| 释义 |
▪ I. mitre, n.1|ˈmaɪtə(r)|
Forms: 4–5 mytir, 4–7 mytre, -er, 5 mytyre, mytor, 6 mytyr, myttor, mytter, mither, meeter, 6– miter, 4– mitre.
[ad. F. mitre (= Pr., Sp. mitra, It. mitra, mitria, ON. mítr, mítra), ad. L. mitra, a. Gr. µίτρα (Ionic µίτρη) belt, girdle, head-band, turban.]
1. a. Antiq. As rendering of Gr. µίτρα, L. mitra: A headband or fillet worn by ancient Greek women; also, a kind of head-dress common among Asiatics, the wearing of which by men was regarded by the Romans as a mark of effeminacy.
1382Wyclif Isa. iii. 19 In that dai the Lord shal don awei the..armcercles, and mytris, and combys, and ribanes. ― Judith xvi. 10 She bond togidere hir crisp heris with a mitre. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 3204 Judith hire clothis didde on most ffestyvale faire and swete With mytre hire heved arraied. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. ii. 13 And like a Persian mitre on her hed Shee wore. c1614Mure Dido &. æneas ii. 417 His curled head with Phrygian mytre. [æn. iv. 216 Mæonia mitra] guised. 1647A. Ross Mystag. Poet. ii. (1675) 40 Bacchus used to wear a Mitre, which is the proper attire of women. 1699Garth Dispens. vi. 72 These, Miters emulate, Those, Turbans are. 1866Brande & Cox Dict. Sci., etc., s.v., Servius makes it a matter of reproach to the Phrygians that they were dressed like women, inasmuch as they wore mitres.
¶ Used by Chapman and Pope for the Homeric µίτρη, which means a belt or girdle.
c1611Chapman Iliad v. 719 Oresbius, that did wear The gaudy mitre. 1716Pope ibid. 870 Oresbius, in his painted mitre gay. [Gr. ὀθι ζωννύσκετο µίτρην.]
†b. Applied by travellers in the 16–17th c. to the turban or the long conical cap worn by certain Asiatic peoples; also, rarely, applied to other kinds of head attire worn in remote countries. Obs.
1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. xiv. 128 They weare..on their head a long myter. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xxix. 420 The maides were clothed in new garments, wearing..vpon their heads myters made of rods covered with this mays. 1638Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 227 About their heads they wreath great rowles of Callico, of silke and gold,..they call them shashes, in past times (especially those worne by Kings) Cydarims or Tyaraes, with us call'd Mithers.
2. A sacerdotal head-dress.
a. Hebrew Antiq. Used (after L. mitra, Vulg., and µίτρα, LXX.) for the ceremonial turban of the high priest (Heb. miçnepheth, çānīph); also (in Wyclif and the Douay Bible, though not in the other versions) for the head-dress of the ordinary priests (Heb. migbāﻋāh; Coverdale and the Bible of 1611 ‘bonnet’, 1884 Revised ‘headtire’).
For the ‘mitre’ of the English Bible of 1611 the Vulgate has cidaris or tiara (mitra only in Exod. xxxix); its mitra is the ‘bonnet’ of the English Bible. Wyclif's rendering of cidaris by ‘mytre’ is noteworthy, as probably indicating that the word was already current in English (in sense 1 b).
1382Wyclif Lev. xvi. 4 He [sc. Aaron] shal be gyrd with a lynnen gyrdil, and a lynnen mytre he shal putte to the heed. ― Zech. iii. 5 Putte ȝe a cleane cappe or mytre [1535 Coverdale a fayre myter, 1611 a faire miter, 1884 (Revised) a fair mitre (margin, or turban)] vpon his heued. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxix. (1495) 687 The myter of the cheyf preest was shape to the liknesse of the herbe weybrede. a1400–50Alexander 1589. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World iv. ii. §6. 470 Iaddus the high Priest..with his miter. 1878B. Taylor Deukalion iv. ii. 145, I took away The High Priest's mitre, long since threadbare grown.
b. Eccl. A head-dress forming part of the insignia of a bishop in the Western Church, and worn also by certain abbots and other ecclesiastics as a mark of exceptional dignity. In its modern form, it is a tall cap, deeply cleft at the top, the outline of the front and back having the shape of a pointed arch; the material has usually been white linen or satin, embroidered and often jewelled; but mitres of gold or silver have also been used.
The application of mitra in med.L. to the episcopal head-dress was doubtless suggested by its occurrence in the description of the attire of the Jewish high-priest. (See a.)
In the Anglican church after the Reformation, the mitre, though theoretically part of the episcopal insignia, was seldom actually worn except at coronations down to that of George III. In recent times some bishops have revived its use on special ceremonial occasions.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 398 Bishopis..shulden knowe boþe Goddis lawes; and þis token þei beren on hem, whanne þei hilen hem wiþ her mytir. c1393Chaucer Gentilesse 7 Al were he mytre [Caxton mytor] croune or dyademe. 1431Rec. St. Mary at Hill 27 Also a myter of cloth of gold set with stones. a1533Ld. Berners Huon lxiii. 219 He [sc. the abbot] called all his couent, and chargyd them..to reuest them selues with crosse and myter & copes, to receyue Huon. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 33 Dyvers byshoppes and abbottes in their mytteres. Ibid. 50 The byshoppe in his myttor. 1661Evelyn Diary 20 Dec., There was a silver mitre with episcopal robes, born by the Herauld before the herse [of the Bishop of Hereford]. 1687Dryden Hind & P. i. 395 Our Panther,..The crosier wielded and the mitre wore. 1852Hook Ch. Dict. (1871) 508 The episcopal coronet-Mitres, though worn in some of the Lutheran churches (as in Sweden), have fallen into utter desuetude in England, even at Coronations.
transf.c1645Howell Lett. v. 48 Upon their heads they carry a Miter of paper. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. iii. Ad Sect. xv. 161 The Crown of Thorns was his Miter. 1868Marriott Vest. Chr. p. xl, In Egyptian monuments we find the symbols of priesthood..such as..a high cap or mitre, indicative of authority.
c. Used as the symbol of the episcopal office or dignity.
1387–8T. Usk Test. Love ii. ii. (Skeat) l. 36, I [sc. Love] bar both crosse and mytre, to yeve it where I wolde. 1390Gower Conf. I. 258 The Mitre with the Diademe He hath thurgh Supplantacion. 1589Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxiii. 103 What cite I forraine matters, when our natiue Stories yeeld Of Myters medling with our Sword an ouerplenteous feeld? 1641Heywood Reader here you'l plainly see, etc. 2 As Wolstan, Becket, Wolsey,..And their successors,..Would make the Miter levell with the Crowne! a1660Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Irish Archæol. & Celtic Soc. 1879) I. i. 101 To indeere himself unto the Councell, that they may speake a good worde for him to enjoy a meeter. 1708Hearne Collect. 10 Jan. (O.H.S.) II. 88 Learning being..reckon'd a very ordinary Qualification for y⊇ Mitre. 1738Pope Epil. Sat. ii. 240 Stars..(Such as on Hough's unsully'd Mitre shine, Or beam, good Digby, from a heart like thine). 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 491 Baxter..refused the mitre of Hereford. 1903Edin. Rev. Apr. 526 James II..could not get a mitre for Petre.
d. Her. The representation of a (bishop's) mitre. (In British heraldry borne, instead of helmet and crest, over the arms of episcopal sees; in the arms of a few sees it occurs also as a charge.)
1610J. Guillim Heraldry iv. ii. 193 He beareth Sable, a Miter with two Labels Argent. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., In Germany, several great families bear the mitre for their crest; to shew that they are advocates, or feudataries of antient abbies, or officers of bishops, &c. 1784Cowper Tiroc. 369 In fancy sees him..ride In coach with purple lined, and mitres on its side. 1823Crabb Technol. Dict. s.v., Those [sc. the arms of the sees] of Norwich and Chester have three mitres. 1885Fairholt's Costume II. Gloss. 286 The row of strawberry leaves around the modern archbishop's mitre is an invention of modern engravers. 1894Woodward Eccles. Her. 101 The mitre of the Bishops of Durham is represented as rising out of a ducal coronet.
e. slang. A hat.
1896Farmer & Henley Slang, Mitre (University), a hat.
f. A medieval type of woman's headwear resembling a bishop's mitre. Also attrib.
1877Encycl. Brit. VI. 469/2 Some of the more popular of these strange varieties of head-gear have been distinguished as the ‘horned’, the ‘mitre’, [etc.]. 1906H. Druitt Man. Costume vi. 258 The next development shows the cauls curving outwards and upwards, and terminating above the head in a pair of horns. This form is called the horned, lunar, mitre or heart shaped head-dress according to the shape which it assumes. 1960Cunnington & Beard Dict. Eng. Costume 136/2 Mitre head-dress.
3. Used as the name of various taverns and hotels, etc., as the Mitre Tavern, a famous place of resort in Shakespere's time. Also attrib.
1608Middleton Mad World v. H, This will be a True feast, a right Miter supper. 1611Barry Ram-Alley ii. D 3, Meete me straite At the Myter doore in Fleet-street. 1633Rowley Match at Midn. ii. E 3, Come, weele..to the Miter in Bredstreete, weele make a mad night on't. 1661–6Wood City of Oxford (O.H.S.) III. 152 This High-German..fell sick at his arrival, in the Miter inne.
4.
†a. The ‘head’ or ‘cap’ of an alembic. Obs.
1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. 139 Like as in a Limbeck, th' heat of Fire Raiseth a Vapour, which still mounting higher To the Still's top; when th' odoriferous sweat Above that Miter can no further get, It softly thickning, falleth drop by drop.
b. A cowl for a chimney (Cent. Dict. 1890).
5. Hist. A base coin current in Ireland during the last half of the 13th c. (see quot).
1749J. Simon Irish Coins 15 note, Other foreign coins called Mitres, Lionines,..Eagles, &c. from the stamp or figures impressed on them, were..uttered here for pennies, though not worth half a penny.
6. Conch. A mitre-shell.
1840Swainson Malacology 98 The Mitrinæ, or mitres, where the spire is always acute [etc.]. 1861Carpenter in Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1860, 180 Family Fasciolariadæ (Tulip-shells and Mitres).
7. attrib. and Comb.: mitre-bearer, mitre-gold, mitre-superstition; mitre-crowned, mitre-missing, mitre-shaped adjs.; mitre-wise adv.; mitre-flower, ‘a plant of the genus Cyclamen’ (Cent. Dict. 1890); mitre-mushroom, an edible mushroom (Helvella crispa), so called from the shape of the pileus; mitre-shell, any one of numerous species of marine univalve shells of the genus Mitra (the shape in some species resembles that of a mitre); mitre-snake, ‘a slender colubrine serpent (genus Contia), especially C. episcopa, of the Mexican borderland’ (Funk's Stand. Dict. 1895).
1835Willis Pencillings I. xviii. 127 The long train of proctors,..*mitre-bearers, and incense-bearers.
1885W. J. Fitzpatrick Life T. N. Burke I. 17 Dr. Butler..*mitre-crowned, singing the High Mass at St. Finbar's.
1820Milman Fall Jerus. (1821) 114 The breastplate gems, and the pure *mitre-gold, Shine lamplike.
1840L. Hunt Dram. Wks. Wycherley, Congreve, etc. Biog. Congreve p. xxxiii, Bravo, Doctor Young! With leave of thy very gloomy, *mitre-missing, and most erroneous ‘Night Thoughts’ [etc.].
1854Lindley Sch. Bot. ix. 156 c, Helvella crispa (the *Mitre Mushroom).
1766Gentl. Mag. Apr. 169/1 The *mitre shap'd aloe.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. App., *Mitre-shell, the English name of the smooth and slender buccinum, with a split rostrum.
a1628F. Grevil Sidney ii. (1652) 30 To binde this *Miter-superstition with the reall cords of truth.
1662Greenhalgh in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. IV. 280 A very light cap with its corners standing streight and upwards, *mitre wise. 1844Thackeray May Gambols Wks. 1900 XIII. 442 The dinner-table set out, the napkins folded mitrewise.
▪ II. mitre, n.2|ˈmaɪtə(r)|
Also miter.
[Of somewhat uncertain origin: perh., as is usually assumed, a transferred use of prec., but the development of sense is not easy to explain.
Possibly there may be a reference to the early form of the episcopal mitre, which had a vertical band bisecting a rectilinear angle at the top.]
1. In Joinery and other mechanical arts: A joint (also mitre-joint) in which the line or plane of junction makes an angle of 45° with the side of each of the two pieces joined, so that the adjacent sides meet in a right angle; the shaped end or edge of a piece of material intended to form such a joint with another; an angle or slope of 45°. Now sometimes applied to any joint in which the angle made by the sides of the joined pieces is bisected by the line of junction.
keyed mitre: a mitre-joint strengthened by the insertion of keys (key n. 9). lapped mitre: a combination of the lap and mitre joints.
1678Moxon Mech. Exerc. iv. 60 By Miters are meant the joining of two pieces of wood, so as the Joynt makes half a Square. 1710J. Harris Lex. Techn. II, Mitre, in Architecture, is the Workmen's Term for an Angle that is just 45 degrees, or half a right one; and if it be a quarter of a Right Angle, they call it a Half Mitre. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 589 A lapped mitre. 1850Parker's Gloss. Archit., Mitre, the line formed by the meeting of mouldings or other surfaces, which intersect or intercept each other at an angle. 1876Encycl. Brit. IV. 489/1 A keyed mitre. 1880Coach Builders' Art Jrnl. I. 71, I drive all home, and cut the mitres and joints on the body single-handed, thus making a better job by single saw cut than can be obtained by solid mitre made at bench. 1882J. Lukin Picture Frame Making 2 These [mouldings] need only be sawn to a mitre or angle of 45 deg. 1901S. Black's Illustr. Carp. & Build., Home Handicrafts 28 The amateur measures off four pieces for the sides of his quadrangle [sc. the frame], allowing for the mitre. 1902A. Morrison Hole in Wall 337 Now a lock of that sort joins in an angle or mitre at the middle, where the two sides meet like a valve, pointing to resist the tide.
2. Short for mitre-square.
1678Moxon Mech. Exerc. v. 85 As the Square is made to strike an Angle of 90 Degrees, and the Miter an Angle of 45 degrees, so the Bevil [etc.]. 1842Gwilt Archit. Gloss. s.v. Bevel, The make and use of it [sc. the bevel] are much the same as those of the common square and mitre, except that those are fixed, the first at an angle of ninety degrees and the second at forty-five. 1877Amateur Handicraft 77 The carpenter's Try-square, T-Square and Mitre. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 1890in Century Dict.
3. Short for mitre-wheel.
1844Stephens Bk. Farm II. 291 When it happens that..the wheels γ′, fig. 322, are..mitres. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. fig. 3182 d, Miters.
4. = gusset 2. (Cf. mitre v.2 3.)
1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework 305 In dividing the stitches to form the Gusset or Mitre, place double the number [etc.]. 1892Daily News 10 Mar. 2/4 There are no buttons at the back [of the overcoat], but a finish is lent by mitres being worked in.
5. Comb., mitre-arch, the curve formed by the mitre or junction of two curved surfaces, as in groining, etc.; mitre-bevel = mitre-square; mitre-block, board, (a) a joiner's mitre box; (b) = mitre shooting-board; mitre box, a joiner's templet with kerfs or guides for the saw in cutting material for mitre-joints; also, a similar tool for mitring printers' rules; mitre-bracket, each of the angle-brackets in the bracketing of a moulded cornice; mitre-cap, a cap of a newel terminating a handrail to which it is mitred; mitre-clamp, a clamp with mitred ends; hence mitre-clamped; mitre-cramp, a cramp to secure a glued mitre-joint while it is drying; mitre-cut, ‘a groove cut in the surface of plate-glass for ornamentation’ (Cent. Dict. 1890) having a bottom angle of nearly 90°; mitre-dovetail, dovetailing, a combination of the mitre and dovetail joints; also attrib.; (cross) mitre drain (see quot. 1838); mitre-gauge (see quot. 1875); mitre-iron, -jack (see quots.); mitre-joint (see sense 1); so mitre-jointed a., furnished with a mitre-joint; mitre-line, any line which bisects a mitre-joint; mitre-machine = mitring-machine; mitre-plane1 [plane n.2], a plane having the iron set obliquely across the face of the stock; mitre-plane2 [plane n.3], the plane in which the mitre-joint lies; mitre post, each of the chamfered outer posts of a pair of lock-gates which, when closed, present an angular face to the stream; mitre rule, a plasterers' tool (see quot.); mitre-seating a., (of a valve) that has an annular seating turned to an angle of 45°; mitre shooting-board, a shooting-board used in chamfering the edges of wood; mitre sill, the sill of a lock-gate which presents an angular face to the stream when closed; mitre square, a ‘square’ with the blade set immovably at an angle of 45° for striking lines on something to be mitred, also sometimes applied to the bevel; mitre-valve, a puppet valve having its face and seat inclined 45° to its axis; mitre-wheel, each of a pair of bevelled cog-wheels, the axes of which are at right angles, and which have their teeth set at an angle of 45°.
1725W. Halfpenny Sound Building 16 To find the Angle, or *Mitre Arch of a..Groin.
185.Dict. Archit. (Arch. Publ. Soc.) s.v. Bevel, [An instrument] which answers for a square, a common bevel, and a *mitre-bevel of forty-five degrees.
1846Holtzapffel Turning II. 503 *Mitre block. 1871Aveling Carpentry & Join. 61 A saddle or block, known as a Mitre-block or box.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., *Mitre Board. 1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin., Mitre Board.
1678Moxon Mech. Exerc. v. 88 Another way..of Drawing, or striking out of Squares, Miters, and several Bevils..is with a Tool called a *Miter Box. 1875–84Knight Dict. Mech., Miter-box.
1725W. Halfpenny Sound Building 14 To find the..*Mitre-Bracket of a Cove.
1820P. Nicholson Staircases & Handrails 7 *Mitre-cap..is a block of wood, turned to some agreeable figure..used in dog-legged stairs to terminate the handrail.
185.Dict. Archit. (Arch. Publ. Soc.) s.v. Clamp, *Mitre clamp.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 602 Boards keyed and clamped, mortise-clamped, and *mitre-clamped.
1847Smeaton Builder's Man. 90 The last method to be mentioned..may be termed *mitre-dovetail grooving.
1873Tarn Tredgold's Carpentry 240 *Mitre-dovetailing.
1838Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 97/2 Other drains are made under the roadway which, from their form, are termed cross *mitre drains. Their plan is in shape like the letter V... The construction of mitre-drains is [etc.].
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Miter-gage, a gage to determine the angle of a miter-joint in picture-frames, moldings, etc. 1894Hasluck Woodworker's Handy-bk. xiii. 121 The use of an adjustable mitre gauge.
1843Holtzapffel Turning I. 197 [A faggot of iron] made of a round bar in the center, and a group of bars of angular section, called *mitre iron, around the same.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., *Miter Jack, a templet used in making and fitting all kinds of small miters on moldings.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 367/2 [A plane] for the fitting and framing of *Miter and Bevil Joynts. 1791Smeaton Edystone L. p. 196 The mitre joint of two contiguous bars.
Ibid. §276, I chose them to be *mitre-jointed at the angles.
1678Moxon Mech. Exerc. v. 85 A *Miter line.
1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 155 The cutting of the louvres, which a boy does on a *mitre machine.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 367/2 The *Miter Plain. 1894C. P. B. Shelley Workshop Appl. 44 Mitre-planes..are intended for planing across the grain.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 173 The upper mouldings are mitred together, so that the *mitre-plane may be perpendicular to the horizon.
1838F. W. Simms' Publ. Wks. Gt. Brit. ii. 6 The gates are made water tight at the *mitre posts, by being rubbed dry the one upon the other.
1845Encycl. Metrop. XXV. 177/1 The *mitre or joint rule is eighteen inches long by three inches wide, and about an inch thick, bevelled off to a thin edge about an inch wide.
1888Hasluck Model Engin. Handybk. 111 The *mitre-seating cone-valves..are often considered easier to make than the ball valves.
1903Cassell's Cycl. Mechanics VI. 167/2 A *mitre shooting board.
1841S. C. Brees Gloss. Civ. Engin. s.v. Lock, The bottom framings, against which the gates are shut, are called *mitre sills.
1678Moxon Mech. Exerc. v. 84 The *Miter square..is used for striking a Miter line, as the Square is to strike a square line. 1850Archæol. Jrnl. VII. 403 What is technically called a mitre square.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Miter-valve.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. Gloss., *Mitre wheel. 1844Stephens Bk. Farm. II. 295 Each of the screws is mounted with a small mitre-wheel.
▪ III. mitre, v.1|ˈmaɪtə(r)|
[f. mitre n.1; cf. early mod.F. mitrer, mittrer, Sp., Pg. mitrar, It. mitrare, mitriare (Baretti), OIt. metrare, med.L. mitrāre.]
trans. To confer or bestow a mitre upon, to raise to a rank to which the dignity of wearing a mitre belongs. Chiefly in pa. pple. mitred, invested with something by way of mitre.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 25 Bischopis mytrid wiþ two hornys figuren þat þei schulden þoru good ensaumple putte þe folk fro vicis to virtues. c1440Promp. Parv. 341/1 Mytryn, mitro. 1801Coleridge in C. K. Paul W. Godwin (1874) II. 74 It was once clothed and mitred with flame. 1804J. Grahame Sabbath 332 Mitred with a wreath Of nightshade. 1891C. E. Norton Dante's Purgat. xxvii. 176 Wherefore thee over thyself I crown and mitre.
▪ IV. mitre, v.2|ˈmaɪtə(r)|
Also miter.
[f. mitre n.2]
1. trans. To join with a mitre-joint; to make a mitre-joint in; to cut or shape (the end of a piece of material) to a mitre. Also with away, up. to mitre the square: to bisect the angle of a joint.
1731[implied in mitring vbl. n.]. 1753Hogarth Anal. Beauty xii. 172 The profile out-line of some corner of it [sc. the moulding] where it is ‘mitered’, as the joiners term it. 1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §1122 The slates to be all close-mitred, when two planes meet against a diagonal line, they are said to be mitred. 1842Gwilt Archit. §2285 (1859) 607 Steps and risers mitred to cut string, and dove⁓tailed to balusters. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 116 They are..mitred into the gunwale. 1875Carpentry & Join. 65 Such work as mitring up a box. 1881Young Ev. Man his own Mech. §452 The edges are bevelled or mitred away.
b. intr. To form a mitre, meet in a mitre-joint.
1820P. Nicholson Staircases & Handrails 28 The part that mitres upon the riser below. 1875Encycl. Brit. II. 467/2 A moulding returned upon itself at right angles is said to mitre. In joinery the ends of any two pieces of wood of corresponding form cut off at 45° necessarily abut upon one another so as to form a right angle, and are said to mitre.
2. a. Bookbinding. b. Printing. See quots.
1875[cf. mitred ppl. a.2]. 1880J. W. Zaehnsdorf Bookbinding xxii. 119 As a general rule morocco is always mitred. Ibid. 121 Carefully mitreing the corners where any lines are used. 1888Jacobi Printers' Vocab. Mitre, to chamfer..the ends of rules in order that they may join closely in forming a border.
3. Needlework. To make an angle in (a straight strip or band, etc.) by cutting out a three-cornered piece and uniting the resulting edges.
1880Plain Hints Needlework 27 To make corners of a hem..they should be ‘mitred’.
▪ V. mitre
obs. form of metre v. |