| 释义 |
litho-|lɪθəʊ|
before a vowel lith-, combining form of Gr. λίθος stone, in many scientific terms (the more important appear as main words): ‖ lithobiblion |-ˈbɪblɪɒn| Geol. [Gr. βίβλιον book], a laminated schistose rock; a bibliolite (Webster 1828–32); lithobiotic |-baɪˈɒtɪk| a. [Gr. βιωτικός, f. βίος life], pertaining to the natural state of crystals, minerals, and stones (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1856); hence lithobiotism |-ˈbaɪətɪz(ə)m|, the hidden or undeveloped existence of crystals, etc. (ibid.); ˈlithocarp |-kɑːp| [Gr. κάρπος fruit], ‘a fossil or petrified fruit; a carpolite’ (Webster 1828–32); lithochryˈsography [Gr. χρυσός gold + -graphy], printing in gold on stone; † ˈlithocol, -colla [Gr. κόλλα glue]: see quot.; lithoˈcoralline [coralline], pertaining to or having the character of the Lithocorallia or stone-corals; (in recent Dicts.); lithocyˈstotomy Surg. [cystotomy] = lithotomy (Billings Nat. Med. Dict. 1890); ‖ lithodiˈalysis Surg. [dialysis], an operation by which stone in the bladder is dissolved (Mayne); hence ˌlithodiaˈlytic a., pertaining to lithodialysis (ibid.); ˈlithofacies Geol., a facies (facies 2 b) distinguished by its lithological character (see quot. 19492); lithofellic |-ˈfɛlɪk|, -fellinic |-fɛˈlɪnɪk| adjs. Chem. [L. fel gall, bile], the designation of an acid which is a large constituent of bezoars; ‖ lithofracteur |-ˈfræktœ(r)| [Fr. (L. fractor breaker)], an explosive compound of nitroglycerine, used for blasting; lithoˈfractor [L. fractor breaker] = lithoclast (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1889); lithoˈgenesis, -genesy |-ˈdʒɛnɪsɪ| [-genesis, Gr. -γενεσία], that department of mineralogy which treats of the formation of stones; also, the formation of rock; lithogenous |lɪˈθɒdʒɪnəs| a. [Gr. -γενής producing + -ous], stone-producing: applied to those animals which produce coral; lithogeny |lɪˈθɒdʒɪnɪ| Path. [see -geny], (a) the formation of calculi (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1889); (b) Geol. (rare) = lithogenesis above; litholabe |ˈlɪθəleɪb|, also in mod.L. form † -labon Surg. [late Gr. λιθολάβος, f. λαβ- to seize, take], an instrument for extracting stone from the bladder or for holding it while being operated upon; litholapaxy |-ləˈpæksɪ| Surg. [Gr. λάπαξις evacuation], an operation for crushing stone in the bladder and evacuating it; litholatry |-ˈɒlətrɪ| [see -latry], stone-worship (Ogilvie 1882); so liˈtholatrous a., stone-worshipping (Cent. Dict.); litholeine |lɪˈθəʊlɪɪn| [L. oleum oil + -ine5], ‘a yellow oily liquid distilled from petroleum, used in eczema and parasitic skin-diseases’ (Cent. Dict.); ‖ litholysis |lɪˈθɒlɪsɪs| Surg. [Gr. λῦσις solution], the dissolving of stone in the bladder by means of lithotriptic injections (Syd. Soc. Lex.); hence ˈlitholyte |-laɪt| [G. -λυτης solvent], ‘a form of catheter for conveying solvents of calculi into the bladder’ (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875); litholytic |-ˈlɪtɪk| a., pertaining to litholysis (Syd. Soc. Lex.); lithometer |-ˈɒmɪtə(r)|, an instrument for measuring the size of a stone in the bladder (ibid.); also attrib.; lithomyl |ˈlɪθəmɪl| [Gr. µύλη mill], an instrument devised for reducing calculi to powder; hence lithomyly |-ˈɒmɪlɪ|, the use of the lithomyl (ibid.); ‖ ˌlithoneˈphritis Path. [nephritis], calculous inflammation of the kidney (ibid.); lithoneˈphrotomy Surg. = nephrolithotomy (Billings Nat. Med. Dict. 1890); ‖ lithopædion, -ium |-ˈpiːdɪɒn, -ɪəm| [Gr. παιδίον little child], a dead extra-uterine fœtus, impregnated with calcareous matter; lithophagous |-ˈɒfəgəs| a. [Gr. -ϕάγος eating], stone-eating; applied esp. to molluscs which bore through stones; ‖ liˈthophagus, a stone-eater; pl. (-i), lithophagous animals; lithophane |ˈlɪθəfeɪn| [Gr. -ϕανής appearing], a kind of ornamentation produced by impressing upon porcelain-glass in a soft state figures which are made visible by transmitted light (Ogilvie 1882); so lithophanic |-ˈfænɪk| a., pertaining to lithophane or lithophany; lithophany |-ˈɒfənɪ| [cf. F. lithophanie (also used)], the art of making ornamented glass of this kind; (see also quot. 1904); ˈlithophil(e, lithoˈphilic adjs. Geol. and Chem. [ad. G. lithophil (V. M. Goldschmidt 1923, in Skrifter utgit av Videnskapsselsk. I. Mat.-nat. Kl. iii. 5); see -phil, -phile], applied to elements which are commonly found as silicates and are supposed to have concentrated in the outermost zone when the earth was molten; lithophilous |-ˈɒfɪləs| a. [-ϕιλος loving], applied to insects living in stony places and to plants growing upon rocks (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1856 and Syd. Soc. Lex.); lithoˈphosphor [phosphor], a stone which becomes phosphorescent when heated (Webster 1828–32); hence ˌlithophosˈphoric a., becoming phosphorescent when heated (Craig 1848); ˌlithophoˈtography = photolithography; ‖ lithoˈphthisis Path. [phthisis], the stage of tubercular phthisis in which calcareous concretions are present in the lungs (Mayne); lithophyll |ˈlɪθəfɪl| Palæont. [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf], a fossil leaf or the impression of a leaf, or a stone containing such a leaf or its impression (Syd. Soc. Lex.); ‖ lithophysa |lɪθəʊˈfaɪsə|, lithophyse |ˈlɪθəfaɪs| [Gr. ϕῦσα bellows], a spherulite having a concentrically chambered structure (Cent. Dict.); ˈlithopone [Gr. πόνος work, anything produced by work], a mixture of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate used as a white pigment in paint, linoleum, and printing ink, and as a filler in paper; ˈlithoscope Surg. [see -scope], an instrument used to determine the size and form of a calculus (Mayne); † liˈthoscopist, ? one who examines stones; ˈlithosere Ecol. [sere], a plant succession having its origin on bare rock; ˈlithosol Soil Sci. [-sol], any azonal soil consisting largely of imperfectly weathered rock fragments; lithosphere |ˈlɪθəsfɪə(r)| [sphere], a term (corresponding to atmosphere and hydrosphere) used by some to designate the crust of the earth; in mod. use, usu. applied to the crust and the upper part of the mantle; formerly also used for the crust together with the whole interior portion of the earth, or the crust together with the entire mantle; hence lithoˈspheric a.; ˌlithostraˈtigraphy Geol., stratigraphy based on the physical and petrographic characters of rocks, rather than on fossils; so ˌlithostratiˈgraphic, -ˈgraphical adjs.; ˌlithotheˈology, natural theology as illustrated by the study of stones; ˈlithotint [tint n.], the art or process of printing tinted pictures from lithographic stones; a picture so printed; so ˈlithotinted ppl. a.; ‖ lithuˈresis, -ˈuria Path. [Gr. οὔρησις, -ουρία urination], the passing of small calculi with the urine (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1856); ‖ lithuroˈrrhœa, calculous diabetes (ibid.).
1845Ford Handbk. Sp. I. ii. 361 This new style of printing in Gold and colours on stone, this ‘*Lithochrysography’ and ‘Lithocromatography’.
1696Phillips (ed. 5), *Lithocol, the Cement with which the Stones are fastned, when they are cut, under the Grindstone; made of Pitch, Resin, and old Brick.
1706Ibid. (ed. Kersey), *Lithocolla.
1946M. Kay in Progr. Rep. Res. Comm. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 15 Jan. 4 The forms present in any population are influenced by age, but also by habitat reflected in lithology (*lithofacies). 1949R. C. Moore in Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXXIX. 16 It seems clear that ‘facies’ should not be used in double manner to refer also to this type of differentiation, and I suggest the term ‘lithofacies’..as appropriate for such meaning. Ibid. 32 The rock record of any sedimentary environment, including both physical and organic characters, is designated by the term ‘lithofacies’. 1958Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XLII. 2729 The term lithofacies seems to have been introduced by the Russian geologist Eberzin (1940: fide Markevich, 1957). When and by whom it was launched in America is not clear from available references. Soon after 1945 it appeared in publications and was used in the sense given above. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 92/1 (heading) Braided stream lithofacies.
1839–47Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 805/1 *Lithofellic acid.
1852Fownes' Chem. (1859) 566 Oriental bezoar stones..consist essentially of a..*lithofellinic acid.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Lithofracteur. 1883Times 24 Nov. 7 Dynamite, lithofracteur, or any similar nitro-glycerine compounds.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Lithogenesis, the production or origin of minerals or rocks; lithogenesy. 1937Wooldridge & Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. vi. 82 The period of lithogenesis, during which the rocks later to form the range are accumulated. 1956‘H. MacDiarmid’ Stony Limits & Scots Unbound 42 All is lithogenesis—or lochia,..Stones blacker than any in the Caaba. 1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation 405 The cycle of geological phenomena comprises lithogenesis or petrogenesis, orogenesis, then glyptogenesis.
1828–32Webster (citing Dict. Nat. Hist.), *Lithogenesy.
1832Lyell Princ. Geol. II. 288 The operations of *lithogenous polyps.
1888J. J. H. Teall Brit. Petrogr. 437 *Lithogeny, that department of petrology which treats of the formation of rocks. 1958Contrib. Cushman Found. Foraminiferal Res. IX. 106/2 The Illinois cyclothem comprises a widely consistent, repetitious succession of rock types whose lithogeny records the environmental changes of the place and time in considerable detail. Various aspects of the lithogenesis, biology, and ecology of the sedimentary units in the Illinois and related kinds of cyclothems have been described.
1846F. Brittan tr. Malgaigne's Man. Oper. Surg. 534 Push the external canula as far forwards as possible on the *litholabe.
1731Bailey vol. II, *Litholabon.
1878Bigelow in Trans. Lond. Clinical Soc. XII. 24 This method, which I have called *litholapaxy, its peculiar feature being evacuation.
1891tr. De La Saussaye's Man. Sci. Relig. xii. 89 Tree worship is as widely spread as *litholatry.
1856R. Druitt Surgeon's Vade Mecum iv. xx. (ed. 7) 576 *Litholysis, or solution of stone. 1860in Lancet 25 Aug. 185 (title) Calculus in the Bladder treated by Litholysis. 1876Gross Dis. Bladder 221 Sect. II. Litholysis.
1842R. Willis Stone in Bladder i. 30 The stone in the bladder was caught..by means of a *lithometer. 1895Erichsen Sci. & Art Surg. (ed. 10) II. 1077 Lithometer Sound for measuring Stone.
1822Good Study Med. IV. 257 An osseous or almost stony mass, which has been distinguished by the name of osteopædion or *lithopædion.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 195 The *lithopædium of extra-uterine gestation.
1828–32Webster, *Lithophagous. 1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 704/1 The lithophagous..Conchifera.
1827Mirror I. 8 There was brought to Avignon a true *lithophagus, or stone-eater. 1833Lyell Princ. Geol. III. Gloss. Lithophagi, molluscous animals which bore into solid stones.
1947M. Penkala Europ. Porc. 32 The *lithophane process..involved the use of white biscuit plaques of varying thickness. 1960R. G. Haggar Conc. Encycl. Cont. Pott. & Porc. 269/1 Some of the German porcelain factories made effective use of the lithophane for lamp shades and sconces. 1970G. Savage Dict. Antiques 244/2 Lithophanes were first modelled in translucent wax, the object of the craftsman being to remove sufficient wax to give the desired amount of light transmission, building up his picture from dark and light passages.
1828Specif. Patent No. 5626 *Lithophanic china.
1861F. Joubert in Jrnl. Soc. Arts IX. 500/2 A process known as *lithophany, or transparent china, or biscuit slabs. 1866W. Chaffers Marks Pott. & Porc. (ed. 2) 431 At the Berlin manufactory Lithophanie was invented. 1904E. Dillon Porcelain xvi. 264 Another application of porcelain was to the ‘transparencies’ or lithophanie, in which the design, as seen by transmitted light, was given by variations in the thickness of the paste.
1923Mineral. Abstr. II. 159 Corresponding with the zones of the earth postulated in the preceding papers, the chemical elements are divided into four main groups: (1) Siderophil elements..; (2) Chalcophil elements..; (3) *Lithophil elements of silicate fusions (O, Si, Ti, F, Cl, Al, Ce, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, V, &c.); (4) Atmophil elements. 1950Rankama & Sahama Geochem. iv. 91 The lithophile metals form ions of the noble-gas type having 8 electrons in the outermost shell. 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 598 Goldschmidt quoted the following elements: Fe Co Ni [etc.]..as concentrating in terrestrial sulphides (chalcophil) rather than in silicates (lithophil). 1973Nature 28 Sept. 204/1 The entry into or rejection of lithophile ions from silicate lattices is dependent on size and valency inter alia.
1971Ibid. 27 Aug. 606/1 Elements like Be and Th..are strongly *lithophilic under both crustal and mantle conditions.
1854Fairholt Dict. Terms Art, *Lithophotography, the modern art of producing prints from lithographic stones, by means of photographic pictures developed on their surface.
1892Athenæum 21 May 670/3 The *Lithophyses in the Obsidian of the Rocche Rosse, Lipari.
a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 551/2 *Lithopone. 1902Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 31 Mar. 427/1 ‘Lithopone’ is prepared by mixing together solutions of barium sulphide and zinc sulphate, the precipitate of ZnS,BaSO4 being then washed, dried, and ignited. 1923U. R. Evans Metals & Metallic Compounds II. 156 Lithopone is a comparatively cheap pigment, and is much used for flat wall paints and the cheaper grade of enamel paints. 1961J. P. Casey Pulp & Paper (ed. 2) III. xx. 1830 Lithopone has been known to cause trouble in coated offset papers by reacting with the acid in the fountain water.
1693E. Lhuyd Let. 18 Apr. in Gentl. Mag. (1822) XCII. i. 318, I have been all this while expecting the return of our *Lithoscopist.
1916F. E. Clements Plant Succession ix. 182 While the surfaces of rock and of dune-sand may be almost equally dry, the differences of hardness and stability result in very dissimilar adseres. These may be distinguished as *lithoseres..and psammoseres. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xi. 325 As a characteristic xerosere we will take a lithosere initiated on bare rock.
1939U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1938 1171 *Lithosols (skeletal soils), an azonal group of soils having no clearly expressed soil morphology and consisting of a freshly and imperfectly weathered mass of rock fragments. 1968H. C. T. Stace et al. Handbk. Austral. Soils iii. 35 Lithosols are found throughout Australia wherever natural erosion has been active enough to maintain a thin soil cover.
1887Times 6 Sept. 11/3 The form of the *lithosphere and the material of its surface. 1893A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 3) 38 (heading) The solid globe or lithosphere. 1900Pop. Sci. Monthly LVI. 436 Thus were formed the oceanic basin and the continental arches of the lithosphere. 1910Lake & Rastall Text-bk. Geol. i. 8 The Lithosphere or solid part of the earth, so far as it is open to our inspection, consists of rocks. 1950Rankama & Sahama Geochem. ii. 32 The Sial crust, which is the surface layer of the silicate shell of the Earth (the lithosphere), is composed of three groups of rocks of different origin. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iv. 222 The water content of the major part of the lithosphere, the great mantle of ultrabasic rock which composes most of the earth, is unknown. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xvi. 248/1 As a result of seismological studies, it has been realised that the Earth's outermost skin, or lithosphere, which exhibits appreciable strength and rigidity, extends well beneath both continental and oceanic crusts to depths of 50 or even 100 km. 1973M. W. McElhinny Palaeomagnetism & Plate Tectonics v. 156 In this ‘new global tectonics’.., now generally referred to as Plate Tectonics, it is supposed that a mobile, near-surface layer of strength (the lithosphere) plays a key role... The lithosphere, which generally includes the crust and uppermost mantle, has significant strength, and is of the order of 100 km thickness. The asthenosphere, which is a layer of effectively no strength on the appropriate time scale, extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of several hundred kilometres.
1970Nature 5 Sept. 1016/1 At ridge crests the *lithospheric plates are thinned by the elevation of the geotherms as a result of mantle upwelling and emplacement. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xi. 153 (caption) Biospheric, lithospheric and atmospheric evolution on the primitive Earth.
1950Bull. Amer. Petroleum Geologists XXXIV. 2365 Our repeated efforts to treat stage and zone as true time-stratigraphic units have met with failure. Since these are biostratigraphic or *lithostratigraphic in character.. we have no logical choice but to place them also in a category by themselves. 1970Earth-Sci. Rev. VI. 270 The formation is the fundamental unit in lithostratigraphic classification.
1964J. Challinor Dict. Geol. (ed. 2) 144/2 *Lithostratigraphical unit. 1969Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 141 For the description of stratified rocks lithostratigraphical procedure is already generally agreed.
1956Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XL. 2711 (heading) Factors in *lithostratigraphy. 1969Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 155 The boundaries between stages are based on biostratigraphy where possible, and on lithostratigraphy otherwise.
1869Baring-Gould Orig. Relig. Belief (1878) II. i. 17 There has been an astrotheology, a *lithotheology, a petinotheology [etc.]. 1892A. B. Bruce Apologetics i. v. 117 Books appeared on bronto-theology, seismo-theology, litho-theology, phyto-theology.
1843Harding & Hall Baron. Halls Eng. Pref., The prints which illustrate this work are executed in *Lithotint,..that is to say, they are drawn on stone with the brush. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxii. (1856) 171 Lieutenant Brown, whose admirably artistic sketches I had seen in Haghe's lithotints. 1938Archit. Rev. LXXXIV. 177/3 Hullmandel's lithotint process, patented in 1840,..used a resin solution..which could be painted on to the polished tint stone so that it printed a modulated, instead of a flat tint. 1969D. Bland Hist. Bk. Illustration (ed. 2) vii. 250 The forerunner of the chromo-lithograph was the lithotint. Ibid. 251 One of the best litho-tinted books is Original Views of London as it is (1842).
1879T. Bryant Pract. Surg. II. 90 It is safer to attribute *lithuria to dyspepsia. |