| 释义 |
▪ I. lack, n.1|læk|
Forms: 3–5 lac, 4–6 lak(e, (5 laak), 5–6 lakke, 5–7 lacke, 6–8 Sc. laik, 4– lack.
[Early ME. lac corresponds to MLG. lak, MDu. lac deficiency, fault, blame (mod.Du. lak masc. calumny). Cf. lack a.]
†1. A defect; failing; a moral delinquency, fault, offence, crime; rarely, a natural blemish. to give the lack of: to impute the fault of. Obs.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 258 Fader & sune & holi gost on god in þrimnesse inne þe nis lac ne lest auȝ alle holinesse. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 29 Constantyn..Brak his feaute sone, of treson it is lak. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Egipciane 657 And for my lake be put away. c1386Chaucer Merch. T. 955 If I do that lakke..in the nexte ryuer do me drenche. 1390Gower Conf. I. 99 She hath no lith without a lack. a1400Octouian 1394 And all maner of hors he knew, Bothe the lake and the vertu. c1420Lydg. Assembly of Gods 369 For in hys talkyng no man cowde fynde lak. 1443Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 213 Esaw wolde have founde a laak, Cause that Jacob was put out of prees. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 2744 That man..to the ordeignaunce of godde of his synne gyves the lakke. 1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 507/1 Yet haue I before at large opened you y⊇ lackes therof. 1555Latimer Serm. (1584) 294 The lacke is not in the law, but in vs. 1598Queen Elizabeth Plutarch ii. 123 The Curius more profit yeldz his foes than good vnto himself; that telleth them ther Lacks.
†b. without lack: without defect, flaw, or fault, whether physical or moral; also, without fail. Obs.
c1300Havelok 191 He garte the erl suere, That he sholde yemen hire wel, Withuten lac. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 95 Fair scho was..& gode withouten lak. a1340Hampole Psalter xvi. 4. Þou alowed it as wiþouten lake [v.r. lacke]. c1380Sir Ferumb. 1589 A tok a spere wiþ⁓oute lak. c1400Sowdone Bab. 1185 The botelles of bawme withoute lake. c1440York Myst. xi. 109, I am thy lorde, with-outyn lak. c1460Urbanitatis 86 in Babees Bk., Lette þy Ryȝth sholdur folow his bakke, For nurtur þat ys, with⁓owten lakke.
†2. Sc. A fault that brings disgrace; disgrace, reproach, shame. (Often coupled with shame.) Obs.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Ninian 644 For thru it haldine wes þar name in gret lak and in schame. c1470Henry Wallace ix. 820 Off us be found no lak eftir to reid. 1513Douglas æneis ii. x. 46 Schamfull hir to sla, Na victory, bot lak following alswa. 1560Rolland Crt. Venus i. 455 To schame & lak thir twa thair seruand drawis. 1603Philotus lvii, To slay ane taine man, war bot lack allace.
†b. Blame, censure for a fault. Obs.
14..How Good Wife taught Dau. 230 in Barbour's Bruce, The cumpany quhar thai tak Sall neuir chap for⁓outen lak. 1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 174 He dyd not stayne ne putte to lacke or rebuke hys royall autoritie in geuynge sentence of iudgement.
3. Deficiency, want, need (of something desirable or necessary); also, an instance of this. In early use often pl.
c1398Chaucer Fortune 5 But natheles, the lak of hir favour Ne may nat don me singen [etc.]. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 158 Lak of discrecioun causeth gret blyndenesse. c1449Pecock Repr. 108 Manye vn⁓helpis and manye lackis of helpis. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xxi. 13 Lak of spending dois him spur. 1534More Comf. agst. Trib. iii. xxii. (1847) 285 That affection happeth in very few, but that either the cause is lack of faith, or lack of hope, or finally lack of wit. 1549J. Cheke in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 8 Among other lacks I lack painted bucrum. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 3 The lacke [of barley] is more commonly supplied with oates. 1588Exhort. Subjects in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 105 Remember the remedies, supply the lakes, remove the impediments. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. v. i. 68 Many that are not mad Haue sure more lacke of reason. 1652Brome Mad Couple iii. Wks. 1873 I. 48 The ablest [servant] that any Lady of your lacks and longings ever bestow'd a favour on. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 441 We shall not need to say what lack Of Leather was upon his Back. 1753Life J. Frith (1829) 75 He being driven to necessity and lack of money, was forced [etc.]. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps i. §11. 21 It is less the mere loss of labour that offends us, than the lack of judgment implied by such loss. 1874Blackie Self-Cult. 64 No genius and no talent can compensate for the lack of obedience.
b. no lack (of): Enough, plenty (of).
c1305Land Cokayne 29 Þer n'is lac of met no cloþ. 1611Bible Exod. xvi. 18 He that gathered litle, had no lacke. 1833H. Martineau Tale Tyne vi. 109 There was no lack of loyalty among our people. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge x, There seems to be no lack in this great mansion. 1870Max Müller Sci. Relig. (1873) 101 There is no lack of materials for the student of the Science of Religion.
c. for (occas. by, from, through) lack of: for want (rarely loss) of.
c1386Chaucer Manciple's Prol. 48 On the Manciple he gan nodde faste For lakke of speche. ― Sqr.'s T. 422 She swowneth now and now for lakke of blood. c1470Henry Wallace v. 827 For lak off blud he mycht no forthir gang. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 147 b, Y⊇ many for lacke of mortifyenge tasteth not of this feest. c1560A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xiii. 16 Throw laik of speich I thoill ryt grit distress. 1674Playford Skill Mus. i. 61 He..slew some of them with his fist for lack of another weapon. 1775Burke Sp. Conc. Amer. Wks. III. 88 By lack whereof they have been oftentimes touched and grieved by subsidies given. 1781Burns ‘Tibbie, I hae seen the day’, For laik o' gear ye lightly me. 1816Scott Tales My Landlord Ser. i. Introd., Those who came to my Landlord for liquor, and went thirsty away for lack of present coin. 1884Bosanquet Lotze's Metaph. 226 A fourth dimension, now unknown to us from lack of incitement to construct it.
d. Proverb.
1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 8 In loue is no lacke. 1619Drayton Idea lix, In Love there is no lack, thus I begin.
4. The state of being in want; indigence, straitened circumstances. Also, the condition of wanting food; famine, starvation.
1555L. Digges (title) A prognostication of right good effect..contayninge..rules to iudge the wether,..with a brefe iudgement for euer of Plentie, Lacke, Sickenes [etc.]. 1563Homilies ii. Agst. Gluttony (1859) 306 Pinched by lacke and poverty. 1568T. Howell Newe Sonets (1879) 156 Where one wee see to be preferde, three liue for lacke as starued. a1605Polwart Flyting w. Montgomerie 737 Woodtyk, hoodpyk, ay like to liue in lacke! 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 797 Lack or want, indigentia.
†5. The fact that a person or thing is not present; absence. Obs.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xviii. 92 So greued with the lack of one lost shepe. 1575Laneham's Let. (1871) 53 Not so goodly az Paradis..yet better a great deel by the lak of so vnhappy a tree. 1596C'tess Pembroke Lay Clorinda 89 in Spenser's Wks. (Globe) 563/1 Whilest we here, wretches, waile his private lack. 1605Verstegan Dec. Intell. iv. (1628) 98 Shewing the lacke of the matter or substance which it hath lost.
6. quasi-concr.
a. The thing wanted. rare.
1549Cheke Hurt Sedit. (1641) 28 That men..needing divers things, may in litle roome know where to finde their lack. 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. ii. 65 Knowing that out of his countrey the Realme of England might be better serued with lackes, then hee in comparison from vs. 1879S. C. Bartlett Egypt to Pal. vi. 138 One great lack here and elsewhere is the green sod.
†b. The weight deficient in a specified quantity; short weight. Obs.
1782Phil. Trans. XCIII. 135 The average of weight hath been only 2 grains 153 decimals lack per lb. which was paid by the moneyers at the scale.
▪ II. † lack, n.2 Obs.
[See alack int. and good a. 6 b.]
Only in the exclamation good lack!
1638[see good a. 6 b]. 1672H. More Brief Reply 134 Good lack! 1775Sheridan St. Patrick's Day ii. iii, Good lack, good lack, to think of the instability of human affairs. 1777― Sch. Scandal iii. ii, Good lack, you surprise me! 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. iii. 822 ‘Good-lack’, quoth James, ‘thy sorrows pierce my breast’.
▪ III. † lack, n.3 Obs. rare—1.
[ad. F. lacs, a special use of lacs noose.]
An instrument formerly in use for extracting a fœtus; = fillet 2 c.
1754–64Smellie Midwif. I. 250 Different practitioners had recourse to different kinds of fillets or lacks.
▪ IV. † lack, a. Obs.
Also 5 lakk, 6 lacks.
[ad. or cogn. with ON. lak-r:—OTeut. *lako-, cogn. with lack n.1 The mod.Du. lak insipid, luxurious, may possibly be connected.]
1. Of a quantity in measurement: Short, wanting.
1479Surtees Misc. (1890) 20, vj yerdes, ane ynche lakk. 1589Acc. Bk. W. Wray in Antiquary XXXII. 79 A yeard lacke nale tufte taffete, iijs. iijd. 1644Nye Gunnery 2nd Alphab. (1670) 16 Your degree of Random is four and three quarters, or five lack one quarter.
b. little lack of: not far short of (a specified condition).
1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. May 264 Sicke, sicke, alas, and little lack of dead.
2. Missing.
1591Harington Orl. Fur. xvii. xxviii, When he found his wife and men were lack.
3. Sc. Deficient in quality, inferior, poor.
14..How Good Wife taught Dau. 56 in Barbour's Bruce, And hear honour, bettir thing, And lawar stat, lakar clething. c1470Henry Wallace ix. 98 The lakest ship, that is his flot within, May sayll us doun on to a dulfull ded. 1501Douglas Pal. Hon. i. 534 Diuers vthers..Quhais lakkest weed was silkis ouir brouderit. 1582–8Hist. Jas. VI (1804) 245 As to the laik money printed at his awin comand before he was Regent.
▪ V. lack, v.1|læk|
Forms: 2 lacen, 3 laken, 4 lac, 4–6 lakyn, lake, lakke(n, -in, -yn, 4–7 lak, lacke, (6 lacce), 6–7 Sc. laik, 4 lacky (s.w. dial. 8 lackee, 9 -y); pa. pple. 4 i-lakked.
[f. lack n.1 or a. Cf. MDu. laken to be wanting, to blame (mod.Du. to blame, despise, condemn).]
†1.
a. intr. To be wanting or missing; to be deficient in quantity or degree. In early use const. with dative or to. Obs. (But to be lacking is current; see lacking ppl. a.)
a1175Cott. Hom. 233 Wat lacede ȝeu an alle mire rice þat ȝie [etc.]. c1250Gen. & Ex. 1231 Tid-like hem gan ðat water laken. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. v. 238 And thauh my lyflode lakke letten I nulle That vche mon schal habben his. c1386Chaucer Sec. Nun's T. 498 Ther lakketh no thyng to thyne outter eyen That thou nart blynd. c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iv. ix. (1869) 181 A crooked staf me lakketh for to cholle with. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xi. (1885) 137 A subsidie..as shall accomplishe that wich shall lakke hym off such livelod. 1515More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 758 His drift covertly conveyed, lacked not in helpyng forth his brother Duke of Clarence to his death. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI 154 b, In him lacked neither good will nor courage. 1588A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 85 Ye..effectual grace of sa gret a sacrament can na wayis laik heirin. 1611Bible Gen. xviii. 28 Peraduenture there shall lacke fiue of the fiftie righteous. 1849C. Brontë Shirley iv. 36 A man in whom awe, imagination and tenderness lack.
†b. To be a defaulter, to be absent. Obs.
c1465Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 5 Many yeeris hast þou lakkyd owte of this londe. 1467Eng. Gilds (1870) 386 Yf eny of the xlviij lakke or dissease.
†c. To be faulty or defective; to offend; (with dat.) to offend against. Obs.
13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 723 Fyfty..Þat neuer lakked þy laue, bot loued ay trauþe. c1450Holland Howlat 994 Bot gif I lak in my leid, that nocht till allow is.
¶d. = lag v. (Cf. also lache v. b.)
1775S. Thayer Jrnl. (1867) 14 The people are very weak and begin to lack in the rear, being so much reduced with hunger and cold.
2. a. trans. To be without, not to have; to have too little of; to be destitute of or deficient in.
c1320R. Brunne Medit. 883 Ful feyn þey wulde Ihesu down taken But strengþe and ynstrumentys bothe þey lakkyn. 1470–84Malory Arthur iv. x, For though I lacke wepen, I shall lacke no worship. 1484Caxton Fables of Alfonce iv, Thow rendrest not to me al my gold..For of hit I lack four hondred pyeces. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 1 b, Ascrybe it..to my insuffycyency and ignoraunce, whiche lacke both lernynge and eloquence. 1573Satir. Poems Reform. xxxix. 76 Not laiking na thing that belangit to weir. 1588Udall Diotrephes (Arb.) 10 Rather than hee [Judas] woulde lacke money he would sell Iesus Christ him⁓selfe. 1611Bible Luke viii. 6 It withered away, because it lacked moisture. c1680Beveridge Serm. (1729) I. 183 What can they lack who live with him? 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 73 Learning we lack, not books. 1813Scott Rokeby i. xii, I could have laughed—but lacked the time. 1833Mrs. Browning Prometh. Bound Wks. 1850 I. 140, I lack your daring. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xii. 88 Though not viscous, the ice did not lack the quality of ‘adhesiveness’. 1870Mrs. J. H. Riddell Austin Friars iv, Luke Ross felt his life lacked something. 1880M. E. Braddon Just as I am vii, Dorothy's face lacked colour and brightness.
†b. with cannot: To do or go without. Obs.
1551R. Ascham Let. to E. Raven 20 Jan., Wks. 1865 I. ii. 256, I was afraid when I came out of England to miss beer; but I am afraid when I shall come into England, that I cannot lack this wine. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. vi. 22 The forlorne mayd did with loves longing burne, And could not lacke her lovers company. 1592Babington Notes on Gen. vii. (1639) 29 The raine from aboue and the fountaines beneath are things wee cannot lacke.
†c. To perceive the absence of; to miss. Obs.
1604Shakes. Oth. iii. iii. 318 Poore Lady, shee'l run mad When she shall lacke it. 1605― Macb. iii. iv. 84 My worthy Lord Your Noble Friends do lacke you. 1607― Cor. iv. i. 15, I shall be lou'd when I am lack'd.
3. To need, stand in need of. † Frequent in the salesman's cry what d'ye lack? (obs.)
1530Palsgr. 601/1, I lacke, I want a thynge. 1535Coverdale James i. 5 Yf eny of you lacke wyszdome let him axe of God. 1547–8Ordre of Commvnion 7 Lackyng comfort or counsaill. 1614B. Jonson Barth. Fair ii. i, What do you lacke? what is't you buy? what do you lack? rattles, drums, halberts, [etc.]. 1668Dryden Evening's Love v. i. Wks. (1883) III. 363 To draw us in, with a what-do-you-lack, as we passed by.
4. intr. To be short of something (now rare). Also with for and † simply, to be in want.
1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxviii. 141, I shall go abrode..and gette vytayle..for within a whyle we shall lacke. 1560Rolland Crt. Venus i. 33, I alone of sic curage did laik. 1599Marston Sco. Villanie ii. v. Wks. 194 Liu'd he now, he should lack, Spight of his farming Oxe-stawles. 1611Bible Prov. xxviii. 27 He that giueth vnto the poore, shall not lacke. 1809E. S. Barrett Setting Sun III. 144 Though individuals may lack of breeches. 1892‘Mark Twain’ Amer. Claimant 40 Here's hoping he'll never lack for friends. 1894Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 87/1 Coffee..we were compelled to crush, lacking of a coffee mill. 1898Skeel & Brearley King Washington (1899) 170 He was one of the many who had lacked for partners. 1906E. Phillpotts Portreeve ii. iv. 154 The outward signs that she had marked upon him did not lack for inner causes.
†5.
a. trans. To find ‘lacks’ or faults in; to find fault with, abuse, blame, reproach, vituperate. Also absol. Obs. (Sc. and north. dial.)
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 797 He loves men þat in ald tyme has bene, He lakes þa men þat now are sene. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xi. 2 Thanne Scripture scorned me..And lakked me in Latyne. 1393Ibid. C. xvi. 78 Me is loþ..to lacky eny secte. a1425Wyntoun Orig. Cron. ix. xiii. 1475 Yhe wene to lak, bot yhe commend. c1475Rauf Coilȝear 87 First to lofe, and syne to lak, Peter! it is schame. 1496Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) v. iv. 200/1 The flaterer lacketh and bacbyteth al tho that he hateth. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1856) II. 102 In euerie land with all leid we are lakkit. 1558Q. Kennedy Compend. Tract. in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 98 Love or lack, prayse or condempne. a1605Montgomerie Misc. Poems xliii. 17 Thy leiving no man laks.
†b. to lack (gerundial inf. passing into an adj. phrase): to blame, blameworthy. Obs.
Scott seems to have taken the phrase to mean ‘wanting’, on the analogy of to seek.
a1300Cursor M. 9037 Quilk er to lac, quilk er to luue, Þair aun werckes will þam proue. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 194 He sais behind þi bak..Wordes þat er to lak. c1480Lytylle Childr. Bk. 76 in Babees Bk., Ne drynk behynde no mannes bakke, For yf þou do, thow art to lakke. [1814Scott Ld. of Isles ii. xxvii, If Bruce shall e'er find friends again..Old Torquil will not be to lack With twice a thousand at his back. 1828― F.M. Perth xiii, Your house has been seldom to lack, when the crown of Scotland desired..wise counsel.]
†6. In weaker sense: To depreciate, disparage, ‘run down’. Obs. (Chiefly Sc.)
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 198 As a lyoun he loketh there men lakketh his werkes. c1400Gamelyn 276 Felaw he seyde why lakkest thou his ware. c1470Henry Wallace viii. 906 Thocht he wes best, no nothir lak we nocht. 1513Douglas æneis i. Pref. 275 Na man wil I lakkin or despyse. 1533Gau Richt Vay 17 Thay that lichtlis and lakkis their nichburs guidis to oders. 1691in Ray S. & E.C. Words 104. 17.. Ramsay The Cordial st. 1 Is that the thing ye're laking?
Proverb.1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 10 Better leaue then lacke. 1598Barret Theor. Warres vi. i. 224.
7. Comb. in various adjs. and ns. indicating the absence or want of what is signified by the second member, as lack-beard, lack-brain, lack-grace, lack-mind, lack-sense, ns.; lack-laughter, lack-life, lack-linen, lack-pity, lack-spittle, lack-thought adjs.; lack-learning, lack-love adjs. and ns.; lack-all, one who is in want of everything; hence lack-allism (nonce-wd.); † lack-looks, a woman who is wanting in good looks; lack-stock (nonce-wd.), one who has no money in stocks. Also lackland, lack-latin, lack-lustre.
1850Carlyle Latter-d. Pamph. i. 46 Vagrant *Lackalls, foolish most of you, criminal many of you, miserable all. 1886W. Graham Social Problem 7 Both the labourers and the lack-alls who do not labour.
Ibid. 8 The great intermediate and most anxious class, whose condition shades into *lack-allism.
1599Shakes. Much Ado v. i. 196 For my Lord *Lacke-beard there, he and I shall meete.
1596― 1 Hen. IV, ii. iii. 17 What a *lacke-braine is this?
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. 277 We should..consider it as a *lack-grace returned from transportation.
1850Blackie æschylus I. 48 Many force *Lack-laughter faces to relax Into the soft lines traced by joy.
1590Davidson Reply to Bancroft in Wodrow Soc. Misc. 516 So is there no shaft that oftner flieth out of their bag against others, than the boult of *lack learning. 1602T. Campion Art Eng. Poesie in Ascham's Scholem. (1863) 261 In those lack-learning times..began that..kind of Poesie..which we abusively call Rime and Meeter. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. 176 The name of parliamentum indoctum, or the lack-learning parliament. 1837Sir F. Palgrave Merch. & Friar i. (1844) 16 Our common nomenclature still bears testimony to the lack-learning of ancient times.
1889J. Hirst in Archæol. Instit. Jrnl. No. 181. 32 The dreamy, *lack-life, symbolic and ideal creations of the Assyrians.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, ii. iv. 134 You poore, base, rascally, cheating, *lacke-Linnen-Mate. 1861K. H. Digby Ch. St. John (1863) 325 The fustian rascal and his poor lack-linen mate.
1618Owles Alm., Our *lack-lookes and barren-beauties.
1590Shakes. Mids. N. ii. ii. 77 Pretty soule, she durst not lye Neere this *lacke-loue, this kill-curtesie. 1871R. Ellis tr. Catullus lxxxi. 3 Only the lack-love signor, a wretch from sickly Pisaurum.
1887H. Knollys Life Japan 17 *Lack-minds..whose stagnant curiosity is satisfied by staring over the ship's side.
1881C. Rossetti Pageant, etc. 122 Self stabbing self with keen *lack-pity knife.
1881J. M. Brown Stud. Life 9 Many a *lacksense it has led to waste his patrimony.
a1834Coleridge in Blackw. Mag. CXXXI. (1882) 123/2, I have not words to express the chopped straw, *lack-spittle, dry-chewing feel I experience in reading them.
1820Southey Lett. (1856) III. 212 We poor lacklands and *lackstocks who have to earn our livelihood.
1829― Epist. Anniversary 17 Sauney and sentimental, with an air So *lack-thought and so lack-a-daisycal.
▪ VI. lack, v.2 Obs. exc. dial.|læk|
Also 9 lacky.
trans. To beat.
c1475Hunt. Hare 141 Thei leyd at her with mallus strong As fast as they might lacke. 1847Halliwell, Lacky, to beat severely. Devon.
▪ VII. [lack, v.3
a spurious word explained in some Dicts. ‘to pierce the hull of (a vessel) with shot’, is evolved from lact = ‘laced’ (in quot. for lace v. 4 d), misunderstood as ‘lacked’ by Kingsley (Westward Ho! xx and xxviii).
]
▪ VIII. lack, lacka
obs. forms of lac1 and lakh. |