| 释义 |
▪ I. layer, n.|ˈleɪə(r)|
Forms: 4 legger, leier, 4–5 leyer, 5 leyare, 5–7 lare, 6 laier, 7 lear(e, leer, layre, 8 lair, 7– layer.
[f. lay v.1 + -er1.]
I.
1. a. One who or that which lays (in various senses); one who lays siege, plots, etc. Also with n. in comb., as † besiege-layer, plate-layer, etc.
1538Extracts Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 156 It selbe lesum to quhatsumeuer nychtbour that reprehendis the layaris of the said fulze in the place forsayd [etc.]. 1552Huloet, Besiege laier, obsessor. 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 152 Layers of plots and traps. a1684Leighton Comm. 1 Pet. ii. 6 The Lord Himself is the layer of this corner stone. 1737J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. ii. iii. 93 Layers and Takers of Paper on and from the Rolling-Presses. 1871Proctor Light Sci. 311 The layer of the odds. 1884Mrs. Houstoun Caught in Snare II. vi. 71 A layer of the demon of jealousy. 1891Pall Mall G. 11 Nov. 6/3 At St. Ouen there was no betting, the layers refusing to do any business.
†b. One who lays stones; a mason. (Cf. bricklayer.) Obs.
1382Wyclif 1 Chron. xxii. 15 Many craftise men, masouns, and leyers [1388 leggeris of stonys]. ― Ezra iii. 7 Thei ȝeve money to heweris of stonus, and to leieris [v.r. leggeris, 1388 liggeris]. 1425in Dugdale Monast. III. ii. 164 During all the sayd werke the seid Will. Horwode shall nether set mo nor fewer Free-Masons Rogh Setters ne Leye[r]s there⁓upon. c1440Promp. Parv. 294/1 Leyare, or werkare wythe stone and mortere, cementarius. 1641Sanderson Serm. II. 194 The workmen, and labourers (layers, fillers, servers, and the rest).
†c. One who lays or fixes the amount of (an impost).
1602Acc. Bk. W. Wray in Antiquary XXXII. 80 Imp'm. one laye..of 1d. ob. a noble..Wm. Wray Robt. Hodgesonn and R. Atkingson beinge layers of the sayme.
d. Of a hen (with adj. good, etc.).
1707Mortimer Husb. 191 The oldest [Hens] being always reckoned the best Sitters, and the youngest the best Layers. 1880Standard 27 Dec., The hens are of a bad breed and are infrequent layers.
e. with advs. (see lay v.1 VIII): layer-on (a) Printing, the operator who ‘feeds’ a printing-machine; (b) Engineering, ‘an automatic mechanism which in a coining-press, embossing-press, or other analogous machine feeds blanks to the dies of the press’ (Cent. Dict.).
1552Huloet, A layer out of mony, dispensator. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, v. ii. 248 Old Age, that ill layer vp of Beautie. 1635J. Gore Well-doing 25 A good layer up makes a good layer out, and a good sparer makes a good spender. 1666Pepys Diary 3 July, The worst judge of matters, or layer together of what he hath read, in the world. 1708N. Jersey Archives (1881) III. 280 The layers out of the High way. 1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) II. 330 Spirit-hunters, witch-finders, and layers-out for hellish storys and diabolical transactions. 1797A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl VII. x. 384 An exceeding good dresser of hair and layer-on of rouge. 1849Alb. Smith Pottleton Leg. vi, One of these [old women] was the layer-out of the village, to whom the management of the last dreary toilet for the grave was, by long usage, always conceded. 1849Chambers' Inform. II. 720/2 This machine requires a layer-on and taker-off of sheets at each end. 1887Standard 7 Oct. 3/2 A printer's ‘layer-on’. 1895Hardy Jude iv. ii. 248 In the afternoon, when everything was done, and the layers-out had finished their beer, and gone, he sat down in the silent place. 1896W. Morris in Mackail Life (1899) I. 230 The layer-out of a garden. 1928Observer 10 June 7/4 Poetry, it is generally known, is dead... Our critics are a generation of layers-out. 1953R. Campbell tr. E. de Queiroz's Cousin Bazilio xiii. 264 The professional layer-out was a woman with a pocked face. 1958L. Durrell Mountolive xvi. 318 The dead man's clothes are the perquisites of the layer-out. 1974W. Foley Child in Forest i. 51 His widowed mother..acted midwife and washer-woman, or layer-out of the dead.
f. = gun-layer (gun n. 17).
1896Daily News 6 Aug. 7/2 Two gun detachments, including layers. 1898G. S. Robertson Chitrál xviii. 167 All the gunners, even the ‘layers’, wore bandages over their eyes. 1911H. A. Bethell Mod. Artillery in Field x. 147 If any officer or layer fails to locate the target correctly, the result is likely to be considerable waste of time and ammunition. 1971D. A. Lamb View from Bridge ii. 16 On the twelfth of February three of the new artillerymen became first class layers.
II. Something which is laid.
2. a. A thickness of matter spread over a surface; esp. one of a series of such thicknesses; a stratum, course, or bed. In early use chiefly in Cookery.
1615Markham Eng. Housew. (1660) 83 Take Codlins..and lay a lear thereof in the bottom of the pye. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 409 If you lay them [Damaske-plums] betweene mulberrie-leaues, or vine-leaues, one leare aboue another in a close box made for the purpose. 1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 126 Just 10 boards in every chesse or layer. 1644G. Platts in Hartlib's Legacy (1655) 200, I would have all the richest Farmers..to thrash up the most part of their other Corn, and to take down the foresaid Rick, and to make it up again with a leere of thrashed Corn, with chaffe and all together. a1648Digby Closet Opened (1677) 165 Put no more Collops into one pan at once than meerly to cover it with one Lare. 1684T. Burnet Theory Earth i. 167 The inner veins and lares of the earth are also broken as well as the surface. 1703T. N. City & C. Purchaser 161 Some Gutters..have a Lair of Sand for the Lead to lie upon. 1747H. Glasse Cookery iv. 60 Then lay in your Dish a Layer of Mince-meat, and a Layer of Yolk of Eggs,..a Layer of Anchovies [etc.]. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 37 These layers of shells..must have been brought there by successive depositions. 17..Receipts in Cookery 11 (Jam.) Lay in a lare of the beef, and throw on it plenty of suet with more spice, salt and fruits, do so lare after lare, till it be full. 1802Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Theory 44 Rocks having their layers exactly parallel are very common. 1807J. E. Smith Phys. Bot. 30 In the Fir..Each of these circular layers is externally most hard and solid. 1828Carr Craven Dial., Layer,..2. a slice from the breast of a fowl. 1845Budd Dis. Liver 6 A layer of areolar.. tissue. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 132 A deep layer of fresh snow overspread the mountain. 1880Geikie Phys. Geog. iv. xxi. 187 Stripping off the layer of vegetation we see below it the layer of soil on which the plants grow.
fig.a1658Cleveland Poems (1677) 24 So mixt they are one knows not whether's thicker A Layre of Burgess, or a Layre of Vicar. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. II. xxiii. 110 Gwendolen's better self..made a desperate effort to find its way above the stifling layers of egoistic disappointment and irritation.
b. A formation of aircraft flying at the same height.
1940N. Monks Squadrons Up! iv. 113 One Hurricane, trying to get above the enemy aircraft, observed five layers of ten M.E. 110's each, between 10,000 and 15,000 feet. Ibid., Another Hurricane spent about a quarter of an hour alternately dodging and flying in and out among the enemy layers. 1952Oxf. Jun. Encycl. X. 52 The German fighters usually flew in formation well above the bomber formations... The R.A.F. replied by sending up layer formations, the upper layer to engage the fighters while a lower layer dealt with the bombers. 1959R. Collier City that wouldn't Die v. 64 Since to-night was a ‘fighter night’..the guns could engage targets only at 12,000 feet and below—2000 feet below the bottom layer of fighters. Ibid. x. 167 As the youngest he had inevitably drawn the highest ‘layer’ on the Southend–Romford patrol line.
3. Gardening and Agric.
a. A shoot or twig of a plant fastened down and partly covered with earth, in order that it may strike root while still attached to the parent stock, and so propagate the plant.
1664Evelyn Sylva (1679) 13 Many Trees are also propagated by Cuttings, and Layers. ― Kal. Hort. June (1679) 19 Cytisus lunatus will be multiplied by slips in a moist place..but neither by Seeds or Layers. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 141 The Dutch Lime..is easily produced by Layers. 1772in Mrs. Delany's Lett. Ser. ii. I. 475 On examining the layers of my large blooming magnolia I found one remarkably vigorous. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 361 The grasses that propagate themselves by layers. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 311 Many layers are lost, or prevented from striking kindly, by being covered too deep.
b. pl. Patches of laid or trodden corn.
1634W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. I.) 79 When I see the Grasse trodden downe, and..the Corne full of Layers: I am well assured it is neither Wind nor Haile, hath made this work.
c. A field of grass or clover; see also quot. 1793.[Perh. a special development of lair n.1 5 (q.v.), influenced by association with lay v.] 1793Ann. Agric. XXI. 611 note, Layer is the term used in Suffolk for artificial grasses, that rest longer than one year. 1895E. Angl. Gloss., Layer, arable land in grass and clover. 1898Rider Haggard in Longm. Mag. Oct. 498 Last year it and No. 39 were clover layers, but the crop they yielded was poor.
d. (See quots.)
1787W. Marshall Norfolk (1795) II. 383 Layer, plants of hedgewood; quick. 1794Trans. Soc. Arts XII. 106 Planted with three rows of fine white-thorn layer, inter⁓mixed with Oak and Ash. 1895E. Angl. Gloss., Law or Layer, young plants, such as whitethorn, crab, and brier.
4. Other specific and technical senses.
a. ? Some measure of flax. ? Cf. lea n.4
†b. An oyster-bed (see quots.).
c. Silk-manuf. (See quot.)
d. A pavior's flag or flag-stone.
e. Tanning. = bloomer-pit (see bloomer1).
f. (See quot.)
g. Cartography. An area on a map depicted in a particular colour or tint chosen to represent all land between two specified heights. Cf. layer system in 5.
a.1732Acc. Workhouses 42 Every pound of six-penny flax, spun to 24 layers.
b.1667Sprat Hist. R. Soc. ii. 308 This Brood and other Oysters they carry to Creeks of the Sea..and there throw them into the Channel, which they call their Beds or Layers, where they grow and fatten. 1735Dyche & Pardon Dict., Layer,..a Place in the retired Part of a River, Sea, &c. commonly called a Creek, where young Oysters are laid to grow. 1758Descr. Thames 238 They [Oysters] are laid in Beds or Rills or Salt-water, in order to fat them, and these they term Layers.
c.1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 396 A small light rod of wood, called a layer, which has a wire eye fixed into it, is placed at a little distance from, and opposite, to each bobbin, so as to conduct the thread thereupon; and as the layer moves constantly backwards and forwards, the thread is regularly spread upon the length of the bobbin.
d.1829Glover's Hist. Derby i. 90 Paviers' flags, or layers.
e.1797Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 307/1 They [hides] are then removed into another pit, called a layer, in which they are laid smooth, with bark ground very fine strewed between each hide. 1885Harper's Mag. Jan. 276/1 Hides remain in a ‘first layer’ for six or eight days. The same process is repeated in a ‘second layer’ in other vats for about two weeks, and in a third, or ‘splitting layer’, for about four weeks.
f.1875Knight Dict. Mech., Layer,..2. (Leather-manufacture.) A welt or strengthening strip.
g.1918Bryant & Hughes Map Work v. 84 Tints, or layers, of colour are used to denote all the land lying between any two named contours. 1932J. W. Cameron Maps & Map-Work iv. 45 Hill features are represented on the map by: 1. Contours. 2. Hachures. 3. Hill-shading. 4. Colour layers or layer-colouring. 1969C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases iii. 134 When the fifth (Relief) ‘One inch’ series was issued, relief was shown by contours in brown, hachures in orange and hill-shading in grey, with layers in buff tints.
III. 5. attrib. and Comb.: layer-board, -boarding, boarding for sustaining roof-gutters of lead; also lear-board (Ogilvie); layer-cake, a cake consisting of layers of sponge held together by a sweet filling, and usually iced; also fig.; layer cloud Meteorol., a sheet-like cloud, having little vertical development but pronounced horizontal development; layer colour Cartography, a colour used in the layer system of showing relief on a map; so layer colouring, layer-coloured adj.; layer-coral, a fossil coral of the genus Stromatopora; layer lattice Cryst. [tr. G. schichtengitter (F. Hund 1925, in Zeitschr. f. Physik XXXIV. 849)], a crystal lattice in which the atoms are arranged in layers a few atoms thick that are separated by a distance greater than the interatomic distance within the layers, so that the interlayer forces are relatively weak; layer pit or vat Tanning = lay-away 1, layer n. 4 e; layer-pudding, a steamed pudding, consisting of layers of suet crust pastry with a sweet filling; layer-reared a., reared from a ‘layer’; layer shading Cartography, the use of layer tints to show relief on a map; layer-stool, a root from which layers are produced; layer system Cartography, on a map, the representation of land between different heights or contours by different colours or tints that are graded so as to show relief at a glance; layer tint Cartography, a layer colour, or a tint of such a colour; so layer tinting, layer-tinted adj.
1842–59Gwilt Encycl. Archit. §2350. 630 Table for guttering..6-inch layer-board.
1881F. Owens Cook Bk. 265 Lemon butter, good to eat as sauce, or for layer cakes. 1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 431/2 Tins for pies and layer cakes. 1902Daily Chron. 3 May 8/4 Layer cakes can be made in great varieties according to the filling used. 1905N.Y. Even. Post 16 Dec., In the mixing of this literary layer cake most of the humor rose to the top. 1933‘R. Crompton’ William—the Rebel iv. 94 He..began to eat the last piece of cream-layer cake. 1962L. Deighton Ipcress File xxi. 140 The sunset was a layer cake of mauve and gold. 1965R. Carrier Cookbk. xxii. 473 Mocha layer cake, a subtle blend of chocolate and coffee spiked with rum.
[1920G. A. Clarke Clouds iv. 73 The beautifully waved structure seen in nearly all of the layer-type of clouds from cirrus downward to stratocumulus is caused by the propagation upwards or downwards of the wave-motion that is produced by the flowing of air-currents of different velocities and directions over each other.] 1951Rep. Progress Physics XIV. 192 Thick layer clouds often found over the oceans. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 321/1 The great layer-cloud systems which are associated with cyclones and fronts. 1963G. M. B. Dobson Exploring Atmosphere iv. 78 The persistence of thick layer-clouds over a city in winter gives rise to a very dark, gloomy day.
1922Encycl. Brit. XXX. 417/2 He extended and popularized the use of ‘layer’ colours exhibiting relief in land. 1969C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases iii. 135 A single-colour shadow tone in blue was printed in half-tone over the layer colours and the layer tints themselves were carefully chosen so as to reduce the ‘step’ effect of the layers.
1932J. W. Cameron Maps & Map-Work i. 12 There are two editions..: (a) In outline,..without contours. (b) Contoured and layer-coloured.
1924Catal. Maps Ordnance Survey 4 Relief is indicated by..layer colouring in shades of brown and green. 1969C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases i. 40 For the best results of all, hill-shading is blended with layer-colouring.
1875Dawson Dawn of Life vi. 156 The Stromatoporæ, or layer-corals.
1929Trans. Faraday Soc. XXV. 265 Besides cadmium iodide there are known a number of other types of layer lattices. 1966A. Cameron Princ. Lubrication xxi. 21 The low friction of graphite may not..be directly related to its layer-lattice structure.
1901F. T. Addyman tr. Villon's Pract. Treat. Leather Industry 137 The object of handling is to give body to the plumped skin, so that it may be able to support the weight which will press upon it in the layer-pit. 1949D. Woodroffe Stand. Handbk. Industr. Leathers iii. 47 The butts or other leather, already completely penetrated in the previous stages of the tanning process, are placed singly in the layer pits, a layer of ground tanning material..is sprinkled over each butt, and the process continued with more pieces of leather until the pit is full. Finally, a very strong tan liquor..is run into the pit.
1909Daily Sketch 14 Oct. 14/3 Layer pudding. 1951Good Housek. Home Encycl. 489/2 Syrup is used..as a filling for tarts and layer puddings.
1832Planting (L.U.K.) 34 Grafted and layer reared species.
1952Monkhouse & Wilkinson Maps & Diagrams ii. 61 (heading) Layer⁓shading and tinting. 1971G. R. P. Lawrence Cartogr. Methods ii. 25 Information relating to the shapes of the floors of lakes and oceans can be presented in much the same way as relief information but in most cases only submarine contour lines are used, layer shading being found in some atlases.
1832Planting (L.U.K.) 35 Transplanting trees from seed-beds, layer-stools, cutting grounds.
1903Man. Field Sketching & Reconnaissance (H.M.S.O.) vi. 28 There is also the layer system of showing hills. 1953A. H. Robinson Elem. Cartogr. x. 215/2 The larger the scale, assuming a reasonable degree of contour simplification, the more useful the layer system. 1969C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases iii. 135 The layer system was not used, but, instead, two printings in purple-grey tones on the shadow side of the hills and one printing in yellow on the illuminated side were added to the standard base map.
1918Bryant & Hughes Map Work v. 84 In high country the layer tints become so dark as to obscure all detail. 1969Geography LIV. 198 Relief is shown by contour and layer tint.
1934J. Bygott Introd. Mapwork & Pract. Geogr. iv. 21 Certain layer-tinted Ordnance maps, especially the layered quarter-inch and half-inch maps. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. II. 534/2 On small-scale maps..the intervals are frequently layer-tinted from green to brown.
1952H. C. Brookfield in G. H. Dury Map Interpretation xvi. 184 The O.S. 1/63,360 Fifth (Relief) Edition, first published in 1929, employed contours at 50-ft. intervals... There was also layer tinting in buff, the tint changing at each 500 ft. 1971G. R. P. Lawrence Cartogr. Methods ii. 24 Colour has been used in the depiction of relief for a number of years in the method known as ‘layer tinting’.
1969T. C. Thorstensen Pract. Leather Technol. v. 70 The bends lie in the layer vats for one or two weeks in a warm vegetable tan liquor, and again the liquor may be strengthened and heated to gain better penetration and fixation of the strong tanning liquors.
Add:[III.] [5.] layer cut v. trans., to cut (hair) in overlapping layers; hence as n., a haircut done in this way.
1964Hairdo June 65 (caption) The hair is one length except for the nape, which is *layer-cut. 1966J. S. Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing 89/1 Layer cut,..hair cut in layers so that they overlap like roof shingles or fish scales. 1980Hair Autumn 7 Rather than one length hair, he expects to see it layer cut as well. 1987New Yorker 23 Mar. 96/3 His blond hair growing naturally in a thick layer cut.
layer dressing Fashion, the wearing of layers of clothes of varying lengths such that one layer shows beneath the next.
1975Times 7 Oct. 11/1 The whole idea of *layer dressing was invented by America's Bonnie Cashin.
▪ II. layer, v.|ˈleɪə(r)|
[f. layer n. 3.]
1. Gardening.
a. intr. To bend down ‘layers’ to the ground and cover them partly with earth so that they may strike root and propagate the plant.
b. trans. To propagate by ‘layers’.
c. To make a layer of.
1832Planting (L.U.K.) 27 The root which produces the young shoots for layering is called the stool. 1841–60T. Rivers Fruit Garden (ed. 9) 4 To make this emission of roots more certain, the stem may be tongued, as usual in layering. 1845Florist's Jrnl. 144 Preparation should be made for striking pinks, and layering carnations. 1858Glenny Gard. Every-day Bk. 252/1 If a healthy shoot can be layered and struck. 1891T. E. Kebbel Old & New Country Life 213 Cutting and ‘layering’ the stiff white⁓thorn hedges.
2. Of crops: To be laid flat as by wind or rain in consequence of weakness of growth.
1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 851 It is on this that the upgrowth of ‘layered’ Wheat depends. 1890Carter's Seed Catal. 1 Sept. 35 The Goldthorpe Barley is remarkable for stout long straw, rendering it less liable to layer in rainy weather than other Barleys. 1891Times 10 Oct. 12/4 The layering..of the corn rendered the use of machines impossible.
3. trans. To place or insert as a layer.
1906Times Lit. Suppl. 12 Jan. 14/1 Mr. Lee has succeeded in neatly layering fallacies of argument. 1974Nature 8 Mar. 110/2 Sample of 55 ml of a 110 ml linear density gradient..was layered into a 110 ml jacketed isoelectric focusing column. Ibid. 5 Apr. 519/2 Each incubation was then layered onto a 10–30% sucrose gradient in TKM.
Add:4. To cut (hair) in layers. Also absol.
1963Amer. Hairdresser Jan. 40/1 Hair should be cut in one-inch lengths. Next, layer one or two inches longer up to the crown. 1974G. Moffat Corpse Road v. 74 Chestnut hair which..looked as if it had been layered by Steiner. 1984J. Updike Witches of Eastwick ii. 188 ‘Wet hair is really the problem, this time of year.’.. ‘I'm thinking of getting mine layered.’ 1988Hairflair Feb. 28 (caption) This versatile style has been layered throughout and dressed away from the face in a quiff shape. 1995Hair Apr.–May 76/1 (caption) Above: Gamine crop has been softly layered and gelled over to one side.
▪ III. layer
see lair. |