| 释义 |
▪ I. loom, n.1|luːm|
Forms: 1 ᵹelóma, 3 leome, 3–7 lome, 5–7 loome, 6 Sc. lwme, (lowme, lumme, Sc. lwime), 6–7 lomb(e, 6, 9 Sc. lume, 9 Sc. leem, dial. leumm, 7– loom.
[ME. lome, aphetic repr. OE. ᵹelóma wk. masc., utensil, implement, f. ᵹe- (y- prefix) + lóma as in andlóman (often andluman, andlaman) pl., apparatus, furniture.
The ulterior etymology is obscure: some have suggested connexion with OE. ᵹelóme (= OHG. kilômo) often (see ylome); on this hypothesis the primary sense would be ‘things in frequent use’. The simple *lóma is cited in some dicts. as occurring in the Leiden glosses and the Corpus Glossary; but the Latin lemmata seem to show that the entries belong to different words.]
1. a. An implement or tool of any kind. Obs. exc. Sc. and north. dial.
c900tr. Bæda's Hist. iv. xxviii. (Schipper) 521 Þa bead se Godes mon þæt him mon issern geloman [ferramenta] mid hwæte þider brohte þæt land mid to teᵹenne. a1225Ancr. R. 124, I blesced beo þi muð..vor þu makest me leome þerof to timbren, & to echen me mine crune. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2309 He lyftes lyȝtly his lome, & let hit doun fayre, Wiþ þe barbe of þe bitte bi þe bare nek. a1310in Wright Lyric P. xii. 41 So hit wes bistad, That nomon hem ne bad, huere lomes to fonde. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xvi. (Magdalena) 518 Þai had na lomys to wil, for to make a gannand grawe. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. vi. 45 The lomes þat ich laboure with and lyflode deserue Ys pater-noster and my prymer. a1400Sir Perc. 2032 Fulle evylle myght any mene smale,..With siche a lome fighte. c1440Promp. Parv. 312/1 Loome, or instrument (S. loombe), utensile. 1513Douglas æneis vi. iii. 53 Enee..With lume in hand fast wirkand like the laif. 1584Hudson Du Bartas' Judith i. (1608) 15 The Craftsman now his lumes away hath laide. 1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 49 An outligger carryeth but onely one loome to the field, and that is a rake. 1819W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd (1827) 51 Your hands are toom O' chappin-stick and weirlike loom, To batter at the bawd o' Rome. 1894W. D. Latto Tam Bodkin iv. 31 ‘They wad get the contents o' that lume i' their wames, though!’ said Willie, pu'in’ oot a muckle horse pistol.
†b. The penis. Obs.
a1400–50Alexander 4750 And large was his odd lome þe lenthe of a ȝerde. 1508Dunbar Tua mariit wemen 175 His lwme is vaxit larbar. 1568Satir. Poems Reform. xlvii. 95.
†c. = heirloom. Obs.
1424E.E. Wills (1882) 56, I wull he haue my grete maser..for þe terme of his life, and so from heir to heyr lome. a1814Sailors' Ret. ii. iii. in New Brit. Theatre II. 340 With all the appurtenances, messuages, tenements, hereditaments, looms heir, rights of court, leet, and baron..thereto appertaining and belonging.
d. dial. Applied to persons, with adjs. of contemptuous meaning. (Cf. tool.)
a1650Sir Aldingar 47 in Furnivall Percy Folio I. 168 ‘Goe with me’, saide our comly king, ‘This lazar for to see’. .. ‘there is a lodly lome’, says Harry King, ‘for our dame Queene Elinor!’ 1878Cumbld. Gloss., Leumm, loom; a tool; a term of reproach. ‘He's an ill leumm’.
2. a. An open vessel of any kind, as a bucket, tub, vat, etc. Obs. exc. Sc.
a1300E.E. Psalter xxxii. 7 Samenand als in lome watres of se. 13..Childh. Jesus 659 in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr. LXXIV. 336 Thies clathis sente he..ffor to litte thayme..Doo thayme in ȝone lomys three. c1420Pallad. on Husb. xi. 447 In lomys smaller hent this must, and vse hit as wyn pestilent. 1509Market Harboro' Rec. (1890) 233 Item a growt lome and a lome for grenys vjd. 1577Burgh Rec. Glasgow (1832) 80 Þe third falt breking of þair lwmes, delyng of the brewing [etc.]. 1586MS. Inv., Hatfield Woodhouse, Yorks, It. kyts, stands, lombes, boules, dyshes, chyrne, flackets. 1630in Descr. Thames (1758) 66 No Fisherman..shall use..any Weel called a Lomb, or a Mill-Pot, or any other Engine. 1816Scott Antiq. xxiii, ‘Ay, and there's something to pit it in’, said the mendicant, eyeing the ram's horn—‘that loom's an auld acquaintance o' mine’. 1858Ramsay Remin. Ser. i. (1860) 154 Having referred to the accident [of falling from his gig], Balnamoon quietly added, ‘Indeed, I maun hae a lume that'll had in’.
†b. Vessel, boat. Obs. rare.
13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 314 And þus of lenþe & of large þat lome [sc. the Ark] þou make. Ibid. 443.
3. a. A machine in which yarn or thread is woven into fabric by the crossing of threads called respectively the warp and weft. (In quots. 1535, 1566 app. used for: The beam of a loom.)
Often with prefixed word indicating (a) the kind of material produced, as † linen loom, ribbon loom, † woollen, etc. loom; (b) the method of operation, as hand loom, power loom; (c) some particular form of construction, as circular loom, draw loom; (d) the inventor or improver, as Jacquard loom: for which see those words.
1404Nottingham Rec. 27 Aug. II. 22 Item, j lynyn lome, et j. warpyngstok et warpyngtree, et j. wheel, appretiata ad ijs. iiijd. c1440Promp. Parv. 312/1 Loome of webbarys crafte (K.P. of webstare), telarium. 1444Rolls of Parlt. V. 106/1 To serche all maner Worstedes, or to do serche, as well within the Lomes as oute of the Lomes. 1535Coverdale 1 Sam. xvii. 7 The shaft of his speare was like a weauers lome. 1566Eng. Ch. Furniture (1866) 107 Johnne Craile who haith made a weavers lomb therof. 1632Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry iv. i, His vestaments sit as if..art had wrought 'em on the same loome as nature fram'd his Lordship. 1675C. Hatton in H. Corr. (1878) 120 Those weavers who had loomes without engines broke open y⊇ houses of all those weavers who had loomes wth engines. 1717Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Mr. Pope 1 Apr., These wenches..pass the time at their looms under the shade of the trees. 1840Thirlwall Greece VII. lv. 89 The looms of Ionia were kept in constant activity to supply purple robes for the Courtiers. 1843Macaulay Lays Anc. Rom., Horatius lxx, And the goodwife's shuttle merrily Goes flashing through the loom. 1867Smiles Huguenots Eng. vi. (1880) 96 The artizans set up their looms, and began to work at the manufacture of..cloth.
fig.1603Dekker Wonderfull Yeare A iv, Whatsoeuer they weaue in the motley-loome of their rustie pates. 1635–56Cowley Davideis ii. 97 All like a comely Youth in Lifes' fresh Bloom; Rare Workmanship, and wrought by heav'nly Loom. 1645Z. Boyd Holy Songs in Zion's Flowers (1855) App. 13/1 Sorrows are as threeds a crosse; in this our earthly loome. 1761Gray Fatal Sisters ii, Glitt'ring lances are the loom, Where the dusky warp we strain, Weaving many a soldier's doom. 1787Minor 54 The best wrought piece that ever issued from his intellectual loom. 1864Longfellow Hawthorne 7 The great elms o'erhead Dark shadows wove on their aërial looms.
†b. transf. Attributed to a spider or caterpillar; occas. used poet. for the web itself. Obs.
1590Greene Orl. Fur. (1599) 58 Finest silke, Fetcht from the natiue loomes of labouring wormes. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 8 b, Spiders..that wont to set vp their loomes in euery windowe. 1606Dekker Sev. Sinnes i. (Arb.) 15 O thou that on thy pillow (lyke a Spider in his loome) weauest mischeuous nets. 1647H. More Poems 152 Like spider in her web, so do we sit Within this spirit, and if ought do shake This subtile loom we feel as it doth hit.
4. Put for: The art, business, or process of weaving.
1676Worlidge Cyder (1691) 236 The dressing and preparing of hemp and flax from the stalk to the loom. 1697Dryden æneid vii. 1096 Unbred to Spinning, in the Loom unskill'd. 1784Cowper Task i. 416 Who..Renounce the odours of the open field For the unscented fictions of the loom. 1829Scott Anne of G. iii, Clothes..of much fines cloth, the manufacture of the German loom. 1846McCulloch Brit. Empire (1854) II. 1 The intervention of merchants and dealers gives a continuous motion to the plough and the loom. 1859Tennyson Enid 693 And one among his gentlewomen Display'd a splendid silk of foreign loom.
5. The shaft, i.e. the part between the blade and the handle of an oar; also, limited to the part of the oar between the rowlock and the hands in rowing; also, loosely, the handle.
1697W. Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 54 Of the young Trees Privateers use to make Loom, or Handles for their Oars. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) D d iv, That part of the oar..which is within-board, is termed the loom. 1829Marryat F. Mildmay ii, The oar meeting no resistance, its loom or handle came back upon the bosom of..Sally. 1857P. Colquhoun Comp. Oarsman's Guide 30 The oar or scull [consists] of handle, loom, shank, and blade. 1883Clark Russell Sailors' Lang., Loom,..the part of an oar that is in a boat when the rest of it is out. 1893F. M. Crawford Childr. King i. 5 Out go the sweeps,..and the men throw themselves forward over the long slender loom, as they stand.
6. Electr.
a. Flexible tubing which is fitted over the ordinary insulation of an electric wire to provide additional protection.
1917A. L. Cook Interior Wiring xiii. 235 For wires carrying more than 300 volts or for damp places, flexible conduit or armored cable must be used. The flexible tubing used is sometimes called ‘circular loom’. 1939H. P. Richter Pract. Electr. Wiring xi. 158 Where wires cross each other, slip loom over both wires.
b. A group of parallel insulated wires bound together into a bundle; (see also quot. 1949).
1949Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) ii. 23 Loom, one or more cables pre-assembled for installation in an aircraft. 1962Which? Car Suppl. Oct. 139/1 A wiring loom prevented the dipstick being removed or replaced easily. 1972C. E. Jowett Electronic Engin. Processes iv. vi. 141 The forming of looms should preferably be by means of plastic ties, at an approximate pitch of 25 or 38 mm.
7. attrib. and Comb.:
a. simple attrib., as loom-beam, loom-pattern, loom-post, loom-spoke, loom-room, loom-treadle, loom weight;
b. instrumental, as loom-made, loom-wrought adjs.;
c. objective, as loom-maker, loom-worker;
d. locative, as loom-bred adj.;
e. special comb., as † loom-flitter, a weaver; loom-house, a building or factory in which weaving is carried on; loom-lace, lace made in a loom; loom-lord nonce-wd., the proprietor of weaving machinery; loom-picture, a picture woven in textile fabric; loom-shed, -shop, -stance, -stead = loom-house; loom-state a., of woollen fabrics, in the state in which they came from the loom, untreated; † loom-work, weaving.
1606Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. i. David 88 His Lance a *Loom-beam, or a Mast (as big) Which yet he shaketh as an Osier twig.
1812W. Tennant Anster F. ii. xxviii. 36 Dunfermline, too..Sends out her *loom-bred men.
a1653G. Daniel Idyll iv. 86 Children..can name Oligarchy, wth more Ease Then a *Loome-flitter, can Church Hierarchies.
1819Western Rev. I. 303 The other two young women slept in a *loom house adjoining. 1864B. Brierley Layrock of Langley-side ix. 121 We'st be as quiet as a empty loomheawse.
1689Lond. Gaz. No. 2493/4 A Wastcoat lac'd with broad Silver knotted *Loom-lace.
1870Emerson Soc. & Solit. vi. 123 There has been a nightmare bred in England of indigestion and spleen among landlords and *loomlords.
1890Daily News 13 Nov. 5/5 Finest *loom-made Spanish lace.
1851in Illustr. Lond. News 5 Aug. (1854) 119 Occupations of the People, *loom-maker.
1835Ure Philos. Manuf. 259 *Loom-pattern drawing.
1870J. K. Hunter Life Studies xxii. 155 He had a wee box on the tap o' his loom.., and he had a slate that hung on his *loompost.
1845Knickerbocker XXV. 448, I went out to look at the *loom-room.
1835Ure Philos. Manuf. 351 A *loom-shed.
Ibid. 263 The master of a *loom-shop.
c1817Hogg Tales & Sk. V. 178 The destructive weaver seized a *loomspoke, and began a-beating me.
1876S. R. Whitehead Daft Davie 6 The shop, containing generally several looms—a *loom-stance being often sublet by the householder—was on the other [side].
1961Blackshaw & Brightman Dict. Dyeing 101 *Loomstate, woven fabrics in the condition in which they come from the loom. For practical purposes the term is synonymous with Grey (adjective). 1972Times 9 May 20/6 Lists of cotton ‘grey’ (loomstate) goods.
1869I. Burns Life W. C. Burns iv. (1870) 101 The weaving *loomsteads.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. (1858) 145 Religion..weaving for herself new Vestures;—Teufelsdröckh himself being one of the *loom-treadles?
1881Archæologia XLVI. 468 The *loom weights of chalk..were used to weigh down the warp in the process of weaving.
1598W. Phillips Linschoten (1864) 179 These clothes..being verie costly wrought with *Loome-worke. a1640Day Peregr. Schol. (1881) 68 She taught Arachne her curiouse lomeworke.
1659Torriano, Telaruólo, a weaver or *loom-worker of any kind of cloth.
1870Morris Earthly Par. III. iv. 199 Its woven waters seemed to fall, Its trees, its beasts, its *loom-wrought folk, Now seemed indeed as though they woke.
▪ II. loom, n.2|luːm|
Also 7 lumb, 7–9 lumme, 9 lumne.
[In Shetland repr. a. ON. lóm-r; in mod. literary use partly from Shetland dialect and partly a. mod.Sw. and Da. lom.]
A name given in northern seas to species of the Guillemot and the Diver, esp. Alca bruennichi and Colymbus septentrionalis (Red-throated Diver). Cf. loon n.2
[1678Ray Willughby's Ornith. 343 It is common among the Norwegians and Islanders, who in their own Country Language call it Lumme.] 1694Narborough, etc. Voy. ii. 80 The Lumb..is quite black at the top, but underneath his belly even to the neck, he is snow-white. 1755T. Amory Mem. (1769) I. 129 On the water, near the rocks, there were thousands of lummes and razor-bills. 1772–84Cook Voy. (1790) V. 1761 The greater lumme, or diver, found in the northern parts of Europe. 1835Sir J. Ross Narr. 2nd Voy. iv. 51 We saw a few looms and shear-waters. 1876Davis Polaris Exped. xvi. 391 One lumne. 1886A. W. Greely Arctic Service I. 49 On the face of these sea-ledges of Arveprins Island Bruennich's guillemots, or looms, gather in the breeding season..by tens of thousands.
b. The flesh of these birds as an article of food.
1878A. H. Markham Gt. Frozen Sea iii. 46 We revelled in ‘loom soup’, ‘loom pie’, ‘roast loom’ [etc.].
▪ III. loom, n.3|luːm|
[f. loom v.2]
1. A seaman's term for the indistinct and exaggerated appearance or outline of an object when it first comes into view, as the outline of land on the horizon, an object seen through the mist or darkness, etc.
1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xxvi, We're very near the land, Captain Wilson; thick as it is, I think I can make out the loom of it. 1839― Phant. Ship xii, I did not see anything but the loom of her hull. 1862H. Kingsley Ravenshoe li, A dark line, too faint for landsmen's eyes, far ahead, which changed into a loom of land. 1881Times 30 May 6/4 Suddenly the loom of a rock was seen right ahead. 1889Doyle Micah Clarke 244 Looking back there was nothing but a dim loom to show where we had left the great vessel.
fig.1870Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 231 No mirage of tradition to give characters and events an imaginative loom.
2. dial. (See quot. and cf. loom v.2 1.)
1878Cumbld. Gloss., Loom, the slow and silent motion of the water of a deep pool.
▪ IV. loom, a. (or n. attrib.) Naut.|luːm|
Also 6 lum, 7 loome, loume.
[Perh. corruptly a. Da. lugn: see loun a., dial.]
Of a breeze or wind: Easy, gentle. Obs. exc. in loom gale, ‘an easy gale of wind, in which a ship can carry her whole topsails atrip’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 1867).
1587J. Davis Traverse Bk. in Hakluyt (1810) III. 154 An island of ice was carried by the force of the current as faste as our barke could saile with lum wind, all sailes bearing. 1609in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) IV. ix. v. 1733 By the feruent heat and loomes breezes, many of our men fell sicke of the Calenture. 1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Sea-men 17 A spoute, a loume gaile, an eddy wind. 1627― Seaman's Gram. x. 46 A faire Loome Gale is the best to saile in, because the Sea goeth not high, and we beare out all our sailes. 1644Digby Nat. Bodies xxviii. (1658) 304 We had run..wth all the sails abroad we could make, and in a fair loom way. 1694Motteux Rabelais v. x, We..stood for the Offing with a fair loom Gale.
▪ V. loom, v.1 rare.|luːm|
[f. loom n.1]
1. trans. To weave (a fabric).
1548Hooper Decl. Ten Command. x. 161 He..is as long in the morning to set his berd in an order, as a godlie crawftis man would be in loming of a peace of karsey. 1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 145 The cloth loomed from the cotton thread of the country.
2. Weaving. to loom the web: to ‘mount’ the warp on the loom. Also absol.
1827Taylor Poems 58 (E.D.D.) Thou's begun to loom thy wab, I'se thinking yer a wabster bred. 1851L. D. B. Gordon in Art Jrnl. Illust. Catal. p. vii**/2 The ‘lease’ now being taken, and the cross bands or threads being introduced for the purpose of ‘looming’, or drawing in of the weaver's beam. 1883A. Brown Power-Loom (ed. 4) 86 The process of looming the web.
Hence ˈloomed ppl. a., woven.
1729Savage Wanderer i. 277 He..with loom'd Wool the native Robe supplies.
▪ VI. loom, v.2|luːm|
Also 7 lome, 7, 8 loam.
[Skeat suggests that the original meaning may have been ‘to come slowly (towards)’, and compares EFris. lômen, Sw. dial. loma to move slowly, MHG. luomen to be weary, from luomi slack (related by ablaut to lame a.). Cf. also loomy (Sc. and north. dial.) misty, cloudy (E.D.D.).]
†1. Of a ship, also of the sea: To move slowly up and down. Obs. rare.
1605Sir T. Smith Voy. Russia C 1 b, To behold one of the 3. gallant spectacles in the world, a Ship vnder sayle, loming (as they tearme it) indeede like a Lyon pawing with his forfeet. 1667Colepresse in Phil. Trans. II. 481 Being in a Calm, that way which the Sea began to Loom or move, the next day the Wind was sure to blow from that point of the Compass towards which the Sea did Loom the day before. 1678Yng. Man's Call. 93 This is to him as the due ballast to the ship, which makes the vessel indeed loome somewhat deeper, but keeps it from tossing too lightly upon the uncertain waters.
2. intr. To appear indistinctly; to come into view in an enlarged and indefinite form. Also with up. Often with adj. compl., as to loom large.
1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. vii. 55 Here smokes a Castle, there a City fumes, And here a Ship upon the Ocean looms [orig. Et là flote vne nef sur Neptune irrité]. 1658Phillips s.v., A Ship Loomes a great or a small sail, a term used in Navigation, and signifieth as much as a Ship seems a great or a little Ship. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) s.v. Looming, She looms large afore the wind. Ibid. ii, Mirer, to loom, or appear indistinctly. 1835Sir J. Ross Narr. 2nd Voy. vi. 87 We saw the land looming. 1840R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxxvi. 136 A great ship loomed up out of the fog. 1846Keble Lyra Innoc. (1873) 73 The hard stern outlines loom around Of hill by many a frost embrowned. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xv. (1856) 110 Men are magnified to giants, and brigs ‘loom up’, as the sailors term it, into ships of the line. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xvi. 112 Still the summit loomed above us. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. i. xiv, A mist through which Mr. Inspector loomed vague and large. 1900J. G. Frazer Pausanias, etc. 53 The haze through which the sun's disc looms red and lurid.
transf. (jocular).
1862Mrs. H. Wood Channings v. 37 He understood it was quite a ladies' affair, and loomed in, dressed up to the nines.
b. fig. and of immaterial things.
1591Sylvester Ivry 180 But, lo My Liege: O Courage! there he comes: What Ray of Honour round about him Looms? 1650B. Discolliminium 6 Reasons..which lowme so big in some mens eyes. 1809W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 69 Thus loom on my imagination those happier days of our city. 1827Scott Jrnl. 7 July, Cash affairs loom well in the offing. 1850Tennyson In Mem. xxiv, And is it that the haze of grief Makes former gladness loom so great? 1851H. Mayo Pop. Superstit. 101 The facts which loom so large in the dawning light. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 26 Political difficulties..were looming at no great distance. 1878Browning La Saisiaz 42 Shrunk to atom size, That which loomed immense to fancy low before my reason lies.
c. causative. To make to loom or appear unnaturally large. rare.
1817Chron. in Ann. Reg. 473 It possesses the quality of looming, or magnifying objects,..making the small billets of wood appear as formidable as trees.
▪ VII. loom
obs. form of lamb, loam. |