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anatomy|əˈnætəmɪ|
Forms: 4–5 anothomia, 6 anothomy, -amie, 6–7 anathomy(e, (nathomy(e), anatomie, -otomie, -my, 6– anatomy. Also 6– atomy.
[a. Fr. anatomie, ad. L. anatomia, a. Gr. ἀνατοµία (quoted by Cælius Aurelianus c 420 ‘apertionem quam Græci anatomiam dicunt’), abstr. n. = ἀνατοµή, a cutting up, a dissection, f. ἀνά up + τεµ-, τοµ-, cut; cf. λιθοτοµία stone-cutting. By confounding the initial syllable with the indef. article a, an, the Eng. word was erroneously divided as a natomy, an atomy; the latter of which became in senses 4–7 an established form: see atomy.]
I. The process, subjects, and products of dissection of the body.
1. The artificial separation of the different parts of a human body or animal (or more generally of any organized body), in order to discover their position, structure, and economy; dissection.
1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Cyrurg., Anathomy is called ryght dyuysyon of membres done for certayne knowleges. 1543Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. (1586) 430 Anatomie..signifieth the cutting up of a mans bodie, or of some other thing. 1667Marvell Corr. 203 Wks. 1872 II. 403 As if a man should dissect his own body, and read the anatomy lecture. 1688J. Clayton in Phil. Trans. XVII. 990 Dr. Moulin and my self..made our Anatomies together..we shew'd to the Royal Society, that all Flat-bill'd Birds..had three Pair of Nerves. 1712Addison Spect. No. 275 ⁋1 Curious observations which he had lately made in an anatomy of an human body.
†b. with quick, live: Vivisection. Obs.
1651N. Biggs New Dispens. Pref. 7 Where have we constant reading upon either quick or dead Anatomies? 1651Life of Father Sarpi (1676) 16 He had formerly cut in pieces a number of living Creatures with his own hands to make Anatomies. 1668Culpepper & Cole tr. Bartholinus' Anat. ii. vi. 101 In Live Anatomies we can hardly perceive that the one is hotter then the other.
†2. concr.
a. A body (or part of one) anatomized or dissected, so as to show the position and structure of the organs. Hence
b. A body or ‘subject’ for dissection. Obs.
1540T. Raynalde Birth of Mankinde (1634) Prol. 3 As though yee were present at the cutting open of Anatomy of a dead woman. 1598B. Jonson Every Man in his Humour iv. vi, They must ha' dissected, and made an Anatomie o' me. 1602Dekker Satirom. 197 Carving my poore labours, Like an Anotomy. 1611Tourneur Ath. Trag. v. ii. 146 His body when 'tis dead For an Anatomie. 1611Donne in Coryat Crudities, Worst malefactors..Doe publique good cut in Anatomies. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. II/610 He intended to have her made an Anatomy. 1751Chambers Cycl., Anatomy is sometimes used to denote the subject to be anatomized.
3. A model of the body, showing the parts discovered in dissection.
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., An human anatomy in plaster of Paris, representing a man standing upright, with his skin flea'd off. 1753― Cycl. Supp., Who has not seen the waxwork Anatomy?
4. pop. A skeleton. [In this and the allied senses the word was often reduced to atomy.] arch.
1594T. B. tr. La Primaudaye's Fr. Acad. II. 57 As it were a drie anatomy, which is a body consisting onely of bones. 1595Shakes. John iii. iv. 25–40 Death, death, O amiable louely death, Thou..fell Anatomy. 1600Hortop in Arber Eng. Garner (1882) V. 324 He carried with him, in his ship, to be presented to the king of Spain the anatomy of a giant which was sent from China. 1605Verstegan Dec. Intell. iv (1628) 106 The bones or anatomie of a sea Elephant. 1662Fuller Worthies (1840) I. 496 The anatomy of a man lying in the tombe abovesaid, onely the bones remaining. a1823D'Israeli Cur. Liter. (1866) 455/1 Death in the Gothic form of a gaunt anatomy parading through the universe.
b. fig.
1589Pappe with Hatchet (1844) 36 So like the verie Anatomie of mischiefe, that one might see through all the ribbes of his conscience. 1636Heywood Loves Mistr. iii. i, What bare anotomy of griefe is this? 1821Shelley Epipsych. 122 Incarnate April, warning..Frost the anatomy Into his summer grave.
5. A skeleton with the skin left; a corpse shrunken or dried to skin and bone; a mummy.
1586T. B. tr. La Primaudaye's Fr. Acad. 192 The Egyptians..used in the midst of their bankets to bring in the anatomy of a dead body dried. 1611Cotgr., Aridelle..an Anatomie, or bodie whereon there is nought left but skin and bone. 1669Penn No Cross, etc. Wks. 1782 II. 319 The Egyptians, who..in the full of their greatest Cheer caused the Anatomy of a Dead Man to be brought before them. 1826Southey Q. Rev. XXXIII. 407 More like an anatomy than a living person. 1861Sala Twice Round Clock 9 Myriads of dried sprats and cured pilchards—shrunken, piscatorial anatomies.
b. fig. The withered lifeless form of anything.
1605Verstegan Dec. Intell. iv. (1628) 99 The winde and the raine having long since beaten away the earth from them, may thus haue left them to appeare the very true anatomies of themselves. 1867Froude Short Stud. (1872) I. 31 What lean and shrivelled anatomies the best of such descriptions would seem!
6. A living being reduced to ‘skin and bone’; a withered or emaciated creature, a ‘walking skeleton.’
1590Shakes. Com. Err. v. 238 One Pinch: a hungry leane-fac'd Villaine, A meere Anatomie, a Mountebanke. 1633Ford Love's Sacr. ii. i, Passion, and the vows I owe to you, Have chang'd me to a lean anatomy. 1824W. Irving T. Trav. I. 269 This withered anatomy would read about being ‘stayed with flagons.’ 1862Carlyle Fredk. Gt. II. vii. ix. 342 The thread-paper Duchess of Kendal..poor old anatomy.
b. fig. Applied to things. rare.
1607Dekker Knt's Coniuring (1842) 35 Made their countrey a pointing stocke to other nations, and a miserable anatomie to themselves. 1667Answ. West to Quest. North 3 Ruine of Trade..hath brought the Land to a meer Anatomy.
7. Applied depreciatively to the bodily frame.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. iii. iii. 106 Tell me, In what vile part of this Anatomie Doth my name lodge? 1837Lockhart Scott (1839) VI. 240 Brown leathern gaiters buttoned upon his nether anatomy. a1857Jerrold Wks. (1864) II. 101 The aperture was too small for his big, burly anatomy.
II. The science of bodily structure; structure as discovered by dissection.
8. The body of facts and deductions as to the structure of organized beings, animal or vegetable, ascertained by dissection; the doctrine or science of the structure of organized bodies.
(Special divisions are Animal Anatomy or Zootomy; Vegetable Anatomy; Human Anatomy; Comparative Anatomy which compares the structure of different classes or groups of animals.)
[1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xlii. (1495) 158 Anothomia is a craft and a scyence to knowe how the membres and lymmes of the body ben sette ordred and dystyngued.] 1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Cyrurg., The scyence of the Nathomy is nedefull and necessarye to the Cyrurgyen. 1547Boorde Brev. Health Pref. 4 That they [Chierurgions] be sure in Anothomy. 1615H. Crooke Body of Man 189 There can no reason be giuen but onely from Anatomy. 1675Grew (title) Comparative Anatomy of the Trunks of Plants. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Anatomy is of use in painting, designing, statuary, etc. 1877Huxley Anat. Inv. An. xii. 687 A large and thorough acquaintance with anatomy and embryology.
b. A treatise on this science.
1528Paynell Salerne Regim. 2 A iiij, There is in man CCClxv. veynes, as appereth in the anothamie. 1674R. Godfrey Inj. & Abuses in Physick 115 All the Anatomies or histories I ever could meet with.
9. Anatomical structure or organization, arrangement of the parts of the body of animals or plants.
1579Gosson Schoole of Ab. (Arb.) 38 The anotomy of man [is] set out by experience. 1607Topsell Four-footed Beasts (1673) 383 The inward proportion and anatomy of their bodies is like unto a man. 1868Duncan Insect World Introd. 1 To investigate the anatomy of insects.
b. transf. Of machines, etc.: Structure.
1879C. Hibbs in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 299/2 Each article has an iron screw or spike as a part of its anatomy.
III. Tropical. (Already by Aristotle ἀνατοµή was used for logical dissection or analysis.)
10. The dissection or dividing of anything material or immaterial, for the purpose of examining its parts; detailed examination, analysis.
a1569A. Kingsmill Godly Advise (1580) 15 Make an Anotamie of the suter you have in hand, make no confusion of wealthe, witte, bodie and soule. a1593H. Smith Wks. (1866) I. 73 Let thy question be, ‘What have I done?’ and make thy anatomy of thyself. 1621Burton (title) The Anatomy of Melancholy: what it is, with all the kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostickes, and seuerall cures of it. 1641Milton Animadv. (1851) 191 Such an unripping, such an Anatomie of the shiest, and tenderest particular truths. 1764Reid Inq. Hum. Mind i. §1 It must be by an anatomy of the mind that we can discover its powers and principles. 1815Moore Parad. & Peri Epil., He proceeded to the anatomy of the short poem just recited.
†11. Chemical analysis. Obs.
1621Molle Camerarius' Liv. Lib. i. xii. 35 A certaine Anatomie of siluer. 1686W. Harris Lemery's Chem. ii. xxii. 620 They who have made the Anatomy of this mixt do know very well that it is almost all of it sulphur. |