| 释义 |
▪ I. mandarin1|ˈmændərɪn|
Also 6 mandeline, mandorijn, 7 mandarim, 7–8 mandorin, 7–9 mandarine, 8 mandareen.
[a. Pg. mandarim, a. Malay mantrī, a. Hindī mantrī:—Skr. mantrin counsellor, f. mantra counsel, f. root man to think.]
1. a. Hist. A generic name for all grades of Chinese officials; there were nine ranks, each of which was distinguished by a particular kind of ‘button’. [Chinese kwan.] † Formerly extended to other Asiatic officials.
1589Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China ii. ii. iii. 252 The Mandelines of the sea, which be certaine iudges appointed to giue aduice of all such matters to the gouernor. 1598W. Phillips Linschoten i. xxiii. 39 Such are they that serue in euery Towne, and haue the gouernment of the same... They are called Loitias, and Mandorijns. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xvi. 370 The Mandarins or ministers of Iustice [in China]. 1685Crowne Sir C. Nice iii. Dram. Wks. 1874 III. 304 He will needs be attended like an Indian mandarine or lord. 1713Pope Let. to Gay 23 Aug., In China; where it is ordinary for a Mandarine to fan himself cool after a debate. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. II. 43 Every Province or City [Burma] has a Mandereen or Deputy residing at Court. 1813Examiner 22 Mar. 187/2 A Mandarine of the first class. 1860All Year Round No. 71. 504 The inferior ‘one button’ mandarins.
b. A toy representing a grotesque seated figure in Chinese costume, so contrived as to continue nodding for a long time after it is shaken.
1791Boswell Johnson I. 5 From a man so still and so tame..conversation worth recording could no more be expected, than from a Chinese mandarin on a chimney-piece. 1839E. D. Clarke Trav. Russia etc. 13/1 It reminds one of those Chinese mandarin images seen upon the chimney-pieces of old houses, which, when set a-going, continue nodding. 1845,1855[see niddle-noddle v.].
c. transf. A person of much importance, a great man. Often used colloq. of Government officials, leading politicians or writers, etc.
1907National Rev. Aug. 838 Our Parliamentary Mandarins are ineffably shocked at the impiety of an independent Radical. 1908New Age 6 June 112/2 The chams, lamas, and mandarins of London letters are doubtless devising adjectives for it [sc. a book]. 1919B. Ruck Disturbing Charm ii. ix. 234 If you let it get known..that you've got a view like that, you'll have some of the Mandarins snaffling that office of yours for themselves. 1925Fraser & Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 151 The Mandarins of the War Office. 1947Oxf. Univ. Handbk. 261 If he is an athlete of any distinction, the mandarins of his particular game will know all about him long before he arrives. 1961Listener 9 Nov. 782/3 Mr. Thody, who has written a book about Sartre no less brilliant than his two books on Camus, makes comparisons between the two mandarins. 1971P. Loraine Photographs have been Sent v. iii. 164 The Medical Mandarins maintained stony silence.
2. (With capital initial.) The language spoken in China by officials and educated people generally. Hence, any of the varieties of Kuan Hua or Mandarin spoken as a common language in China, spec. the Northern variety, which forms the basis of putonghua; = putonghua. Cf. Kuo-yü. Also transf.
[1604: see mandarin tongue in 4.] 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Their publick officers, as notaries, lawyers, judges, and chief magistrates, write and speak the Mandarin. 1731Bailey vol. II, Mandarin, the language spoken by the Mandarins and in the court of China. 1910Encycl. Brit. VI. 216/2 Farther north we come into the range of the great dialect popularly known as Mandarin (Kuan hua or ‘official language’). 1917S. Couling Encycl. Sinica 143/1 Mandarin or Kuan hua is the spoken language of about two-thirds of China. There are three forms of it, spoken typically in Peking, Nanking and Chêngtu... It would seem absurd to call mandarin a dialect, since it is the tongue of 250,000,000 people. 1959V. Cronin Pearl to India xiii. 188 Some philologists claimed Mandarin to be derived from Hebrew. 1963Listener 17 Jan. 140/1 BBC Mandarin, or Announcers' English, was devised as a refined product, based on so-called ‘southern educated’ English. 1964Amer. Speech XXXIX. 26 Home's own writings..are written in a kind of middle-class international Victorian Mandarin which defies analysis. 1966Chambers's Encycl. III. 483/2 After the founding of the republic (1911), Mandarin, as p'ut'unghua (speech universally understood) or Kuoyii (the national language) was chosen as the standard language. 1968[see Kuan, Kwan 1]. 1971K. Hopkins Hong Kong 235 Cantonese is very much the predominant language but there are minorities who speak..Mandarin. 1971[see putonghua]. 1971Whitaker's Almanack 1972 841/1 The Common Speech or Putonghua (often referred to as ‘Mandarin’)..is based on the northern dialect. 1975Language LI. 875 The locative particle yú in the above sentences is no longer used; its replacement in Modern Mandarin is zài. 1984N.Y. Times 24 Jan. c13/1 The lecture will be given in Mr. Tung's native Mandarin and will be translated by Margaret Yuen.
3. Short for mandarin porcelain.
1873F. B. Palliser tr. Jacquemart's Ceram. Art 96 The Red Mandarin of the third section..The shagreened and gauffered Mandarins.
4. a. attrib., as (sense 1) mandarin boat, mandarin dignity, mandarin governor, mandarin promotion, mandarin sepulchre; (sense 2) mandarin Chinese, mandarin dialect, mandarin glossary, mandarin language, mandarin tongue; mandarin blue (see quot. 1949); † mandarin broth (see quot.); mandarin cap, a child's cap resembling that worn by a mandarin; mandarin cat, ? a kind of Angora cat; mandarin coat (see quot. 1957); mandarin collar, a narrow collar standing up from a close-fitting neckline; mandarin duck, a duck of bright and variegated plumage, Aix galericulata, native to China; mandarin hat, one shaped like that worn by mandarins; mandarin jar, a jar of mandarin porcelain; mandarin porcelain, Japanese porcelain decorated with figures of mandarins; mandarin sleeve, a wide loose sleeve copied from the sleeves of the dress of mandarins (Cent. Dict. 1890); mandarin vase, a vase of mandarin porcelain.
1912Home Chat 13 Apr. 112/2 In flamingo red, *Mandarin blue or wood-violet mauve linen. 1949Dict. Colours Interior Decoration (Brit. Colour Council) 17/1 Mandarin blue, a descriptive name for one of the blues specially produced for China by British dyers at the beginning of the twentieth century.
1749Anson's Voy. iii. vii. 369 Two *Mandarine boats came on board from Macao. 1863Reade Hard Cash I. vii. 197 A gorgeous mandarin boat..rowed with forty paddles by an armed crew.
1794Barham Hortus Amer. 123 Sir H. Sloane saith, that Mr. James Cunningham wrote to him from China,..informing him that the bean, or *mandarin broth, so frequently mentioned in the Dutch Embassy..is only an emulsion made of the seeds of sesamum and hot water.
1860Thackeray Round. Papers (1863) 106, De Juventute, Children with..*mandarin caps.
1752H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 425 *Mandarin cats fishing for gold fish.
1895C. S. Horne Story of L.M.S. 124 Certain Roman Catholic Chinamen are found willing to impart to him as much of the *Mandarin Chinese as they can.
1911Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 22 Apr. 7/1 (Advt.), *Mandarin Coats. In exquisite hand-embroidered silks and silk lined. 1957M. B. Picken Fashion Dict. 67/1 Mandarin, long, loose, richly embroidered silk coat with wide sleeves. 1972Vogue June Special 94 Mandarin coat and slit dress of matching print.
1952C. Howard Compl. Dressmaking 104 The collar is a *mandarin collar. [1953News Chron. 2 June 7/1 You can spot him [the Sultan of Selangor] by his yellow knee-length baju (jacket) with mandarin-type collar. ]1967G. B. Mair Girl from Peking vi. 69 I'll go Chinese. Gold and blue brocade with high mandarin collar and short sleeves. 1971P. Loraine Photographs have been Sent iii. i. 91 A white silk suit with a mandarin collar.
1848S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom I. x. 489 The court language, the kwan hwa, or *mandarin dialect.
1813Examiner 26 Apr. 266/2 We think the Chammish Majesty, and the *Mandarin dignity were..libelled.
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 664/1 (Anas), The galericulata, or Chinese teal of Edwards, has a hanging crest [etc.]... The English in China give it the name of *mandarin duck.
1861J. R. Edkins Chinese Scenes (1863) 207 A *Mandarin Glossary.
1749Anson's Voy. iii. vii. 365 The *Mandarine Governor of Janson.
1882Harper's Mag. III. 331 On the May gala day [of the Fish House at Schuylkill] the two *mandarin hats..are decorated with flowers.
1873F. B. Palliser tr. Jacquemart's Ceram. Art 97 *Mandarin jar.
1697L. Le Compte Mem. Journey through China i. v. 134, I acquainted her that I spake the *Mandarin language..which they constantly use at the Court. 1860J. R. Edkins Chinese Scenes (1863) 165 My husband's knowledge of their language (the Mandarin).
1873F. B. Palliser tr. Jacquemart's Ceram. Art 95 The *Mandarin porcelain.
1874R. Tyrwhitt Sketch Club 6 Earnest expectation of firsts, fellowships, and *mandarin promotion.
1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 375 Paquin..in which are..24000 *Mandarin [1638 Mandarins] Sepulchers.
1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies vi. v. 441 They call it the *Mandarin tongue, which requires a mans age to be conceived. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The Mandarin tongue, or the language of the court.
1894Times 22 Feb. 6/1 Four *mandarin vases and covers.
b. attrib. or quasi-adj., in transf. sense of ‘superior, esoteric, ‘highbrow’’; applied esp. to literary productions or style: ‘ornate, refined; high-flown’ (often in derogatory use).
1916H. G. Wells Mr. Britling i. i. 16 The conservative classes whose education has always had a mandarin quality—very, very little of it, and very old and choice. 1947J. Hayward Prose Lit. since 1939 vii. 47 If literature..is not to become the arcane cult of a mandarin class, it must impose its values. 1952Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Aug. (Suppl.) p. xii/2 The influence that delivered the English novel from Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown turned out to be D. H. Lawrence and not his mandarin contemporaries. 1959Ibid. 1 May 257/2 In reaction from Victorian pompousness, bureaucratic jargon, fin de siècle poetic prose, and ‘mandarin English’, a go-as-you-please attitude has crept into the language. 1962Listener 13 Sept. 406/2 The conventionally acceptable accents and Mandarin prose we learn at school. 1973Times Lit. Suppl. 6 July 787/2 M Bourdieu's style has, from the first paper onwards, been growing increasingly mandarin. Ibid. 787/3 The mandarin observer, ‘freed from the constraints and urgencies of practice’.
Hence ˈmandarindom, mandarins collectively. ˈmandariness, a mandarin's wife. mandaˈrinic a., pertaining to a mandarin (Webster 1864). ˈmandarinism, (a) the mandarin system, government by mandarins; (b) (an example of) pedantry, highbrow or esoteric study; cf. mandarin1 4 b. ˈmandarinize v. trans., to make a mandarin of. ˈmandarinship, the position, office, or rank of a mandarin.
1897Blackw. Mag. Dec. 837/1 The most decisive battle ever waged between British officials and *Mandarindom.
1809Lamb Lett. ix. to Manning 87 How do you like the *Mandarinesses?
1853F. Lieber Civ. Liberty vii. 60 The whole Chinese code..under a systematic *mandarinism, is pervaded by the principle of [etc.]. 1891Critic (U.S.) 5 Sept. 115/1 Is China always to be the land of..girl infanticide and sceptical mandarinism? 1976Amer. Speech 1973 XLVIII. 269 It can never justify..the minute observance of the mandarinisms of edited written English. 1979Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 123/2 Another mandarinism thus took its place alongside the classics and mathematics. 1980Dædalus Spring 63 He [sc. K. Mannheim] found in social science a replacement for the old mandarinism.
1879Baring-Gould Germany I. 35 In the Celestial Empire, the exaltation of a man to be a mandarin *mandarinises—excuse the expression—all his forefathers.
1697L. Le Compte Mem. Journey through China i. i. 12 Executioners..ready to bind and cudgel whom his *Mandarineship should think fit. 1712Perquisite Monger 20 He advanc'd him to a mandarinship of the first Rank. 1802Bentham Mem. & Corr. Wks. 1843 X. 384 The appointment to a mandarinship. 1898Spectator 9 Apr. 502/2 Mandarinship is not hereditary.
Sense 4 in Dict. becomes 5. Add: 4. Ornith. ellipt. for mandarin duck, sense 5 a below.
1860G. Bennett Gatherings of Naturalist in Australasia viii. 190 The old Mandarin male began to change his plumage. 1890in Cent. Dict. 1925J. C. Phillips Nat. Hist. Ducks III. 74 The Mandarin is a strictly East Asian species. 1952C. Savage Mandarin Duck iii. 19 The virtues of the Mandarin..must have also contributed to the early history of the duck. 1965P. A. Johnsgard Handbk. Waterfowl Behavior 116 Mandarins are gregarious and tend to be most active in the evening. 1985Birds Winter 14/1 By 1981, it was estimated that there were more wild mandarins living in the south of England than in the whole of China.
▪ II. mandarin2, mandarine|ˈmændərɪn, -iːn|
[= F. mandarine (1878 in Dict. Acad.): perh. f. mandarin1, the colour of the fruit being compared to that of the yellow silk robes of Chinese officials.]
1. A small flattened deep-coloured orange, with sweet-flavoured pulp and thin easily-separable rind. Also mandarin orange.
1771J. R. Forster tr. Osbeck's Voy. China I. 307 Here are two sorts of China oranges (Citrus sinensis). The first is that called the Mandarin-orange, whose peel is quite loose. 1816–20T. Green Univ. Herbal I. 316/2 They [Chinese] have also the four-season or everlasting orange..; the large clove or mandarine; and the small clove or mandarine. 1834G. Bennett Wand. New South Wales, etc. II. 72 The Citrus nobilis or Mandarin orange. 1886New Zealand Herald 8 Nov. 12/4 Oranges,..lemons,..mandarins. 1892Daily News 16 Dec. 5/6 She accepted the gift of two mandarines from a peasant woman. 1926H. H. Hume Cultivation Citrus Fruits xxix. 477 The other mandarin or kid-glove oranges are attacked [by citrus rust] but not often severely. 1969Oxf. Bk. Food Plants 86/2 Tangerine (Citrus reticulata). The fruit is also known under several other names, one of which is ‘mandarin’, denoting its origin in the Far East.
attrib.1892Daily News 27 May 5/6 The orchards are full of orange and mandarine blossom. 1895Workman Algerian Mem. 46 Orange, mandarin, and lemon groves.
2. A colour (obtained from coal-tar) resembling that of the mandarin orange. Also mandarin-orange, mandarin-yellow.
1883Cassell's Fam. Mag. Nov. 755/1 There are three new dominant colours—Mandarin, a rich yellow like the rind of a Mandarin orange. 1890Thorpe Dict. Applied Chem. I. 239 Methyl Orange; Helianthin; Orange III; Gold Orange; Mandarin Orange. 1898Daily News 4 Aug. 6/4 Teagown..made of grass-lawn over mandarin yellow silk.
3. A liqueur.
1882Encycl. Brit. XIV. 687/1 Noyeau,..trappistine..bénédictine..peppermint liqueur,..mandarine, parfait amour [etc.]. 1903Smart Set IX. 68/2 [He] ordered some mandarin liqueur, which Ferdinand presently produced in a flask of gold.
▪ III. mandarin
obs. variant of mandolin. |