| 释义 |
xeno-|zɛnəʊ|
before a vowel xen-, repr. Gr. ξενο-, ξεν-, combining form of ξένος a guest, stranger, foreigner, adj. foreign, strange; used in various scientific and other terms; for those not found here, see their alphabetical places. xenacanthine |-əˈkænθaɪn| Zool. [ad. mod.L. Xenacanthini pl., f. Gr. ἄκανθα spine], a. belonging to the extinct order Xenacanthini of selachian fishes, with long slender spines; n. a fish of this order. xeˈnarthral a. Zool. [Gr. ἄρθρον joint], having peculiar accessory articulations in the vertebræ, as the American edentates. xenoˈantibody Immunol., an antibody produced in response to a xenoantigen. xenoˈantigen Immunol., a xenogeneic antigen; so ˌxenoantiˈgenic a. xenoˈantiserum Immunol., an antiserum rich in xenoantibodies. xenobiosis |-baɪˈəʊsɪs| Zool. [Gr. βίωσις manner of life], a form of symbiosis among ants in which two colonies of different species live together on friendly terms without rearing their broods in common. xenobiˈotic n. and a. [biotic a.], (designating) a substance foreign to the body. ˈxenoblast Geol. [a. G. xenoblast (F. Becke 1903, in Compt. Rend. IX. Congr. Géol. Internat. (1904) II. 564): see -blast] (see quot. 1920); hence xenoˈblastic a. xeˈnocracy [-cracy], a ruling body of foreigners. ˈxenocryst Geol., a crystal not derived from the magma that gave rise to the igneous rock containing it; hence xenoˈcrystal, -ˈcrystic adjs. ˈxenoderm Zool. [mod.L. Xenoderma, f. Gr. δέρµα skin], a snake of the genus Xenoderma or sub-family Xenodermatinæ (mod. Dicts.). ˌxenodiagˈnosis Med. [ad. F. xénodiagnostic (E. Brumpt 1914, in Bull. de la Soc. de Path. Exotique VII. 706)], a diagnostic procedure in which clean, laboratory-bred vectors of a disease are allowed to feed on the individual or material that may be infected and are then examined for the pathogen; hence ˌxenodiagˈnostic a. xeˈnogamy Bot. [Gr. γάµος marriage], fertilization by pollen from another plant of the same species; cross-fertilization. xenogenesis |-ˈdʒɛnɪsɪs| Biol. [genesis], (supposed) production of offspring permanently unlike the parent (cf. heterogenesis 3); so xenogeˈnetic, xenoˈgenic adjs., pertaining to or of the nature of xenogenesis; xenogeny |zɛˈnɒdʒɪnɪ|, xenogenesis. xeˈnogenous a. Path. (see quot.). xenoˈglossia, ˈxenoglossy [Gr. γλῶσσα tongue], the practice or faculty of using intelligibly a language one has not learnt. ˈxenograft Med., a graft of tissue between individuals of different species; = heterograft. xenoˈlalia [Gr. -λαλία speaking, after glossolalia] = xenoglossia above. xenolite Min. [-lite], a silicate of aluminium, allied to fibrolite. ˈxenolith Geol. [-lith], a piece of rock in an igneous mass which differs from its surroundings and is considered to have been picked up by and incorporated into the mass when the latter was in the form of magma; hence xenoˈlithic a., containing xenoliths; also, occurring as a xenolith. xenomania |-ˈmeɪnɪə|, a mania or insane fancy for foreigners, or for something foreign; hence xenoˈmaniac, a person affected with ‘xenomania’. xenomorphic |-ˈmɔːfɪk| a. Geol. [Gr. µορϕή form], applied to mineral constituents of a rock having a form different from the normal in consequence of the pressure of other constituents. xenoˈparasite, xenoˈparasitism Biol. (see quot.). ˈxenophil(e a. [-phil, -phile], fond of or attracted by foreign things or people; also as n., such a person; hence xenoˈphilia, the state of being xenophile; xenoˈphiliac a. [-ac] = xenophil(e adj. above; xenoˈphilic, xeˈnophilous adjs. = xenophil(e adj.; xenophilism |-ˈɒfɪlɪz(ə)m| nonce-wd. [Gr. ϕίλος loving, friendly], love of foreigners or of something foreign. xenophoran |-ˈɒfərən| a. Zool. [f. mod.L. Xenophora, f. Gr. -ϕορος carrying], belonging or allied to the genus Xenophora (carrier-shells) of gastropod molluscs, distinguished by the habit of cementing stones and other foreign bodies to their shells. xenopterygian |-ptəˈrɪdʒɪən| Zool. [Gr. πτέρυξ wing, fin], a. belonging to the suborder Xenopterygii of fishes, with spineless fins, scaleless skin, and a complex sucking-disk between the ventral fins; n. a fish of this suborder. xenoˈthermal a. Petrol., applied to mineral deposits formed by hydrothermal action at high temperatures but at a shallow depth. xenoˈtropic a. Microbiology [-tropic], (of a virus) present in a host species in an inactive form and only able to infect and replicate in organisms of other species; hence xenoˈtropism. xenurine |ˈzɛnjʊraɪn| Zool. [f. mod.L. Xenurus, f. Gr. οὐρά tail], a. belonging to the genus Xenurus of armadillos, having the tail nearly naked; n. an armadillo of this genus, a kabassou.
1974Brit. Jrnl. Cancer XXX. 304/1 Gel filtration was used to show that the tumour specific *xenoantibody responsible for protection was not IgM but was in the IgG fraction. 1984Human Immunol. X. 57 Xenoantibodies to idiotypes of the anti-HLA-A2, A28 MoAb CR11-351 were isolated from an antiserum raised in rabbit {hash}81.
1975Nature 24 Apr. 716/2 An important characteristic of the immune system is the ability to discriminate between antigens expressed on normal tissues within the individual and the many foreign antigens expressed on normal tissues of other species (*xenoantigens) and even on normal tissues of members of the same species (alloantigens). 1984Jrnl. Immunol. CXXXII. 2522/1 An increase in specific antigenic activity for the Rana-specific xenoantigen.
1973Tissue Antigens III. 5/1 Some of the eluted fractions possessed both alloantigenic and *xenoantigenic activity. Ibid. 18/2 Strain-discriminating effects of *xenoantisera were reported..over thirty years ago.
1978Nature 26 Oct. 711/1 Experiments with xenoantiserum to murine tissues provided the first, fortuitous indication that Thy-1 included an hitherto unrecognised specificity.
1885Stand. Nat. Hist. (1888) V. 66 The geographical distribution of the Edentates... To America belong the *xenarthral or many-jointed forms.
1901W. M. Wheeler in Amer. Naturalist July 535 *Xenobiosis... The best-known guest ant is the European Formicoxenus nitidulus.
1965H. S. Mason et al. in Federation Proc. XXIV. 1172 (heading) Microsomal mixed-function oxidations: the metabolism of *xenobiotics. Ibid., We would like to call the components of this chemical environment which are foreign to the metabolic network of an organism ‘xenobiotic’ compounds. 1975Williams & Wilson Biologist's Guide to Princ. & Techniques Pract. Biochem. i. 13 In order to study the metabolism of a xenobiotic, it is advantageous to administer it in an isotopically-labelled form. 1981Internat. Jrnl. Environ. Stud. XVII. 11/2 Many xenobiotic substances reduce blood concentrations of one or more vitamins.
1920A. Holmes Nomencl. Petrol. 241 *xenoblast, a term applied to crystals which have grown during metamorphism without the development of their characteristic faces. 1962Xenoblast [see idioblast 3].
1931A. Johannsen Descr. Petrogr. Igneous Rocks I. 232 *Xenoblastic, a texture in metamorphic rocks corresponding to the xenomorphic in igneous rocks. The crystals lack proper crystal faces. 1980Mineral. Mag. XLIII. 781/1 In thin-section all the felsic grains are seen to be xenoblastic.
1965E. Weber in Rogger & Weber European Right 507 Everywhere Eminescu looked..he saw foreigners and cryptoforeigners; the intelligentsia, recruited from men who had inherited their character and ideas from Greek or Bulgarian fore⁓bears; the ruling Liberals, who drew their manners and policies from the Seine, the Spree, and the Bosphorus... Altogether one vast *xenocracy. 1975H. Luke in K. M. Setton Hist. Crusades III. xi. 394 While it is unlikely that the Cypriote peasantry under the Lusignan kingdom were politically worse off..than the peasantry of other Near Eastern countries.., it is not surprising that by the end of the Venetian occupation they had come to conceive..a profound hatred of the Latin xenocracy.
1894W. J. Sollas in Trans. R. Irish Acad. XXX. 493 As a distinctive appelation appropriate to the crystals, both of pyroxene and of plagioclase felspar, which have found their way from the gabbro into the granophyre, the term ‘*xenocrysts’ may be employed. Correspondingly included fragments of the whole rock may be called ‘xenoliths’. 1964G. A. Joplin Petrogr. Austral. Igneous Rocks ii. 26 Xenocrysts commonly show some resorption or corona indicating that they have reacted with the magma. 1983Jrnl. Geol. XCI. 277 Xenocrysts and xenoliths from three Ithaca kimberlite localities are consistent with derivation from mantle depths of less than 150 km.
1963Amer. Mineralogist XLVIII. 172 Classification of Kerguelen rocks is to a large extent dependent on the amount of *xenocrystal material present. 1981Jrnl. Geophysical Res. LXXXVI. 10515 This particular granite cannot be a primary magma... It is a possible product of partial fusion of pelitic rocks between about 20 km and 40 km depth..and xenocrystal muscovite or sillimanite from the source rocks.
1978Nature 19 Oct. 640/1 The phlogopite is derived from the parental magma or its derivatives and is not a *xenocrystic phase.
1947Anales del Instituto de Medicina Regional (Tucuman) II. 60 The authors describe..artificial *xenodiagnosis for cases in which it is not possible to perform it directly upon patients. 1976Nature 15 July 215/2 Using only male bugs of a susceptible stock for xenodiagnosis should enhance the sensitivity of this diagnostic test.
1955O Hospital (Rio de Janeiro) XLVII/187 The authors make a comparison between the positivity of *xeno-diagnostic tests performed in two ways. 1974R. Zeledón in K. Elliott et al. Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis 58 New xenodiagnostic tests in an endemic area of Chagas' disease in Costa Rica.
1877Darwin Lett. (1903) II. 413 Some such terms as autogamy, *xenogamy, etc.
1870Huxley Pres. Addr. Brit. Assoc., Rep. p. lxxvii, The term Heterogenesis..has..been used in a different sense, and M. Milne-Edwards has therefore substituted for it *Xenogenesis.
Ibid. p. lxxxv, The analogy of pathological modification..is in favour of the *xenogenetic origin of microzymes.
1901Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 2), *Xenogenous, caused by a foreign body, or originating outside the organism. 1913Ibid. (ed. 7) adds 2. Formed or developed in the host: a term applied to toxins formed by the action of stimuli on the cells of the host.
1978Amer. Speech LIII. 67 Samarin would call the event of persons speaking in a language unknown to them *xenoglossia, something different from glossolalia. 1981Times Lit. Suppl. 3 July 765/3 The traditional view was that, while at Corinth glossolalia had occurred, meaning that there were lexically non-communicative utterances, at Pentecost what occurred was xenoglossia, utterance in an actual foreign language.
1914A. Teixeira de Mattos tr. Maeterlinck's Unknown Guest iii. 101 *Xenoglossy is well known not to be unusual in automatic writing; sometimes even the ‘automatist’ speaks or writes languages of which he is completely ignorant. 1932I. Emerson tr. E. Bozzano (title) Polyglot mediumship (xenoglossy). 1980Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Aug. 432/2 The investigators are reported to regard her xeno-glossy (ability to speak a foreign language without having learnt it) as a truly paranormal experience.
1961Nature 25 Mar. 1024/2 Grafts between species..of less general interest..have been called *xenografts or heterografts. 1974R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 35 A xenograft..is poorly tolerated by the recipient. 1977Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 480/2 A xenograft in one patient was unsuccessful. 1984Times 21 Aug. 4/1 Surgeons have a choice of artificial valves, or those made from human or animal tissue. The latter, xenografts, are silent and rendered rejection-proof.
1978D. Christie-Murray Voices from Gods xii. 167 There appears to be no evidence of genuine, responsive *xenolalia (that is, intelligent conversation carried on in a recognized language completely unknown to the speaker) in any native culture studied by anthropologists. 1981Times 8 Oct. 15/5 There is a distinction between glossolalia (paranormal speaking in tongues) and xenolalia (paranormal speaking in allegedly foreign languages).
1844Dana Min. (1868) 374 *Xenolite..resembles fibrolite..excepting in the high specific gravity.
1894*Xenolith [see xenocryst above]. 1942[see metasomatize v.]. 1956‘H. MacDiarmid’ Stony Limits & Scots Unbound 41 Ultra-basic xenoliths that make men look midges. 1975Nature 10 Apr. 489/1 Xenoliths thought to represent material from the deeper parts of the upper mantle are brought to the surface in kimberlite magmas.
1900Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LVI. 665 The whole of the cliffs around Annestown Bay are composed of the widespread pink and greenish *xenolithic felsites. 1930Peach & Horne Geol. Scotl. ii. 67 Grey igneous gneiss is interposed.. and is xenolithic. One of the pale xenoliths was found to consist of malacolite..and green hornblende. 1980Sci. Amer. May 97/1 With the exception of xenolithic..fragments of mantle that are occasionally brought to the surface by kimberlite pipes and some basalt formations, direct sampling of the upper mantle is impossible.
1879K. Hillebrand in 19th Cent. Oct. 626 Germany received the first caresses of this strange *xenomania from the hands of youthful Carlyle and old Coleridge. 1887Saintsbury Hist. Elizab. Lit. iv. 136 No writer of the period had such a command of pure English, unadulterated by xenomania and unweakened by purism, as Daniel.
1879Daily News 30 Sept. 5/1 Are we all *Xenomaniacs? 1891Illustr. Lond. News 7 Feb. 168/2 Sir Arthur Sullivan was never the least bit of a xenomaniac.
1888Hatch in Teall Brit. Petrography Gloss. 423 Allotriomorphic, a term applied by Rosenbusch..in contradistinction to idiomorphic. It is synonymous with *xenomorphic.
1905E. S. Salmon in Ann. Bot. Jan. 127 To describe cases where a form of a Fungus which is specialized to certain host-plants..proves able to infect injured parts of a strange host, I propose the terms *xenoparasite and *xenoparasitism.
1934Webster, *Xenophile, -phil adjs. 1945W. Plomer Dorking Thigh 10 And in fancy dress she lingers With a locket in her fingers Containing a curl from That xenophil Greek. 1948Penguin New Writing XXXIV. 128 New York and Los Angeles seem to be replacing Paris as the goal of Colombian xenophiles. 1968P. B. Austin On being Swedish xx. 149 Almost in spite of herself, she becomes a xenophile.
1959Times 3 Dec. 15/7 Among the subjects covered by books in our stock are X-rays, *xenophilia, [etc.]. 1964New Statesman 1 May 694/1 The uniters are..more prone to xenophilia. Literature being the least international of the arts, those who wish to infuse it with music and colour tend to be internationalists.
1982Times 7 Aug. 8/5 When will Americans realise how *xenophiliac their short order cuisine is—hamburgers..which Hamburg would not understand, French fries incomprehensible to the French.
1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia X. 309/2 Tension between the xenophobic (fear of strangers) and *xenophilic (love of strangers) in postexilic Judaism was finally resolved some two centuries later.
1912W. Sickert in English Review Apr. 147 Lest the writer be accused of *Xenophilism.
1984New Yorker 16 Jan. 32/2 Even the most *xenophilous among us may feel a twinge of alarm.
1898Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. June 308 No Stromboid, Naticoid, or *Xenophoran molluscs have been found hitherto in any fresh water that is known.
1935A. F. Buddington in Econ. Geol. XXX. 209 The writer therefore proposes the term *xenothermal for these deposits,..suggestive of the peculiar textures for the normal high⁓temperature mineral assemblages involved, of the abnormal association of high temperature with shallow depth, and of the ‘telescoped’ character of many of the deposits. 1976Nature 10 June 482/2 The tin mineralisation of Missouri bears a resemblance to the subvolcanic (xenothermal) deposits of Japan.
1973J. A. Levy in Science 14 Dec. 1151/2 The results show that this NZB type virus is endogenous in other strains of mice and is *xenotropic; that is, it grows only in cells foreign to the host. 1978Nature 30 Mar. 456/2 Defective type C RNA tumour viruses which are genetic recombinants between ecotropic and xenotropic viruses have been described and suggested to be the real transforming agents during the course of viral-induced lymphatic leukaemia.
1974Ibid. 22 Mar. 279/3 Another example of *xenotropism is the endogenous feline virus which when activated replicates in human cells. 1982Jrnl. Virology XLIII. 472 (heading) Monoclonal antibody to spleen focus-forming virus-encoded gp52 provides a probe for the amino-terminal region of retroviral envelope proteins that confers dual tropism and xenotropism.
1885Stand. Nat. Hist. (1888) V. 50 The Kabassous, or *Xenurines, have the third as well as the fourth and fifth metacarpals abbreviated and broad.
Add: xenobiˈology, the investigation of extraterrestrial life forms; = exobiology s.v. exo-.
1954R. A. Heinlein in Mag. of Fantasy & Sci. Fiction July 90, I have never taken any interest in *xenobiology. 1961Science 21 July 223/1 The proper word, as any science-fiction reader should know, for the study of, say, extraterrestrial biology is ‘xenobiology’, not ‘exobiology’... [Citing Heinlein] I am not certain that I coined the term; it is quite possible that I saw it used elsewhere, in fiction or non-fiction, and made use of it. 1983Nature 13 Jan. 106/2 The almost-virgin xeno- prefix should be used to designate extraterrestrial entities.., concepts and subdisciplines (for example, xeno-biology, xenosociology), and exo- reserved for life outside of but native to Earth.
also xenobiˈologist.
1954R. A. Heinlein in Mag. of Fantasy & Sci. Fiction May 60 Once the *xenobiologists got their hands on Lummox they would never let him go. 1979F. Pohl Jem ix. 138 Professor D. Dalehouse was now a name to conjure with among xenobiologists. 1984I. Asimov Banquets of Black Widowers 46 Exobiologist, Mr. Trumbull... Personally, I prefer ‘xenobiologist’... Either way it's the study of life on other worlds.
xeˈnology, the scientific study of extraterrestrial phenomena, esp. xenobiology.
1954R. A. Heinlein in Mag. of Fantasy & Sci. Fiction May 27, I mean to major in *xenology and exotic biology in college. 1983R. A. Freitas in Nature 13 Jan. 106/1 Xenobiology axiomatizes life, hence also fails. The most suitable word must be least limiting, suggesting the rootless forms exology and xenology.
also xeˈnologist.
1954R. A. Heinlein in Mag. of Fantasy & Sci. Fiction May 27 *Xenologists have found that high types, equivalent to humans, always have three characteristics: speech centers, manipulation, and from these two, record keeping. 1957‘T. Sturgeon’ Thunder & Roses 189 The xenologists and e-t mineralogists. 1991Times Educ. Suppl. 15 Feb. 30/4 A xenologist on a distant planet begins to learn that civilisation doesn't necessarily mean technological sophistication, big buildings, libraries and war. |