770–4A. Hunter Georg. Ess. (1803) III. 116 The medullary substance, with what Malpighi calls the keel (carina) and the nervous system, are latent in the egg. 1776J. Lee Introd. Bot. Explan. Terms 396 Carina, the Keel, the lower Petal often in Form of a Boat. 1845Lindley Sch. Bot. iv. (1858) 39 (Polygala) Petals hypogynous, 3; of which one is anterior and larger than the rest (the keel). 1870Rolleston Anim. Life. Introd. 55 Birds are divided into two orders, the Ratitæ, in which the sternum has no crest..and the Carinatæ, in which the sternum has a crest or keel.
6. a. Arch. A ridge or edge on a rounded moulding.
1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 248 The heaviness of large roll mouldings was often relieved by..raised edges or ‘keels’. 1886Willis & Clark Cambridge II. 133 The large rounds have both narrow fillets or wings, and sharp edges or keels, worked on them.
b. [Norw. kjøl.] The spinal ridge of mountains stretching down the centre of Norway.
1856Ld. Dufferin Lett. High Latitudes (1857) xii. 381 The back-bone, or keel, as the sea-faring population soon learnt to call the flat snow-capped ridge that runs down the centre of Norway. 1968G. Jones Hist. Vikings ii. i. 59 The upturned keel of mountains running south from Finnmark almost to Stavanger and Värmland. Ibid. 69 The mountain wildernesses of the Keel.
7. Comb.
a. General, as keel-rib, keel-timber; keel-billed, keel-compelling, keel-shaped, keel-spanning adjs.
1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. 43 Having the Proportion of any one Ship..with the length of her Keel-Timbers. 1787Fam. Plants I. 33 Per[ianth]..the valvelets keel-compressed. 1812Byron Ch. Har. ii. xx, Blow, swiftly blow, thou keel-compelling gale. 1851–6Woodward Mollusca 241 Their keel-shaped foot is adapted for ploughing through sand or mud. 1854Gould Toucans 2, Ramphastos carinatus, Keel-billed Toucan. 1871Morris in Mackail Life (1899) I. 245 The boats are built high stem and stern, with the keel-rib running up into an ornament at each end.
b. Special combs.: keel-band, a strip of iron fastened along the keel of a boat; keel-bill, keel-bird, a West Indian bird, Crotophaga minor, of the cuckoo family; keel-block, one of the short pieces of timber on which the keel of a vessel rests in building or a dry dock (Hamersly Naval Encycl. 1881); † keel-drawing = keelhauling; keel-line, (a) the line of timber forming the keel; (b) a small rope used in lacing a bonnet or additional sail to the foot of another sail; keel-moulding, a roll-moulding having a keel (sense 6) worked on it, frequent in mediæval architecture; keel-petal: see 5 a; keel-piece, one of the timbers or sections composing the keel (Hamersly Nav. Encycl.); keel-plate, one of the iron plates forming the keel in iron vessels; keel-raking = keelhauling; keel-riveter, a machine for riveting the keels of iron vessels on the stock; † keel-rope, ‘a coarse rope formerly used for clearing the limber holes’ by drawing it backwards and forwards (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.); keel-staple, a staple used in fastening the false keel to the main keel (ibid). Also keel-boat, keelhaul v.
1857P. Colquhoun Comp. Oarsman's Guide 28 The *keel⁓band, a thin strong piece of iron coming up over the nose, and up to the transom.
1811G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. 382 The *Keel-Bill is a bird of a tame and gentle nature.
1700S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 10 This Punishment is call'd Keel-halen, which may be call'd in English *Keel-drawing.
1829Sporting Mag. XXIV. 125 Prior to the *keel-line being placed on the stocks. 1851Kipping Sailmaking (ed. 2) 37 Bonnets have a head tabling, 2½ inches broad, on which a line of 12-thread, named Keel-line, for forming the latchings, is sewed in bights.
1876Darwin Cross-Fertil. 155 They did not depress the *keel-petals so as to expose the anthers and stigma.
1874Thearle Naval Archit. 75 A vertical *keel plate, extending from the inner surface of the flat keel plates to the inner bottom plates.
1706Phillips s.v. Ducking, If the Offence be great, he is also drawn under the Ships-Keel; which is termed *Keel-raking.
1352Exch. Acc. Q.R. Bundle 20 No. 27 (P.R.O.) Et de iis. solutis pro quadam corda de crine, vocata *Kellerope posit um (sic) in fundo navis ad faciendum per navem bonum exitum aque. 1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 14. 1627 ― Seaman's Gram. vi. 28 The Keele rope..is of haire in the Keele to scower the Limber holes.
▪ II. keel, n.2|kiːl|
Forms: 5 kele, 5–7 keil(l, (6 keile, keyle), 6–7 keele, (8 kiell), 7– keel.
[app. a. MDu. kiel (= MLG. kêl, kîl, MHG. kiel), ship, boat, repr. a Com. Teut. word (*keuloz) which appears (chiefly in poetry) as OE. céol, OS. kiol, OHG. chiol, cheol, chiel, ON. kjóll. These forms cannot be connected with ON. kjǫl-r keel (see keel n.1); but under the influence of Scandinavian, English, or French, or of all combined, the Du. and G. kiel has since the 16th c. lost its original sense of ‘ship’ and acquired that of ‘keel’ (keel n.1): see Grimm, Kluge.
OE. céol would have given *cheel in modern Eng.]
1. A flat-bottomed vessel, esp. of the kind used on the Tyne and Wear for the loading of colliers; a lighter.
The name is or has been in local use in the east of England from the Tyne to the Norfolk Broads; it has also been used in U.S. locally both for a river and a coasting vessel. The old keel which brought coal from the upper Tyne to ships in the harbour at Tynemouth was carvel-built and had a square sail, as well as a heavy oar worked by three keel-bullies. The existing keel is clinker-built and used only for riverside traffic. See R. Oliver Heslop in N. & Q. 9th Ser. VII. 65–6.
1322[implied in keeler1]. 1421Act 9 Hen. V, c. 10 Certeinz vesselx appellez Keles, par les queux tielx charbons sont caries de la terre jesques a les naefs en le dit port. 1531–2Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 18 Many shippes, keiles, cogges, and botes..haue heretofore had their franke passages..vpon the saide riuer. 1546Langley Pol. Verg. de Invent. iii. xi. 78 Pheniciens [invented] the Keele or demye barke. 1600Holland Livy xxi. lvii. 426 Convoy of victuals..which came by the Po, in Keeles and such like vessels. 1669Lond. Gaz. No. 342/4 Two Wisbidge Keels were forced upon the shoar in this Bay. 1708J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 48 Those Persons who live at the Ports and have Keels (which are much like to Lighters Built) to load the Ships. 1808Pike Sources Mississ. iii. App. 31 It..is 300 yards wide and navigable for large keels. 1833H. Martineau Tale Tyne ii. 41 A waggon was at the moment being emptied into a keel. 1863in Tyneside Songs 16 Weel may the keel row, that my laddie's in. 1869Freeman Norm. Conq. III. xiv. 362 [The Wharfe] still navigable as high as Tadcaster for the small craft of the river, whose local name of keels suggests the memory of the first vessels which landed our fathers in the Isle of Britain. 1876in Ruskin Fors Clav. VI. 395 Humber Keels are..house and home to the Keel family. 1883G. C. Davies Norfolk Broads iv. (1884) 32 There was another class of vessels called ‘Keels’, which were fitted with huge square lug-sails, and were chiefly used for carrying timber. These are now unknown.
b. The quantity of coals carried in a keel, now = 8 Newcastle chaldrons or 21 tons 4 cwt.
The statute of 1421 shows that a keel was then supposed to carry 20 chalders, but the weight of the chalder is not given (cf. quot. 1529 below).
[1421Act 9 Hen. V, c. 10 Tieles Keles del portage..de xx chaldrez. 1529W. Frankeleyn in Fiddes Wolsey (1726) II. 165 A great substance of colis to the nombre of 25 score kele, every kele contayning 20. chald'.] 1750Clephone Jrnl. in C. Innes Sk. Early Sc. Hist. App. (1861) 550 A Kiell is 8 chalder. 1763Sir S. T. Janssen Smuggling 112 An ordinary Ship-Load [of coals] is about fifteen Keel, every Keel is about eight Newcastle Chaldron, and each of those Chaldrons are seventy two Bushels. 1815Chron. in Ann. Reg. 82 Scale for manning the ships..ships of six keels, four men two boys. 1851Kipping Sail-making (ed. 2) 92 note, A collier is said to carry so many ‘keels of coals’.
2. Used to render OE. céol in the passage of the O.E. Chron. relating to the first coming of the Angles to Britain. (Cf. chiule, cyule.)
In this use often erroneously identified with keel n.1, on the analogy of L. carina keel and ship.
[c525Gildas De Excidio Brit. xxiii, Tribus, ut lingua ejus [gentis] exprimitur, cyulis, nostra lingual ongis navibus. a1000O.E. Chron. an. 449 (Laud MS.) Hi þa coman on þrim ceolum hider to Brytene. ]1605Verstegan Dec. Intell. xv, Hingistus and Horsus..had the conduction of these forces over into Brittains in three great and long shippes, then called keeles. 1685Stillingfl. Orig. Brit. v. 313 The Angles or Saxons..came hither in three Keels or long Boats at first. 1881Green Making Eng. i. 28 In three ‘keels’..these Jutes landed at Ebbsfleet in the Isle of Thanet.
3. Comb., as keel-holder, keel-owner; keel-deeter (-dighter), dial. (see quot. 1789 and dight v. 14 f). See also keel-boat, -bully, -man1.
1789Brand Hist. Newcastle II. 262 note, The wives and daughters..who sweep the keels, and have the sweepings for their pains, are called Keeldeeters. 1891Pall Mall G. 14 Feb. 4/2 A small keelholder in Hull. Ibid. 1 June 1/3 The son of a small keelowner.
▪ III. keel, n.3 Chiefly Sc.|kiːl|
Also 5 keyle, 6 keyll, keil, 9 keal.
[Of uncertain origin. Gael. and Ir. cíl may be from Sc.]
1. A variety of red ochreous iron-ore used for marking sheep, stone, timber, etc.; ruddle. Also, the red mark made with this on sheep, etc.
1480Acta Dom. Conc. (1839) 57/2 To prufe þat þe gudis..war one þe lard of fernyis avne landis, & had his keyle & his mark. 1513Douglas æneis x. vii. 82 At this time has Pallas..Markyt ȝou swa..That by hys keyll ȝe may be knaw fra thens. 1596Compt Buik D. Wedderburn (S.H.S.) 46 Twa furris hard Keill. 1728Ramsay Betty & Kate iii, With a piece cawk and keel..He can the picture draw Of you or me. 1789Burns Captain Grose's Peregrin. ii, He has an unco sleight O' cauk and keel. 1817Blackw. Mag. II. 85/1 The ewes were..half covered with a new keel, with which Millar had himself marked them. 1882J. Hardy in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club IX. No. 3. 430 A band of ‘keel’ or ruddle occurs in a quarry. 1894Crockett Raiders 382, I took..to the trade of selling..red keel for the sheep.
2. Weaving. A mark made (with keel or other substance) by the warper at each end of a warp of yarn before it is delivered to the weaver, to ensure his weaving and returning the full length of the yarn given out to him.
a1813A. Wilson Poems, Hollander, Anither's been upo' the push, To get his keel in claith. 1866T. Bruce Summer Queen 323 The pattern weel might stan' the light Fair woven to the keel. a1885W. Sim in Poets Clackmannan. 139 Tramp your treadles tell ye see Your hinmost keel and thrum in.
▪ IV. † keel, n.4 Obs. rare.
[? a. LG. keele, keelle, kelle = G. kelle (OHG. chella), ladle, vessel, tub: in quots. 1617 and 1730–6 app. erron. associated with keel v.1, keeler2.]
A tub or vat for holding liquor.
1485Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 72 Keeles..iij, Spittes of Iren..j, Gridirnes..ij. 1617Minsheu Ductor 259/1 Keele, a vessell to coole wort or new brewed Ale and Beere. 1648Hexham, A Keel for wine or beer, een vat ofte kuype [etc.]. 1730–6Bailey (fol.), Keel, a vessel for liquors to stand and cool in.
▪ V. keel, v.1 Obs. exc. dial.|kiːl|
Forms: 1 cœ́lan, célan, 2–4 kelen, 4 keelen, 4–6 kele, 5 keyle, keille, 6 kiele, keale, 5–7 keele, 6– keel.
[Com. Teut.: OE. cœ́lan, célan = Du. koelen, LG. kölen, OHG. chuolen, kualen (MHG. küelen, G. kühlen), ON. kœla (Da. køle, Sw. kyla):—*kōljan f. *kōl-: see cool a. and v., and cf. akele.]
1. trans. To cool; to cause to lose heat; to refresh by cooling.
c825Vesp. Psalter xxxviii. [xxxix.] 14 Ðæt ic sie ᵹecoeled [L. ut refrigerer]. a900O.E. Martyrol. 18 Mar. 40 Se uplica sæ..celeð þæra tungla hæto. a1300Cursor M. 12541 He..hent his hand and bleu þar-in Keland he made al hale his hand. 1382Wyclif Luke xvi. 24 Send Lazarus, that he dippe the laste part of his fyngur in watir, and kele my tunge. c1470Harding Chron. xciv. ii, In water [he] was cast, his fleshe to keele and lisse. 1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 168 And the North Weeste wynde haue kynde to kiele and drye too mych trees that be newe sett. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 483 b, You..may keepe your breath to keale your potage. 1828Craven Dial., Keel, to cool. 1883Almondb. & Huddersf. Gloss. s.v., A person may keel himself, or let his tea keel.
b. spec. To cool (a hot or boiling liquid) by stirring, skimming, or pouring in something cold, in order to prevent it from boiling over; hence freq. in phr. to keel the pot. Also fig.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xxii. 280 And lerede men a ladel bygge with a long stele, That cast for to kele [B.-text xix. 275 kepe] a crokke and saue þe fatte aboue. c1420Liber Cocorum 11 Whenne hit welles up, thou schalt hit kele With a litel ale. 1536Remedy Sedition 21 a. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 930 While greasie Ione doth keele the pot. 1602Marston Ant. & Mel. v. Wks. 1856 I. 56 Boy, keele your mouth, it runnes over. 1607― What you will in Anc. Drama II. 199 Faith Doricus, thy brain boils, keel it, keel it, or all the fat's in the fire. 1781Hutton Tour Caves (ed. 2) Gloss. (E.D.S.), Keel, to keep the pot from boiling over. 1846Brockett N.C. Gloss. (ed. 3) I. 243 There is a local game called ‘Keeling the pot’, in which a girl says, ‘Mother, the pot's boiling over’; and the answer is, ‘Get a ladle and keel it’.
†2. fig. To make less violent, eager, or ardent; to assuage, mitigate, lessen. Obs.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 141 Þa twelf kunreden sculden þer mide heore þurst kelen. c1230Hali Meid. 25 To kele þi lust wiþ fulþe of þi licome. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxi. (Clement) 102 Þai cuth nocht keyle hyre care. c1400Destr. Troy 11464 His corage was kelit with age. 1508Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. cii. Wks. (1876) 158 To slake and kele the hete of vnlawfull desyre. 1641Milton Reform. ii. Wks. (1851) 44 Likely to lessen and keel the affections of the Subject.
†b. With personal object and const. of, from.
c1420Anturs of Arth. iv, Thay..Cumfordun hor kenettes, to kele hom of care. c1450Merlin 214 The kynge yet was not keled of the love of the stiwardes wif. c1460Towneley Myst. iii. 118, I thee command, from cares the to keyle.
3. intr. To become cool or cold.
c1420Liber Cocorum 19 Take a pownde of ryse, and sethe hom wele, Tyl that thay brostene; and let hom kele. 1450–80tr. Secreta Secret. 26 If thou ete and haue noon appetite, Þe hete of thi stomak shalle kele. c1485E.E. Misc. (Warton Club) 78 Than let hit kele to hit be lewke⁓warme. 1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 188 Set it ouer the fire..and then let it keele awhile. 1883[see sense 1].
4. fig. To grow cold, in feeling, etc.; to become less violent, fervid, or ardent, to ‘cool down’; to diminish in intensity. Const. of, from.
c1325Metr. Hom. 32 Mi soru sal son kele. Ibid. 67 O pryde comes all his unsell, That neuer may slake ne kell. a1340Hampole Psalter xli. 13 He gars sa many kele fra godis luf. c1460How a Marchande dyd hys Wyfe betray 265 in Hazl. E.P.P. (1864) I. 208 The marchandys care be gan to kele. 1504C'tess Richmond tr. De Imitatione iv. (E.E.T.S.) 265 Vnto me..that so often synnes, and so soon keles. 1818Todd s.v., ‘He keals’, that is, he is cowardly; his courage cools. Lanc. 1891Sheffield Gloss. Suppl. s.v., ‘The door never keels of beggars’.
▪ VI. keel, v.2|kiːl|
[f. keel n.1]
1. trans. To plough (the sea) with a keel. (nonce-use.)
1808J. Barlow Columb. ix. 534 The Lombards keel their Adriatic main.
2. intr. Of a ship: To roll on her keel.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v. Keeling.
3. trans. To turn up the keel of, show the bottom of. to keel over, to turn over, ‘turn wrong side uppermost’, turn (a man or beast) upon his back; to upset, capsize. (lit. and fig.) orig. U.S.
1828Webster, Keel, to turn up the keel; to show the bottom. 1856Mrs. Stowe Dred I. 116 (Bartlett) When we get keeled up, that will be the last of us. 1876Besant & Rice Gold. Butterfly (1877) 148 He was keeled back..on a strong chair, with his feet on the front of the table. 1894Stockton in Mrs. Clifford Grey Romance, etc. 175 We now all set to work to keel over the yacht. 1897R. Kipling Capt. Cour. i. 6 It would take more than this to keel me over.
b. intr. To turn or be turned over; to be upset; to fall over or be felled as if by a shock. orig. U.S.
a1860N.Y. Despatch (Bartlett), Keel over they must, and a gradual careen would be much better than a sudden capsize. 1895Crockett Men of Moss-Hags xli. 296 They keeled ower on their backs. 1897Olive Schreiner Trooper Pet. Halkett II. 209 The third man keeled round on to his stomach again.
▪ VII. † keel, v.3 Obs. rare.
[f. keel n.2]
trans. To convey in a keel. Hence ˈkeeling vbl. n.2
1591R. Hitchcock in Garrard's Art Warre 355 Where they sende it downe in keeles, to giue for keeling of a quarter iiij. d. 1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 27 Their goods and merchandise, from beyond seas, are keeled up..to their very thresholds [in Norwich].
▪ VIII. keel, v.4 Sc.|kiːl|
[f. keel n.3]
trans. To mark with ruddle. Hence ˈkeeling vbl. n.3
1508Kennedie Flyting w. Dunbar 431 Thow has thy clamschellis, and thy burdoun kelde [Bann. MS. keild]. 1562Winȝet Cert. Tractates Wks. 1888 I. 33 Be war to moue..seditioun in this nobyll town be ȝoure calking and keling. c1817Hogg Tales & Sk. I. 142 Sheep..all..smeared and keeled. 1886C. Scott Sheep Farming 151 The sale ewe lambs in hill flocks are also keeled on the neck to distinguish them from the wether lambs.
▪ IX. keel
obs. variant of kiln. |