| 释义 |
▪ I. lapse, n.|læps|
Also 7 lap(p)s.
[ad. L. lapsus (u- stem), a slip or fall, f. lābī to glide, slip, fall. Cf. F. laps. In Eng. the physical senses are of late appearance, though earlier than in the vb.]
1. A ‘slip’ of the memory, the tongue, the pen, or † the understanding; a slight error, a mistake.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 100 Anone by lapse of tonge they ronne in to inconuenyentes. 1610J. Guillim Heraldry ii. viii. (1611) 76 Lest they fall into the Laps of the iteration or doubling of any prohibited words. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §7 Not Heresies in me, but bare Errors, and single Lapses of my understanding. 1665Stillingfl. Acc. Protest. Relig. 198 Those very words which his Lordship, by a lapse of memory, attributes to Occham. 1674Dryden State Innoc., Author's Apol. Heroic Poet. (1692) B 1 b, 'Tis..unmanly to snarl at the little lapses of a Pen, from which Virgil himself stands not exempted. 1706[Ward] Wooden World Diss. (1708) 18 Sometimes their villanous Reflexions take Wind, and then ten to one but their Bullet-heads compound for the Lapses of their Tongue. 1885W. H. Thompson in Athenæum 23 May 662/1 A further lapse of memory in the venerable astronomer's letter is the statement [etc.].
2. a. A falling from rectitude, imputable to weakness or lack of precaution: a moral ‘slip’.
1582Earl of Essex in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. III. 80, I do beseache your good Lordship, notwithstanding the lapse of my youth, still to continue a loving frende unto me. 1601Shakes. All's Well ii. iii. 170, I will throw thee..Into the staggers, and the carelesse lapse Of youth and ignorance. 1672Wilkins Nat. Relig. 225 The fear of God..must fortifie us in our temptations, and restore us in our lapses. 1712Steele Spect. No. 276 ⁋1 To..abruptly inform a virtuous Woman of the Lapse of one who till then was in the same Degree of Esteem with her self. 1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) II. v. 362 The severe training which he had undergone made him less charitable for the lapses of others.
†b. Theol. The ‘Fall’ (of Adam). Obs.
1659Pearson Creed x. 729 The first affection we can conceive in him upon the lapse of man, is wrath and indignation. a1711Ken Psyche Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 217 To heav'nly Truths my Mind Is by the Lapse, born Blind. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 375 Evil is represented to have been brought upon the human race by the lapse of Adam.
c. A lapsing or apostatizing from the faith, a falling into heresy. Also, in weaker sense, an involuntary deviation from one's principles or rule of action.
1660H. More Myst. Godl. v. xvii. 206 Suspecting our selves not to have emerged quite out of this General Apostasy of the Church, into which the Spirit of God has foretold she would be lapsed for 1260 years; let us see if we can find out what Remainders of this Lapse are still upon us. 1753Scots Mag. July 315/1 Of our lapses and relapses since, I may perhaps treat. 1796Burke Regic. Peace iv. Wks. IX. 66 It is from their lapses and deviations from their principle, that alone we have any thing to hope. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, I. iii. 43 Laud..read a list of persons whom he had recovered from their lapses into Papistry. 1873Dixon Two Queens I. i. ii. 9 Domingo heard of men being stabbed and hung for lapse of faith.
3. A decline to a lower state or degree; † a fall (in temperature).
1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 8 a, Accordynge to the lapse or decaye of the temperatures of the sayd humours. 1620Venner Via Recta viii. 170 If..the lapse be in heat, meates and drinkes of colde quality agreeable to the lapse..are to be vsed. 1680Burnet Rochester (1692) 85 So that it is plain there is a Lapse of the high powers of the Soul. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xiv. III. 434 The hero sank again into a voluptuary; and the lapse was deep and hopeless. 1875Poste Gaius i. (ed. 2) 125 A lapse from liber to servus was a dissolution of marriage, for servus was incapable of matrimony. 1883H. Spencer in Contemp. Rev. XLIII. 5 All these lapses from higher to lower forms begin in trifling ways.
4. a. Law. The termination of a right or privilege through neglect to exercise it within the limited time, or through failure of some contingency. In early use only with reference to ecclesiastical patronage.
1570Act 13 Eliz. c. 12 §7 No Title to confer or present by Lapse, shall accrue upon any Depryvation, ipso facto. 1615Jas. I in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 171 Spiritual livings do often fall void either by lapse or by the death of the incumbent. 1642tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. i. §15 8 After the five moneths past the Ordinary shall present for Lapps. 1654Bramhall Just Vind. iv. (1661) 69 The King only could incurr no lapse, Nullum tempus occurrit Regi. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 117 A Layman ought to Present within four Months, and a Clergyman within six, otherwise a Devolution or Lapse of Right happens. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 276 The law has therefore given this right of lapse, in order to quicken the patron. 1788H. Walpole Remin. vii. 53 By the lapse of some annuities on lives not so prolonged as her own, she found herself straitened. 1827Jarman Powell's Devises (ed. 3) II. 51 The destination of sums, given out of the produce of land devised to be sold, failing by lapse. 1844Williams Real Prop. (1877) 210 The failure of a devise by the decease of the devisee in the testator's lifetime, is called a lapse. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xvii. 621 The Presentation to vacant churches after lapse.
b. gen. A falling into disuse; an intermission.
1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) II. xiv. 41 Restoring the authority of the law, which was exposed to such perpetual lapses. 1847–9Helps Friends in C. Ser. i. (1851) 7 A casual function which may be fulfilled at once after any lapse of exercise.
5. A falling into ruin. rare.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. vii. §6. 35 His [Adrian's] whole time was a very restauration of all the lapses and decayes of former times. 1894Blackmore Perlycross 7 The vaults of the Waldron race lay at the bottom of half the lapse [of a church].
6. a. A gliding, flow (of water); quasi-concr. a gliding flood. Also occas. a gentle downward motion.
1667Milton P.L. viii. 263 Sunny Plaines, And liquid Lapse of murmuring Streams. 1725Pope Odyss. xvii. 232 From the rock, with liquid lapse distills A limpid fount. 1784Cowper Task iv. 326 The downy flakes Descending, and, with never-ceasing lapse Softly alighting upon all below, Assimilate all objects. 1794J. Hurdis Tears Affect. 22 The liquid lapse Of Rother gliding o'er some pebbly shoal. 1822T. Taylor Apuleius 98 Near the lapse of the fountain there was a royal house. 1825Longfellow Burial of Minnisink 4 With soft and silent lapse came down The glory, that the wood receives, At sunset, in its golden leaves. 1850Mrs. Browning My Doves vi, They listen..For lapse of water, swell of breeze. 1856Aird Poet. Wks. 27 Down comes the stream, a lapse of living amethyst. 1879Trench Poems 52 With lapse just audible, From font to font the waters fell.
fig.1800Moore Remarks on Anacreon 5 The sweetest lapses of the cygnet's song. c1800K. White Poems (1837) 138 And laugh, and seize the glittering lapse of joy.
b. Of life, time, etc.: The gliding or passing away, passage; a period or interval elapsed.
1758Johnson Idler No. 13 ⁋3 During this gentle lapse of life. 1790Gibbon Misc. Wks. (1814) III. 416 The term of his mortal existence was almost commensurate with the lapse of the eleventh century. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. v. 484 Troops..could not..be collected without a lapse of time. 1853M. Arnold Scholar-Gipsy xv, No, no, thou hast not felt the lapse of hours. 1877Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. v. 124 A lapse of a hundred years is not much in the story of such a city as Florence. 1898J. T. Fowler Durham Cathedral 62 Old inhabitants, after a lapse of nearly three centuries and a half, still speak of ‘The Abbey’.
¶7. Confused with laps, pl. of lap n.
1558,1602[see lap n.1 6].
8. Special Comb. lapse rate Meteorol., the rate of fall of temperature with height; also transf.
1918Meteorol. Gloss. (Meteorol. Office) 183 Lapse,..a word suggested for use instead of gradient..to denote the loss of temperature or pressure of the atmosphere with height. So that lapse-rate, or lapse-ratio, for temperature will be the fall of temperature per kilometre of height. 1928D. Brunt Meteorol. vi. 46 The average conditions in the troposphere are specified by a lapse-rate of 3°F. per 1,000 feet. 1957Haltiner & Martin Dynamical & Physical Meteorol. xiii. 210 The local increase in lapse rate was due to a combination of low-level warming and high-level cooling by horizontal advection. 1972Biol. Abstr. LIV. 1081/2 The lapse rate of soil temperature indicates a large value in summer and a small one in winter.
▪ II. lapse, v.|læps|
[ad. L. lapsāre to slip, stumble, fall, f. laps-, ppl. stem of lābī to glide, slip, fall. In some senses, prob. a new formation on lapse n. (The physical applications, though etymologically primary, are of late appearance in Eng.)]
I. Intransitive senses.
1. a. To fall away by slow degrees; to pass or sink gradually through absence of effort or sustaining influence. Also with away, back, out. Constr. from, into.
1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. i. 39 Many lapsed and apostatized from the faith. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 124 So ill are even the best actions relisht of men lapsed into common disdain. 1691Norris Pract. Disc. 169 Man is deeply lapsed and degenerated from a state of Excellency. 1704Nelson Fest. & Fasts vi. (1739) 79 Their Fathers lapsed into Idolatry. 1798Malthus Popul. (1817) III. 151 Should the British constitution ultimately lapse into a despotism. 1804Knox & Jebb Corr. I. 121 Those that are lapsed into some wounding sin. 1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 205 Hybrids..gradually lapse into the one or the other of the originals. 18..Dickens Repr. Pieces (1866) 128 They seemed to lapse away, of mere imbecility. 1862Goulburn Pers. Relig. iii. ii. (1873) 164 Take away the variety of vocations..and..society lapses again into barbarism. 1872Black Adv. Phaeton xxx. 407 The road itself seems lapsing back into moorland. 1873Burton Hist. Scot. VI. lxviii. 131 In his account of this copy of the book, Prynne lapses from his usual exactness. 1891E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 25 Joel lapsed into thought. 1920D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xxiii. 351 She possessed him so utterly and intolerably that she herself lapsed out. 1928― Phoenix II (1968) 525 If I could dance all day as well, I might keep going. It's this leaving off that does me in.—And she lapsed out.
†b. simply. To fall into error, heresy, or sin. Obs.
1611Shakes. Cymb. iii. vi. 12 To lapse in Fulnesse Is sorer, then to lye for Neede. 1649Roberts Clavis Bibl. 368 That highest wisdome cannot secure us from lapsing, if the Lord a little leave us to ourselves. 1667Milton P.L. x. 574 Oft they fell Into the same illusion, not as Man Whom they triumph'd once lapst.
c. nonce-use. To pass out of existence; to become eliminated.
1884tr. Lotze's Logic 322 The case (C - a = E + a). The part a disappears in our observation from C or is by experimental means made to lapse.
†2. To fall into decay. Obs.
1620Venner Via Recta viii. 170 The like respect also, in reducing a constitution lapsed, is to bee had of the age. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 167 Having appointed the..Governour of the Castle, to take order for the re-edification of what was lapsed.
3. Law. Of a benefice, an estate, a right, etc.: To fall in, pass away, revert (to some one) owing to non-fulfilment of conditions or failure of persons entitled to possession. Of a devise or grant: To become void. (Quot. 1726 may be pass. of 7.)
1726Ayliffe Parergon 333 Such Benefices as are lapsed unto the Bishop. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 183 If they do not both agree within six months, the right of presentation shall lapse. 1806T. S. Surr Winter in Lond. (ed. 3) III. 44 There must be an heir to the Beauchamp estates, or they will lapse into possession of the crown. 1827Jarman Powell's Devises (ed. 3) II. 327 If..the gift were to testator's children..by name,..the share of one of the objects subsequently dying in his lifetime would, if the gift were joint, survive to the others; but, if it were several, lapse. 1845Stephen Comm. Laws Eng. (1874) I. 177 The estate which was lapsed or fallen in by the death of the last tenant. 1852Hook Ch. Dict. (1871) 430 When a patron neglects to present a clergyman to a benefice in his gift within six months after its vacancy, the benefice lapses to the bishop; and if he does not collate within six months, it lapses to the archbishop; and if he neglects to collate within six months, it lapses to the Crown. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §2. 168 The bulk of the earldoms had already lapsed to the Crown. 1876Digby Real Prop. viii. 351 If a devisee dies in the lifetime of the testator, though the devise may have been expressed to be made to him and his heirs,..the devise lapses, or fails to take effect. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 90/2 For the whole of fourteen years it lay unused, the consequence was that the patent altogether lapsed. 1884Law Times Rep. 12 Apr. 202/1 The income..lapses and goes to the testator's widow and grandson, as next of kin.
transf.1882J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. II. 2 The government lapsed into the hands of a few working members of the Privy Council.
4. a. To glide, pass with an effortless motion; also, to descend gradually, to sink, subside.
1798Landor Gebir Wks. 1846 II. 491 And now one arm Fell, and her other lapsing o'er the neck Of Gebir, swung against his back incurved. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. II. 127 Where angels might alight, lapsing downward from heaven. 1867Howells Ital. Journ. 317 They rise and lapse [sc. in intonation] several times in each sentence. 1889The County ix, I manage a cool ‘How do you do, Mr. Vaudrey?’ and lapse into a low chair.
b. Of a stream: To glide, flow; app. used by many writers with a reminiscence or echo of lap v.1 (sense 4). Also with along. Occas. of a person, a vessel: To float, glide gently over the water.
1832L. Hunt Sonnets Poems 211 Hear the fruitful stream lapsing along 'Twixt villages. ― Sir R. Esher (1850) 255, I lapsed about the Isis in a boat. 1852Hawthorne Blithedale Rom. I. xii. 220, I saw the river lapsing calmly onward. 1859Dickens Haunted Ho. iv. 19 Of rippling waves, that lapsed in silver hush Upon the beach. 1863Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char. vi. 142 And, with this, come thronging visions of the ‘silver Thames’..and barges lapsing on its tranquil tide. 1865Cornh. Mag. Oct. 447 The murmurous water lapses against the far-off sea-wall with a sound as of a distant hum of bees. 1880W. Watson Prince's Quest, River (1892) 132 My soul is such a stream as thou Lapsing along it knows not how.
c. Of time: To glide past, pass away.
1702C. Mather Magn. Chr. iv. iv. (1852) 77 Sixteen years will this summer be lapsed since [etc.]. 1860Hawthorne Marb. Faun (1878) II. xvi. 118 She knew that the moments were fleetly lapsing away.
II. Transitive (causative) senses.
†5. To cause to slip or fall, to draw down. Const. into. Obs.
1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 250 That notorious serpentine shape which deceived Adam and Eve and Lapsed them into rebellion. 1681― Exp. Dan. App. i. 258 In lapsing and keeping down the Empire in Superstition and Idolatry.
†6. To let slip (time, a term); to let pass without being turned to account. Obs.
1667Decay Chr. Piety vi. ⁋17 We know the danger of lapsing time in case of mortgage, but here our danger is greater. 1680Morden Geog. Rect. (1685) 127 Erick the Fifth..lapsed his time of demanding the Investiture of the Electorship. 1683Cave Ecclesiastici, Chrysostom 528 He would many times lapse the usual times of dining, and eat nothing till the evening. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 81 An Appeal may be deserted by the Appellants lapsing the Term of Law.
†7. To allow (a right) to lapse; to suffer the lapse of (a living); to forfeit, lose. Obs.
1642Laud Diary Wks. 1853 III. 249 Tuesday I received a letter, dated Jan. 17, from His Majesty, to give Chartham to Mr. Reddinge, or lapse it to him. 1660Plea for Ministers in Sequestration 4 The complainants have lapsed their Livings. 1687in Magd. Coll. & Jas. II (O.H.S.) 45 Q. Eliz: did jure suo make Dr Bond præs: y⊇ Coll. hauing lapsd yr election. 1697Confer. Lambeth in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Col. Ch. I. 47 A Vestry cannot lapse their right of presentation as a patron may.
¶8. ? Associated with lapse = laps pl. (lap n.1 8): ? To pounce upon as an offender, apprehend. Obs.
1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. iii. 36 For which if I be lapsed in this place I shall pay deere. |