| 释义 |
▪ I. mast, n.1|mɑːst, -æ-|
Forms: 1 mæst, 4–6 maste, 3– mast.
[Com. Teut.: OE. mæst masc. = MDu., Du., OHG., MHG., mod.G. mast, Icel. mastr, Sw., Da. mast:—OTeut. *masto-z:—W. Indo-germanic type *mazdo-s, whence L. mālus (with the change of d to l frequent in L.).
The Teut. word appears in popular L. of the 8th c. as mastus, whence OF. mast (Fr. mât), Pr. mast, mat, Pg. masto, mastro.]
1. a. A long pole or spar of timber, iron or steel set up more or less perpendicularly upon the keel of a ship, to support the sails.
A pole-mast is made of one piece (see pole), a made-mast of several pieces (see made 2 b). The larger masts are composed of several lengths, called lower mast, top-mast, topgallant-mast and royal-mast. See also foremast, mainmast, mizzenmast, jigger-mast (jigger n.1 8); jury-mast, spanker-mast, etc.
Beowulf 1905 (Gr.) Þa wæs be mæste merehræᵹla sum, seᵹl sale fæst. c1205Lay. 1100 Heo rærden heora mastes, heo wunden up seiles. c1300Havelok 709 Hise ship he greyþede..an..Þer-inne dide a ful god mast. c1374Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 314 She that hem trustith shall hem fynde als faste As in a tempest is þe roton maste. a1440Sir Eglam. 1262 Sche askyth be what chesone he bare A schyp of golde, bothe maste and ore. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. i. i. 80 A small spare Mast, Such as sea-faring men prouide for stormes. 1642Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 71 To see..The New Towne of Amsterdam, and the Forrest of Masts, which lye perpetually before her. 1667Milton P.L. i. 293 The tallest Pine Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the Mast Of some great Ammiral. 1834Lytton Pompeii i. ii, Afar off you saw the tall masts of the fleet.
transf.1868Ruskin Pol. Econ. Art Add. 194 To look well at the beautiful circlet of the white nettle blossom, and work out..the way it is set on its central mast.
b. A piece of timber suitable for a mast. Now spec. (see quot. 1847). hand mast: see hand n. 65.
1496Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 183, ij mastes to make a newe Mayne yarde for the seyd Ship. 1842Gwilt Archit. §1706 From Riga a great deal of timber is received under the name of masts and spars: the former are usually 70 or 80 feet in length, and from 18 to 25 inches in diameter; when of less diameter they take the latter name.
2. Phrases. afore or before the mast: see afore B. 1, before 2 d. at the mast: on deck by the mainmast (the usual place of assembly for public sale, conference, etc. on board ship). dolphin of the mast: see dolphin 6 b (a). to nail one's colours to the mast: see colour n. 7 d. to spring, step a mast: see spring, step vbs.
[1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 6 The Lyer..is so proclaimed at the maine Mast by a generall cry, A lyer, a lyer, a lyer.] 1745P Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 273 We sold some of the Prize Goods..at the Mast, as it is called, or publick Auction.
3. A pole resembling the mast of a ship; e.g. the tall upright pole of a derrick or similar machine; a climbing pole in a gymnasium. Also used in various special senses (see quots.).
1646Evelyn Diary (1879) I. 282 We passe by severall tall masts set up to guide travellers [in the Alps]. 1762Franklin Lett. Wks. 1840 V. 407 To secure a powder magazine from lightning I think they cannot do better than to erect a mast not far from it. 1880Encycl. Brit. XI. 350/2 The horizontal bar, the bridge ladder..and the mast..permit of a great variety of exercises. 1886Fortn. Rev. Feb. 222 The vistas of lamp-posts, electric-light masts, and telegraph poles. 1910Flying in Bournemouth (Souvenir Wallisdown Flying Whit-Week) 13 (caption) Mast with supporting wires. 1914R. Stanley Text-bk. Wireless Telegr. xiv. 189 The aerial to be supported by ten tubular steel masts each 300 feet high. 1918E. S. Farrow Dict. Mil. Terms 371 Mast, in aëronautics, the upright part, usually extending upward from the center of a monoplane for support of controls and guy or truss wires; a vertical upright in the main or supplementary planes. 1920[see horn n. 22 h]. 1924Harmsworth's Wireless Encycl. II. 1409 Mast, term used in wireless work to describe generally any structure used to raise and support the aerial wires. 1931D. Rose J. de la Cierva's Wings of Tomorrow 110 A sort of whipping action of the rotor blades [of a helicopter] which jerked at the mast as they turned in their circle. 1956W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Dict. 317/1 Mast n., 1. A spar for the support of an antenna. 2. A rotor mast... 3. In certain early airplanes, any of various vertical members used to hold guy wires or struts. 1966Listener 1 Dec. 799/2 The German pavilion..is made of a semi-transparent plasticized fabric supported on a network of cables slung between a very few slender steel masts.
4. a. attrib. and Comb., as mast-pole, mast-top; objective, as mast-maker, mast-making; instrumental, as mast-thronged adj.; similative, as mast-great, mast-high, mast-like adjs. and advs.
1600Fairfax Tasso iii. xvii, *Mast great the speare was which the gallant bore.
1798Coleridge Anc. Mar. i. xiii, Ice *mast-high came floating by. 1855Kingsley Heroes iv. ii. (1868) 124 He saw a heron come flying mast-high.
1807J. Barlow Columb. i. 787 Their cluster'd dates the *mast-like palms unfold.
1666Pepys Diary 10 Aug., Mr. Wood's son the *mast-maker.
1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 13 The practice of *mastmaking.
1601Holland Pliny II. 511 That *Mast-poles comming thereof should be able to beare saile in wind and weather. 1647Trapp Comm. Matt. xxvi. 45 Will ye, with Solomon's drunkard, sleep upon a mast-pole?
1833Tennyson Œnone 116 Tax and toll, From many an inland town and haven large, *Mast-throng'd.
1871R. Ellis tr. Catullus Frag. v, Where yon lucent *mast-top [L. carchesia], a cup of silver, arises.
b. Special comb.: mast-buoy, one which carries a mast; mast-cloth, † (a) a piece of bunting placed for decoration on a mast (obs.); (b) see quot. 1794; mast-coat (see quot.); mast-dock, a dock in which vessels are fitted with masts; mast-hole, -hoop (see quots.); mast-house, a building in a dockyard in which masts are made and stored; mast-leech, the border or edge of a sail next the mast; mast-lining = mast-cloth; mast-partner (see quot.); mast-pocket, a socket for the mast of a derrick-crane; mast-pond, -prop, -room (see quots.); mast-rope, one for raising and lowering a mast; mast-ship, a ship which carries a store of masts; mast-step, a block fixed to the keelson into which the mast is set; mast-tree, a name given to certain tall erect trees (see quots.); † mast-yard1, a yard of a mast; mast-yard2, a yard in which masts are made.
1675Lond. Gaz. No. 1005/4 A *Mast-Buoy to be laid on the West-side of a dangerous Rock.
1642Chas. I Declar. 12 Aug. 21 Lighters, and Long-boats..dressed up with *Mastclothes and Streamers. 1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 88 Mast-cloth, the lining in the middle on the aft side of the topsails, to prevent the sail being chafed by the mast.
Ibid. 170 *Mast-coats, coverings made of well tarred canvas to prevent the water going down the mast-hole.
1689Lond. Gaz. No. 2162/4 The Crown and the St. Anthony,..each lying in the *Mast-Dock at Deptford.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Mast-holes, the apertures in the deck-partners for stepping the masts.
Ibid., *Mast-hoops, the iron hoops on made or built masts.
1770Ann. Reg. 132 A fire..in the dock-yard..communicated itself..to the little *mast-house.
1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 88 The curve on the *mast-leech of some fore and aft sails.
1886Encycl. Brit. XXI. 154/2 Such pieces as *mast-lining clew and head, tack, and corner pieces.
1846–63Young Naut. Dict., *Mast-partners, pieces of timber let in between two of the beams to form a framing for the support of a vessel's masts.
1890Cent. Dict. (citing Car-Builder's Dict.), *Mast-pocket.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine ii. (1780), Fosse aux mâts, a *mast-pond, or place where the masts are kept afloat in salt-water, in a dockyard. 1840Marryat Poor Jack xxxviii, Our ship laid at the wharf, off the mast pond.
1805Shipwright's Vade-m. 117 Large carlings which are placed at the sides of the *mast-rooms. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 131 Mast-rooms, the spaces between those beams where the masts are to be fixed.
a1000Cædmon's Exod. 82 (Gr.) Swa þa *mæst-rapas men ne cuðon ne ða seᵹlrode ᵹeseon meahton. 1841R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 21 To send up a Topmast... Lash a top-block to the head of the lower-mast; reeve a mast-rope through it [etc.].
1666Pepys Diary 29 Nov., Some..do fright us with the king of Sweden's seizing our *mast-ships at Gottenburgh. 1760W. Douglass Brit. N. Amer. II. 54 The mast ships built peculiarly for that use..carry from forty-five to fifty good masts per voyage.
1863Young Naut. Dict., *Mast-step.
1597Gerarde Herbal iii. xl. 1182 Abies:..in English Firre tree, *Mast tree, and Deale tree. 1862Balfour Timber Trees India (ed. 2) 127 Guatteria longifolia..Mast tree. 1879Encycl. Brit. IX. 405/1 The extensive forests [of Borneo]..produce..sago palm, and the mast (Calophyllum) and camphor trees (Drabalonops).
c1530Battle of Aginc. A ij, These goodly shyppes lay there at rode, With *mast-yardes a crosse.
1765Ann. Reg. 97 A *mast-yard adjoining to the river.
c. with prefixed numeral forming an adjectival compound with the sense ‘having two (etc.) masts’.
1804Naval Chron. XI. 456 A Petiàugua, a two-mast boat used by the Caribs.
Add:[1.] c. Astron. (With capital initial.) (The English name of) the southern constellation Pyxis (formerly called Malus).
1883J. B. Harbord Gloss. Navig. (ed. 2) 22 A very extensive constellation of the southern hemisphere, of which several parts are named, Carina, ‘the Keel’; Puppis, ‘the Poop’; Malus, ‘the Mast’; and Vela, ‘the Sails’. 1915M. A. Orr Stars of Southern Skies ii. 7 For convenience this large constellation [sc. Argo] has been divided into four—the Keel, the Poop, the Mast, and the Sails. 1952E. J. Webb Names of Stars v. 71 Ptolemy catalogued no fewer than forty-five stars in the group, and modern astronomers have felt compelled to split it up into lesser groups—Keel, Poop, Mast, Sails.
[4.] [b.] mast foot Windsurfing, a part of a sailboard whose top fits into the lower end of the mast and which contains a universal joint.
1976B. Webb. tr. V. Mares & R. Winkler Windsurfing i. 37/2 As soon as you are under way, take your front foot just aft of the mast foot, and brace your leg against the foot of the mast. 1988Boardsailor (Glenashley, S. Afr.) June 22/1 The Mistral adjustable mastfoot is also included.
▪ II. mast, n.2|mɑːst, -æ-|
Forms: 1, 3 mæst, 5–8 maste, 3– mast. β. 7 maske, 9 mask.
[Com. WGer.: OE. mæst masc., MDu., MLG., OHG., MHG. mast masc., fem., neut. (mod.G. mast fem.):—OTeut. type *masto-, -â; believed to represent a pre-Teut. *mazdo-:—maddo- (cf. Skr. mēda fat), f. OAryan root mē̆d- ‘to be fat, to flow’, whence L. madēre to be wet, Goth. mat-s food (see meat).]
1. A collective name for the fruit of the beech, oak, chestnut, and other forest trees, esp. as food for swine. Rare in pl.
825in Birch Cart. Sax. I. 536 Ðrim hunde swina mæst. c1205Lay. 21263 Al wæs þe king abolȝen swa bið þe wilde bar þenne he i þan mæste [c 1275 maste] monie swyn imeteþ. c1374Chaucer Former Age 7 They eten mast hawes and swych pownage. 1523Fitzherb. Surv. 8 Whanne there is any mast growyng in y⊇ lordes wodes. 1607Shakes. Timon iv. iii. 422 The Oakes beare Mast, the Briars Scarlet Heps. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 10 Bacchus and fost'ring Ceres, Pow'rs Divine, Who gave us Corn for Mast, for Water Wine. 1726Swift Gulliver iii. v. 66 Acorns, Dates, Chesnuts, and other Maste..whereof these Animals are fondest. 1822Lamb Elia Ser. i. Roast Pig, The swineherd, Ho-ti, having gone out into the woods..to collect mast for his hogs. 1824Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) 977 Trees and Shrubs bearing Nuts, Acorns, Masts, Keys, etc. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 87 Oak, beech, and chestnut fatten with their mast immense numbers of hogs.
β1640Fuller Joseph's Coat 147 Like Hogs, eating up the Maske, not looking up to the hand that shaketh it downe. 1879G. F. Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk., Mask..Mass, acorns; mast. 1882H. Friend Devonsh. Plant-n., Masks, Masts, acorns. Also applied to the fruit of the Beech.
fig.a1617Donne Let. Wks. 1839 VI. 369, I stand like a tree, which once a-year bears, though no fruit, yet this mast of children.
†2. The state or condition of feeding on mast. Only in phrases to lie at mast, to put to mast. Obs.
1620Markham Farew. Husb. xvii. 158 Now put your swine to mast. 1664Cotton Scarron. 51 We were..sent..To fetch a Sow that lies at Mast.
†3. fig. Luxurious or fattening food. Obs.
1575–85Abp. Sandys Serm. x. 157 He..feedeth still vpon his mast, and blesseth himselfe when hee waxeth fat. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse 20 b, There is no mast like a Marchaunts table.
4. attrib. and Comb.:
a. simple attrib, as mast hog, mast time;
b. objective, as mast-bearer; mast-bearing adj.;
c. instrumental, as mast-fed adj. Also mast cell [after G. mastzelle], one of the cells filled with basophile granules, found in the connective tissue and in foci of chronic inflammation (Gould Dict. Med. 1900); mast-tree, a tree producing mast (recent Dicts. explain it as ‘cork-tree’, app. after the OE. gloss ‘suberies, mæstentriow’, Wr.-Wülck. 137/23); mastwood (see quot.); mastworts pl., Lindley's name for the Corylaceæ; mast year, a year in which forest trees produce a good crop of fruit. Also mast-holm.
1664Evelyn Sylva 109 Where a single Tree is observ'd to be..a constant, and plentiful *Mast-bearer.
1610Holland Camden's Brit. ii. 92 Woods of *Mast-bearing trees.
1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 638 Leucocytes with ‘*mast-cell’ granules. 1899Ibid. VIII. 472 Mast-cells are in no great abundance.
1566Drant Horace, Sat. iv. G viij b, *Mastefedde bores. 1843‘R. Carlton’ New Purchase II. lvi. 246 It was mast fed, i.e. fed on acorns and beech nuts. 1851C. Cist Sk. Cincinnati in 1851 284 Much the larger share of this, is..made of mast-fed and still-fed hogs.
c1440Promp. Parv. 329/1 *Mast hog,..maialis.
1682S. Wilson Acc. Carolina 14 In the *Mast time they are very fat.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. (1586) 101 The *mast trees [L. glandiferas], and such as serue for tymber. 1652W. Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. (ed. 3) 166 The Beech is also a mast-tree.
1864Grisebach Flora W. Ind. 785 *Mast-wood, yellow, Tobinia coriacea.
1846Lindley Veg. Kingd. 290 Corylaceæ—*Mastworts.
1744W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman (1750) VI. ii. 89 Under these Trees, the Hogs generally get Pork in a *Maste-Year. 1760W. Douglass Brit. N. Amer. II. 375 Anno 1733, a good mast year, one man..salted up three thousand barrels of pork. 1927Forestry I. 28 The rarity of full mast years and heavy weed growth are often held responsible for the failure of most attempts at natural regeneration of oak. 1953H. L. Edlin Forester's Handbk. ii. 30 But with many kinds [of trees] full seed crops are only found at intervals of three or four years—the mast years.
▪ III. † mast, n.3 Obs.
[? Corrupt form of mass n.2 In quots. c 1420 and 1502 that word may be intended; in quot. 1502 the weight differs from that assigned in quot. 1674 to the ‘mast’.]
A weight (for certain articles of commerce) = 2½ lbs. Troy.
[c1420Chron. Vilod. 3493 He..come to Wiltone..And brouȝt wt hym of wax a mast. 1502Will of Somer (Somerset Ho.), A mast of corall weyng vjli skant.] 1545Rates Custom-ho., Ambre the maste x.ss. Corall the mast xx.ss. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 73 Troy Weight hath seldom any greater denomination than the pound, yet sometime 2½ lb. thereof is called a Mast allowed for Amber and Gold and Silver Thread. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Mast of Amber, the quantity of Two Pounds and a half Weight.
▪ IV. † mast, n.4
shortened form of master.
Possibly merely a graphic abbreviation. But cf. Mas n.1
c1460How Marchande dyd hys Wyfe betray 59 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 199 The marchandys man to hys mast dyd speke. c1550John Bon & Mast Person ibid. IV. 5 Nowe good morowe, mast Parson.
▪ V. † mast, n.5 Billiards. Obs.
[Corruption (by confusion with mast n.1) of F. masse mace n.1]
A kind of heavy cue, of which the broad end was used for striking.
1731Gentl. Mag. I. 268 The Capt. gave the Boy a blow on the head with his Billiard Mast. 1734Seymour Compl. Gamester iii. (ed. 5) 73 Of Billiards. There is belonging to the Table an Ivory Port,..two small Ivory Balls and two Sticks (called Masts)... The Masts are made of..weighty Wood, which at the broad End are tipped with Ivory. 1784Cowper Task iv. 221 A billiard mast Well does the work of his [sc. Time's] destructive scythe. [1873: see mace n.1 3.]
▪ VI. ‖ mast, n.6|mɑst|
[Pers.]
(See quots.)
1819W. Ouseley Trav. East I. vi. 268 Here also was abundance of mâst,..coagulated milk or clotted cream, slightly sour, which when diluted with water forms áb i dúgh..a beverage in warm weather equally grateful and salubrious. 1933Discovery Sept. 284/1, I was given mast or sour milk [in Persia]. 1963Times 6 Feb. 12/6 Quantities of tea served in glasses and drunk, at any rate by the Iranians, with lots and lots of sugar and the local yoghourt, known as mast. 1968C. Roden Bk. Middle Eastern Food 60 Yoghourt is an essential part of the Middle Eastern diet... In Iran today it is known as mâst.
▪ VII. mast, v.1|mɑːst, -æ-|
[f. mast n.1 Cf. OF. master (F. mâter).]
trans. To furnish with masts.
1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. iii. 15 When a ship is built, she should be masted. 1682S. Wilson Acc. Carolina 12 Pynes big enough to Mast the greatest Ships. 1705Lond. Gaz. No. 4117/4 Directions to Build, Rigg, Yard, and Mast any Ship. 1813Hobhouse Journey (ed. 2) 903 Engines for masting ships. 1856T. Guthrie Ezek. 319 Here is a noble ship... The forests have masted her.
▪ VIII. † mast, v.2 Obs.
Also 5 meyste.
[OE. mæstan = OHG. masten, mesten (mod.G. mästen) Du. (vet)mesten:—WG. *mastjan, f. *masto- mast n.2]
1. trans. To feed (animals) on mast; to fatten.
c974in Birch Cart. Sax. III. 629 Ic wylle þæt man mæste minum wiue twa hund swyna. c1440Promp. Parv. 329/2 Mastyn beestys, sagino. Ibid. 334/2 Meysten, idem quod mastyn.
2. transf. To feed (oneself) gluttonously.
a1560Becon Jewel of Joy Wks. 1560 ii. 9 b, The benefyced men..mastyng them selues lyke hogges of Epycurus flock. 1647Trapp Marrow Gd. Auth. in Comm. Ep. 613 Those greedy gully-guts, that..mast themselves like hogs.
▪ IX. mast
obs. form of most, must v. |