| 释义 |
kidney|ˈkɪdnɪ|
Forms: 4 kidenei, 4–6 kydney (5 ? kidneye, 6 kydne), 6– kidney. ? sing. or pl. 4 kydnere. pl. α. 4 kideneiren, kydeneyren; β. 4 kide-, kydeneris, kidneris, -nares, kydneers, -ners; γ. 6 kidneies, -neis, kydneys, -nes, 6–7 kidneyes, 6–9 kidnies, 6– kidneys.
[Of obscure formation.
On the supposition that the sing. was kid(e)nere, this has been inferred to be a compound, having as its second element ME. nere kidney; and it has been conjectured that kid(e)- might represent OE. cwið, cwiða, or ON. kvið belly, womb. But this is on many grounds improbable; above all, because the ordinary sing. in ME. was in -ei, -ey, the solitary instance of kydnere, c 1420 (1 b below), being probably a pl. for kydneren. It is thus possible that kidenei, pl. kideneiren, had as its second element ey, pl. eyren, eiren, eyre, eyer, egg. (Cf. Ger. eier testicles.) The pl. kid(e)neris might possibly owe its form to association with neres, neeres, pl. of nere; the later kidneies, -neys, was a new pl. from the unanalysed singular. But the first element remains uncertain.]
1. One of a pair of glandular organs situated in the abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, and reptiles, which excrete urine and so remove effete nitrogenous matter from the blood. Also a gland with similar functions found in some animals of lower organization. The kidneys of cattle, sheep, and pigs are an article of food.
a. sing.
c1325Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Wright Voc. 149 L'etplen (the milte), boueles (neres), et reinoun (kidenei). 13..Metr. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 627/8 Ren, kedney. c1400Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 37 The Ire in the gawle. Auaryce in the kydney. 1520Whitinton Vulg. (1527) 39 They may be wel compared to the kydne that lyeth rolled in fatte, and yet is lene hym self. 1601Holland Pliny xi. xxxvii. 343 The right kidney in all creatures is the bigger. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 82 The stones or calculous concretions in kidney or bladder. 1871M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. I. ix. 293 Waiter, bring me a kidney and some stout.
b. Of doubtful number.
c1420Liber Cocorum 10 Take þo hert and þo mydruv and þe kydnere, And hew hom smalle, as I þe lere.
c. pl.
α1388Wyclif Exod. xxix. 13 And thou schalt take..the calle of the mawe, and twey kidneris [3 MSS. kideneiren, 1382 the two kydneers]. Ibid. 22 Twey kideneris [3 MSS. kideneiren, 1382 the two reynes]. 1388[see β]. a1400Prymer (1891) 104 For thou haddest my kydeneyren.
βa1325Prose Psalter lxxii[i]. 21 Myn kidnares [v.r. kydners] ben chaunged. 1382[see α, quot. 13881]. 1388Wyclif Lev. iii. 4 Thei schulen offre twey kydeneris [v.r. kideneiren, 1382 the two reyns].
γc1510More Picus Wks. 20/1 My reynes or kidneis, hath chiden me vnto the night. c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 904 The kydneys, les rognons. 1535Coverdale Lev. iii. 10 The two kydneys with the fat..and the nett on the leuer vpon the kydneys also. 1581Mulcaster Positions xxii. (1887) 93 It driueth also the stone from the kidneies into the bladder. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 256 It is suspected to be hurtful to the Kidneys. 1803Med. Jrnl. X. 82 Affections of the bladder and kidnies. 1857G. Bird Urin. Deposits (ed. 5) 424 Few remedies are so capricious in their action as those which..influence the functions of the kidneys. 1891S. Mostyn Curatica 27 Don't you think the kidneys will be spoiled if they are not eaten at once?
fig.1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. ii. 585 If heav'ns bright torches, from earth's kidneys, sup Sum somwhat dry and heatfull Vapours up. 1710Steele Tatler No. 268 ⁋2 A Youth, who officiates as the Kidney of the Coffee-house.
2. fig.
a. Temperament, nature, constitution, disposition; hence, kind, sort, class, stamp.
a1555Latimer Serm. & Rem. (Parker Soc.) 312 To pronounce all to be thieves to a man, except myself, of course, and those men..that are of my own kidney. 1598Shakes. Merry W. iii. v. 116 Thinke of that, a man of my Kidney;..that am as subiect to heate as butter. 1652J. Hall Height Eloq. p. lxxxii, Is it not better for us that are men of this Kidney to have a Ruler set over us then to be left to our freedome. 1733Fielding Don Quixote in Eng. iii. iv, This fellow is not quite of a right kidney, the dog is not sound at the bottom. 1880Disraeli Endym. xvii, It was a large and rather miscellaneous party, but all of the right kidney.
†b. Proper condition or state, order. colloq. Obs.
1763Colman Terræ Filius No. 1 Attempt to put their Hair out of Kidney.
3. Something resembling a kidney in shape, etc.
†a. An ovary. Obs. rare—1.
1576Turberv. Venerie lxvi. 186 The kydneys whiche gelders take awaye from a bytche when they spaye hir.
b. More fully kidney potato; an oval variety of potato.
1796C. Marshall Garden. xv. (1813) 249 The red nosed kidney..is a great favorite. 1839Penny Cycl. XIII. 291/2 The earliest potato is called the Superfine White Kidney. 1840Hood Up the Rhine 111 The next dish..was of very small, very waxy kidney potatoes. 1892Zangwill Child. Ghetto II. 6 Kidneys or regents, my child?
†4. kidneys of wheat, an imperfect reproduction of the Scriptural expression ‘fat of kidneys of wheat’ Deut. xxxii, 14: cf. Ps. cxlvii. 14 ‘the fat of wheat’, the finest of the wheat, in allusion to the fat, and esp. the kidney-fat, as the choicest part of an animal, which was therefore offered in sacrifice.
1611Bible Deut. xxxii. 14. 1663 Jer. Taylor Serm. Death Ld. Primate Irel. 10 If the Corn dyes and lives again..in the verdure of a leaf, in the fulness of the Ear, in the Kidneys of the wheat. a1673G. Swinnock in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xxxvi. 8 [Bread] made of the kidneys of the wheat, of the finest flour.
5. attrib. and Comb.
a. attributive: Of or belonging to the kidneys, as kidney disease, kidney fat, kidney form, kidney substance, kidney suet, kidney-tube, kidney-vein, etc.; made of or containing kidneys, as kidney pie, kidney soup.
b. similative, as kidney-form, kidney-shaped adjs.
1889Sci. Amer. LXI. 48 Liver and *Kidney Diseases.
1806A. Hunter Culina (ed. 3) 213 The *kidney fat of a loin of veal. 1885Hayter Carboona 3 Great virtues are attributed by the Australian aborigines to the kidney-fat of their enemies.
1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 30 *Kidney-form, or reniform, round elevations.
1811Pinkerton Petral. II. 123 They are quite different from rolled pebbles, and are often of a flattened, sometimes a *kidney form.
1836–9Dickens Sk. Boz, The Streets (1850) 33/2 The *kidney-pie man has just walked away with his warehouse on his arm.
1757Pultney in Phil. Trans. L. 67 The receptacle is convex on both sides, and *kidney-shaped. 1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 17 Lobes deflexed, kidney-shaped.
1887Spons' Househ. Man. Index, *Kidney soup.
1873T. H. Green Introd. Pathol. (ed. 2) 283 The capsule..cannot be removed without tearing the *kidney substance.
1822in Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 93 Their skins, colour of veal *kidney-suet.
1847–9Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 254 The epithelium of the *kidney-tubes.
1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 30/1 The fourth is the mediane, or *kidney-vayne, situated belowe the foote. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 110 The pulmonary vein..is joined..before it enters the auricle by the efferent kidney veins.
c. Special combs.: kidney-cotton, a variety of Gossypium barbadense, a cotton plant of which the seeds are in kidney-shaped masses; kidney dressing-table, a dressing-table with a kidney-shaped top; kidney fern N.Z., a fern, Cardiomanes reniforme, with kidney-shaped leaves; † kidney-fetch = kidney-vetch; kidney graft, the operation of transplanting a kidney from one person to another (see graft n.1 3); kidney-link, a coupling below the collar of the harness of a horse; † kidney-lipped a., hare-lipped; kidney machine, a machine for effecting hæmodialysis; = artificial kidney (artificial a. 5), haemodialyser; kidney ore, hæmatite occurring in kidney-shaped masses; kidney-paved a., paved with cobble stones; kidney-pie, (a) a pie containing kidneys; (b) Austral. and N.Z. slang, flattery, humbug, deceit; kidney-piece, a cam with a kidney-shaped outline; kidney-potato: see 3 b; kidney punch (see quot. 1954); kidney-rotter Austral. and N.Z. slang (see quot. 1958); kidney-stone, a stone of a kidney shape, a cobble; spec. see quot. 1861; kidney table, a table having a kidney-shaped top; kidney-vetch, a leguminous herb (Anthyllis vulneraria), Lady's-fingers; kidney worm, either of two parasitic nematodes, Stephanurus dentatus, which attacks pigs, or Dioctophyma (or Dioctophyme) renale, which attacks man, dogs, and other mammals.
1789Trans. Soc. Arts I. 256, I prepared a parcel of the silk, and also a parcel of the *kidney, or Brazilian cotton.
1932Times Lit. Suppl. 9 June 429/3 A walnut suite with a *kidney dressing-table. 1965D. Torr Diplomatic Cover iii. 46 She leant over her frilly kidney dressing-table.
1867E. Sauter tr. F. von Hochstetter's New Zealand vi. 133 The singular form of the *Kidney-fern (Trichomanes reniforme). 1926J. Devanny Lenore Divine xx. 185 The kidney-fern was everywhere, sprawling over ground and trees. 1951J. Frame Lagoon 7 My..grandmother..could find kidney fern. 1966Encycl. N.Z. I. 645/2 The kidney fern, Cardiomanes reniforme, with undivided leaves fringed with prominent sori, is common throughout the country.
1671Skinner Etymol. Ling. Angl., Bot., *Kidney-fetch. 1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxv. 353 Ladies-Finger or Kidney Fetch is not uncommon in chalky pastures.
1962Daily Tel. 26 Nov. 1/3 (headline) *Kidney graft doctor worse. 1970Kidney graft [see graft n.1 3].
1883J. P. Groves From Cadet to Captain xxii. 223 Harnessing..Nellie's ponies..he managed to get the hames upside down, with the *kidney-links on the top of the collars.
1648Herrick Hesper., Upon Jollie's Wife, Squint-ey'd, hook-nos'd; and lastly *kidney-lipt.
1966Daily Tel. 28 Sept. 19/4 Kidney patients would be able to use an artificial *kidney machine in their own homes. 1972Guardian 9 Feb. 20/2 Patients who rely on electrical machinery (such as kidney machines) in their homes.
1750R. Pococke Trav. (1888) 15 Three sorts of ore, the finest is the *kidney ore. 1852Th. Ross Humboldt's Trav. I. xiii. 441 The metals appear only in kidney-ores, and present the most delusive appearances.
1889Daily Tel. 19 Apr. 6/4 The principal street..emerged from the *kidney-paved condition and got itself macadamised.
1836–9*Kidney-pie [see kidney 5]. 1937Partridge Dict. Slang 455/1 Kidney-pie, insincere praise.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 43 On the arbor of the annual wheel is fixed a brass cam or ‘*kidney piece’.
1896Ade Artie i. 3 Artie..gave him a friendly blow, known to ringside patrons as a ‘*kidney-punch’. 1954F. C. Avis Boxing Reference Dict. 61 Kidney punch, a blow falling at the kidneys—a foul punch liable to result in disqualification. 1964Kidney punch [see caper n.2 1 c].
1958Tararua XII. 27 The frameless pack..being more familiarly known by that elegant term, *kidney-rotter. 1971N.Z. Listener 22 Feb. 51/2 Twenty-odd years ago..we slogged along in hobnailed boots, carried ‘kidney-rotter’ packs, [etc.].
1861Bristow Gloss. Min., *Kidney-stones, a local name for small hard nodules..washed out of the cliffs on the north shore of Weymouth. 189019th Cent. Nov. 842 Regimental highlows will not stand the rough kidney stones of the barrack stables for more than six months.
1845Disraeli Sybil (1863) 193 He was seated in an easy chair, before a *kidney table at which he was writing.
1706Phillips, *Kidney-vetch and Kidney-wort, several sorts of Herbs.
1893W. B. E. Miller et al. Dis. Live Stock vi. 410 Various symptoms are popularly attributed to ‘*kidney worms’, especially a weakness or partial palsy of the hinder limbs, inclination to lie down, and awkwardness in the gait. 1905Moussu & Dollar Dis. Cattle iii. 539 This so-called kidney worm of hogs (Sclerostoma pinguicola) should not be confounded with the kidney worm (Dioctophyme viscerale) of dogs and man. 1934H. O. Mönnig Vet. Helminthol. & Entomol. iii. 170 The ‘kidney-worm’ of swine occurs in the perirenal fat. 1963Jubb & Kennedy Path. Domestic Animals II. vi. 272/1 Dioctophyma renale is the giant kidney worm, the largest of parasitic nematodes... It is usually found in dogs, mink, and other fish-eating mammals, but is recorded in ox and horse.
▸ kidney stone n. Med. a hard mineral mass resembling a stone or grain of sand which may form in the kidneys by the abnormal precipitation of salts (esp. calcium oxalate) dissolved in the urine; a renal calculus.
In quot. 1874: the condition of having a kidney stone.
1874W. H. Van Buren & E. L. Keyes Pract. Treat. Dis. Genito-urinary Organs 353 The main causes of nephralgia are very acid urine, *kidney-stone [etc.]. 1938Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 39 596/1 Stone Analysis. Left kidney stone, calcium oxylate, calcium magnesium phosphate, triple phosphate. 2001J. Le Fanu They don't know What's Wrong xi. 179 The combination of excruciating pain in one or other flank, followed by red-stained urine due to the presence of blood can mean only one thing—the presence of a kidney stone being passed down the ureter into the bladder. |