| 释义 |
▪ I. lens, n.|lɛnz|
Pl. lenses; also 8 lens, lens's, and in Latin form lentes.
[a. L. lens lentil, from the similarity in form.]
1. a. A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, with two curved surfaces, or one plane and one curved surface, serving to cause regular convergence or divergence of the rays of light passing through it.
Now sometimes applied to analogous contrivances for producing similar effects on radiations other than those of light, as in acoustic lens, electric lens.
1693E. Halley in Phil. Trans. No. 205. 960 Finding the focus of any sort of lens. 1704Newton Opticks i. (1721) 8 A Glass spherically Convex on both sides (usually called a Lens). Ibid. 57 According to the difference of the Lenses, I used various distances. 1719Desaguliers in Phil. Trans. XXX. 1017 Telescopes made up of Convex Lentes. 1726tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 347 By the help of Speculums or Lens. 1781Cowper Charity 385 He claps his lens, if haply they may see, Close to the part where vision ought to be. 1831Brewster Optics v. §51. 45 Images are formed by lenses in the very same manner as they are formed by mirrors. c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sci. I. 65/1 The Coddington lens is an equally valuable little microscope. 1881R. Routledge Science xii. 279 The property of a lens to form an image depends upon its power of refracting the rays of light. 1931[see electron lens s.v. electron2 2 b]. 1945Jrnl. Sci. Instrum. XXII. 239/1 Another material useful for ultrasonic lenses, especially when the liquid is incompatible with plastics, is lithium. 1951V. E. Cosslett Pract. Electron Microsc. ii. 35 Use is made of a surrounding shield of iron to concentrate the field into a small region near the middle of the lens. 1972Science 16 June 1236/1 The spherical concave lens focused the sound at a nominal 3 cm from the transducer and provided a field 1 mm wide, extending from 2 to 4 cm in range.
b. spec. A lens or combination of lenses used in photography.
1841Fox Talbot in Proc. Roy. Soc. IV. 313 The object lens. 1889Harper's Mag. Jan. 258/1 So thoroughly has this region been set forth by the pen and the pencil and the lens.
2. Anat.
a. = crystalline lens (see crystalline a. 6).
b. One of the facets of a compound eye.
a.1719Quincy Lex. Physico-Med. (1722) s.v. 1806Med. Jrnl. XV. 106 Indistinct vision..can only be remedied by the depression of the lens. 1840G. Ellis Anat. 96 It is this artery..that is to be avoided when the needle is used to depress the lens. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 54 Except in Owls and aquatic Birds, the lens is flat.
b.1868Duncan Insect World Introd. 2 Eyes [of insects] composed of many lenses.
3. Geol. A body of ore or rock similar in shape to a biconvex lens.
1903Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 213. 113 The principal mines..have revealed valuable ore bodies of two great types, those which occur as lenses, roughly parallel to the bedding, and those which occur in fracture or fissure zones. 1935Economist 21 Dec. 1283/3 Further lenses of valuable ore would be discovered in that section. 1939Proc. Prehist. Soc. V. 40 Towards the top of the ferruginous gravels appears a lens of non-ferruginous, grey, clayey sand. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles vi. 128 These Lower Palaeozoic rocks occur as discontinuous outcrops or lenses in what has been termed the Meneage Crush Zone... Included lenses may be up to 1 mile in length.
4. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 1, 1 b) lens aperture, lens barrel, lens-board, lens-holder, lens mount, lens-shutter, lens-tube, lens-work; lens-like, lens-shaped adjs.; (sense 2) lens-capsule, lens-matter, lens-sector; lens cap, a cap that fits over the end of a lens tube, used to protect the lens and, in early cameras without shutters, for regulating exposures; lens coating, a thin transparent coating applied to a lens to reduce reflection of light at its surface; lens-eye = 2 b; lens-form = lentiform; lens hood, a tube, usually circular in cross-section and with outwardly sloping sides, fitted in front of a lens to shield it from light coming from outside the field of view; lens louse slang (see quots.); lensman = camera-man (camera 3 d); lens paper, a kind of soft, thin, absorbent paper suitable for wiping lenses; lens tissue = lens paper; lens turret, a mounting fitted to the front of a camera and carrying several lenses, any of which can be brought into use by rotating the mounting.
1916Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. LXIII. 166/2 (heading) Some matters concerning *lens apertures. 1958Oxford Mail 19 May 7/4 The length of exposure and the size of the lens aperture are linked to ensure that the right amount of light reaches the film at every shutter speed. 1971L. B. Happé Basic Motion Pict. Technol. ii. 62 The brightness of the image formed by the lens is determined not only by the diameter of the lens aperture but also the size of the image.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 495/1 *Lens barrel, the metal tube in which one or more lenses are mounted. 1958Newnes Compl. Amat. Photogr. iv. 60 Camera body—the choice is between folding bellows or extending lens-barrel. 1967Karch & Buber Offset Processes v. 143 The lens barrel contains a slot..used to insert filters for color work.
1892Photogr. Ann. II. 289 The most important feature is the novel and convenient mode of attaching the front *lens board to the baseboard. 1941R. M. Allen Photomicrogr. ii. 67 Most manufacturers provide some type of fixture, preferably with focusing means incorporated in it, for carrying the lenses on the lens board. 1967Karch & Buber Offset Processes v. 143 The lensboard, located directly in front of the copyboard, houses the lens.
1882Photogr. at Home: its Appliances & Apparatus for Amateurs 11 A little shield covered with black velvet..occupies the place of the ordinary *lens cap. 1897Sears, Roebuck Catal. 474/2 The front of the camera can be removed if desired and exposure made with a lens cap. 1965Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 17 June (1970) 290, I wanted to be darned sure I didn't lose the lens cap on the camera. 1966LaCour & Lathrop Photo Technol. iv. 48/2 It should seldom be necessary to clean a lens which has been protected from dust and fingerprints with a lens cap.
1874G. Lawson Dis. Eye 128 The *lens-capsule may be so tough that the point of the needle will puncture but not lacerate it.
1952C. B. Neblette Photogr. (ed. 5) ii. 48/1 *Lens coatings are a remedial measure and do not entirely remove reflections. 1966LaCour & Lathrop Photo Technol. iv. 48/2 Finger prints on the lens..are detrimental to the lens coating.
1839–47Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 769/1 The *lens-eyes of insecta.
1787Fam. Plants I. 16 Seeds solitary, *lens-form.
1876tr. G. Tissandier's Hist. & Handbk. Photogr. 223 The ordinary *lens-holder being removed from the front of the camera. 1894S. H. Gage Microscope (ed. 5) i. 4 (heading) Adjustable lens holder with universal joint.
1891W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 405 (heading) *Lens screen or hood. 1908Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. LV. 245/1 The lens-hood..has recently revived, owing to the necessity of shading the lens from direct light in the case of anastigmats which possess large aperture. 1955E. Hillary High Adventure xii. 210, I clipped on [to my camera] the lenshood and ultra-violet filter. 1968L. A. Mannheim tr. Brandt's Photogr. Lens xv. 166 Lens hoods not only have to shield the lens against stray light, but also protect it against accidental finger marks and rain or snow.
1836–9Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 960/1 It [i.e. the facet] is convex on its external and internal surface, or *lens-like.
1928Amer. Speech III. 368 Actors who strive for the most advantageous positions are also called ‘*lens lice’. 1950J. Hall in Daily Mail 24 May, Bane of the news-reel cameraman is what he calls a ‘lens louse’. They.. never miss a chance of getting in front of a news-reel camera.
1951N.Y. Herald Tribune 26 Aug. iv. 4/4 It was common to see a Leatherneck *lensman wield a 45-automatic pistol in one hand and a 16-mm. camera in the other, firing both simultaneously at the enemy only a few hundred yards away. 1964Punch 5 Aug. 183/1 He's one of the best lensmen in the business. 1972I. Hamilton Thrill Machine vi. 27, I held back with the pen and ink men while the lensmen pushed forward to the press barricades.
1874G. Lawson Dis. Eye 157 In cases where there is some *lens matter enclosed between the anterior and posterior layers of the capsule.
1892Photogr. Ann. II. 43 Unscrew the back combination and use the front alone in situ, thus gaining the length of the *lens mount. 1938H. Windisch New Photo-School vi. 166 A focusing screen is applied to the lens mount. 1972Horne & Markham in A. M. Glauert Pract. Methods Electron Microsc. I. ii. iii. 354 Optical bench manufacturers make a large number of lens mounts and carriers.
1925A. F. Collins Amat. Photographer's Handbk. iv. 61 Dirt that forms on the surfaces [of a lens] in an almost imperceptible film can usually be wiped off with a dry *lens paper, which is a very soft Japanese tissue paper especially made for this purpose. 1973Nature 27 July 233/1 Each portion [of ovary] was placed on defatted lens paper on a stainless steel mesh grid in a vitreosil dish.
1879Rep. St. George's Hosp. IX. 484 A zone of central opacity in each lens, with the normal *lens-sectors strongly marked therein.
1839Lindley Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) 447 *Lens-shaped..; resembling a double convex lens; as the seeds of Amaranthus. 1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 365 The conical points expand into lens-shaped..discs.
1891Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 158 Your *lens shutter, note book and other trifles are bestowed in your pockets.
1941A. Sussman Collins's Amat. Photographer's Handbk. (rev. ed.) iii. 75 Use some dry *lens tissue, or an old linen handkerchief that has been freshly laundered. 1955S. C. Gilmour Paper 305 Lens tissue, British-made paper of very thin substance and transparent texture, resembling Japanese tissue. Long fibres, great strength for the substance, and extreme absorbency are characteristics. Used for cleaning optical and microscope lenses.
1858Sutton & Worden Dict. Photogr. 260 The diaphragms within the *lens-tube entirely prevent the reflection of light from the inside of the tube. 1890Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 198 The hood is..arranged to slide out and in on the *lens tube. 1918Lens-tube [see hood n. 5 m]. 1971L. B. Happé Basic Motion Pict. Technol. iv. 142 On 8 mm amateur cameras..the lens hood is usually limited to a deep flange extension to the lens tube itself.
1951R. Spottiswoode Film & its Techniques iii. 64 Camera noise readily seeps through a *lens turret and tends to interfere with dialogue recording. 1963Movie July/Aug. 26/3 Brault's insistence on leaving in blank frames as he shifts the lens turret in mid-reel occasionally gets in the way. 1971L. B. Happé Basic Motion Pict. Technol. x. 311 A lens turret mounting is often preferred for unit lenses and is more convenient for automated operations.
1888G. M. Hopkins Let. 1 May (1938) 144 Photography proper now is mere scaffolding..a poor bastard art succeeds the *lens⁓work and disguises what that gives.
Hence lensed a., provided with a lens or lenses. ˈlensless a., having no lens or lenses.
1859Sala Tw. round Clock (1861) 274 If you eye him narrowly through the many-lensed lorgnette. 1892Illustr. Lond. News 1 Oct. 431/3 An eye lensed like a microscope, though also lensed like yours and mine. 1899J. Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagn. i. (ed. 4) 80 The lensless spectroscope consists of two tubes.
Add:[1.] c. spec. Either of the two pieces of glass or other transparent material which are enclosed by the frames of a pair of spectacles, sunglasses, goggles, etc.; the corresponding piece of glass, etc., in a monocle.
a1877Knight Dict. Mech. I. 899 Folder, a form of spectacles in which the lenses fold together for the pocket. 1927F. B. Young Portrait of Clare 26 She brushed the dust from her skirt..her grey eyes swimming behind the lenses of her pincenez. 1965T. Capote In Cold Blood (1966) iv. 237 Mrs. Hickock removed the spectacles she was wearing, polished the smeared lenses and resettled them on her pudgy, agreeable face. 1976Verbatim Sept. 10/2 Both lens [sic] of my safety glasses were so scratched up they had to give me new ones. 1987B. Moore Colour of Blood xviii. 137 He stared at this man, at the..angry eyes behind thick lenses.
d. = contact lens s.v. contact n. 6 a. Freq. in pl.
1888C. H. May tr. A. E. Fick in Arch. Ophthalm. xvii. 226 If the lens fits well, the patient does not complain, has no flow of tears, and either has no injection of the ocular conjunctiva, or very little. 1938Trans. Ophthalm. Soc. LVIII. 120 The question of tolerance was early recognized as important when it was found that some patients could wear a lens and others not. 1962L. & R. K. Daily in M. B. Raiford Contact Lens Managem. 155 After many weeks or months of wearing the lens, the patient may complain that vision is poor. 1987New Yorker 16 Feb. 36/2 My lenses dry up, and I take them out. 1990C. Brayfield Prince xxii. 487 Her eyes were tired and she had taken out her lenses, so she rummaged at the back of a drawer for her old spectacles to look at them properly.
[3.] Also, a similarly-shaped body of other material.
1975J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iii. 57 Differential melting of a glacier sometimes results in isolated lenses of ice remaining in rock debris or till long after the bulk of ice has gone. 1984A. C. & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans vi. 188 Above this water a lens of very salty..but very warm..surface water remains. 1990Independent 5 Nov. 15 The coconut palms and breadfruit trees..depend on a lens of fresh groundwater.
▪ II. lens, v. Geol.|lɛnz|
[f. the n.]
to lens out (intr.): of a body of rock: to become gradually thinner (along a particular direction) to the point of extinction.
1921G. H. Cox et al. Field Methods Petroleum Geol. 11 The effects of irregularities in sands may be considered to be of three types; those in which the sand lenses out entirely, those in which it loses its porosity, and those in which the porous sand continues but is of changing thickness. 1965G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. viii. 108/2 Mining went down to the 500-ft level below which the calcite bodies themselves lens out—as proved by angled diamond drill-holes.
Restrict Geol. to existing sense and add: 2. trans. = film v. 3. Also absol. slang (orig. and chiefly U.S.).
1942Variety 28 Oct. 4 (heading) U.S. Signal Corps turning out army of ultra pix technicians for combat lensing. 1950Variety 22 Mar. 20/1 While the pic was lensed as a locationer in Havana, little use has been made of the Cuban capital's natural surroundings. 1981Gossip (Holiday Special) 7/2 To get the look and feel—that gritty realism so necessary for the film—the movie was lensed in the midst of the real Ft. Apache. 1983Fortune 7 Mar. 47/3 Twenty Cheshire clerics have thumbed down homevid cameras lensing during wedding services. 1986What Video? Dec. 46/1 Structures are clearly given extraordinary impact when lensed from a low-angle. 1990Rolling Stone 22 Mar. 29/1 (heading) Prince to lens ‘Purple Rain’ sequel.
So ˈlenser n. (now rare), a cameraman.
1941Variety 31 Dec. 15/3 (heading) Lensers' row threatens to stall prod[uction]. 1943Ibid. 31 Mar. 8/1 A number of the lensers are said to have been killed in the shooting of the footage. |