| 释义 |
kinesis|kaɪ-, kɪˈniːsɪs|
Pl. kineses.
[mod.L., f. Gr. κίνησις motion.]
†1. Cytology. Karyokinesis, mitosis. Obs. rare. (Cf. kinetic a. 4.)
1904Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 529 At the first metaphase there is a second division (? longitudinal) which appears preparatory to the second kinesis. 1906Ibid. 282 The two constitutive branches of the definitive chromosomes..separate from one another in each chromosome at the first kinesis.
2. Biol. [Adopted (in G.) by W. Rothert 1901, in Flora LXXXVIII. 374, after its use as a suffix in photokinesis.] An undirected movement of an organism that occurs in response to a particular kind of stimulus.
1905Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. XV. 139 Kinesis is a term which seems to have been first used by Engelmann for the increase or decrease of activity produced by certain agencies. The fact that certain bacteria increase or decrease movement in the light he called photokinesis. Rothert accepted the term kinesis for such changes in the amount of activity produced by chemicals, calling this chemokinesis. 1940Fraenkel & Gunn Orientation of Animals i. 10 The term taxis is to-day used for directed orientation reactions... Undirected locomotory reactions, in which the speed of movement or the frequency of turning depend on the intensity of stimulation, we call kineses. 1955Storer & Usinger Elem. Zool. xxiii. 394 Taxes and kineses..enable insects and many other animals to find and inhabit the small environmental niche or microclimate in which each kind is most successful. 1960L. Picken Organization of Cells x. 450 The formation of cell aggregates is undoubtedly favoured by a non-directional movement of the cells, by a kinesis, with thigmotaxis taking over once contact is established.
Add:3. Zool. [Adopted in this sense in Ger. by T. Lakjer 1927, in Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. f. Anat. u. Ontogenie) XLIX. 250.] Mobility between seprate parts of the skull, esp. in birds and certain reptiles. Cf. prokinesis n., rhynchokinesis n.
1960Biol. Abstr. XXXV. 1871/1 The possibility of a close connection between the various types of kinesis of the skull and the variations in the morphology of the middle ear is discussed. 1962Jrnl. Morphol. CXI. 287/1 In more recent times, the term ‘kinesis’ has been more loosely interpreted and applied to various types of skulls. 1969A. Bellairs Life of Reptiles I. iv. 154 Various types of kinesis occur among other vertebrates, in sharks for instance, in some carnivorous dinosaurs and in birds. 1986A. S. Romer & T.S. Parsons Vetebr. Body (ed. 6) viii. 244 Many groups have kinetic skulls, but the number and positions of the funtional components varies greatly; thus, kinesis has clearly evolved (or re-evolved) numerous times. |