| 释义 |
▪ I. ˈreplicate, n. Mus.
[f. as next.]
1. A tone one or more octaves above or below a given tone.
1776Burney Hist. Mus. (1789) I. i. 5 This system of four sounds is only an octave higher than that of the first tetrachord and..the next is but a replicate of the second. 1846in North's Mem. Music 34 note, [Vases] were tuned in harmonical proportions of fourths, fifths, and eights, with their replicates. 1883W. Pole in Grove Dict. Mus. III. 235/2 Replicates of notes in octaves are found to form parts of all musical scales.
2. Science. A repetition of an experiment or trial; each of a number of similar parts or procedures which constitute an experiment or trial. Cf. replication 4 c.
1929Jrnl. Agric. Sci. XIX. 213 In the earlier quantitative experiments..the precision of the results left much to be desired, since only four replicates could be used. 1953New Biol. XIV. 85 It was decided that ten replicates, each of 50 ears [of wheat], would probably be sufficient to reveal important changes in population from year to year. 1970Sci. Jrnl. May 65/1 Earliness and qualities of the varieties could always be reproduced, even if many replicates were made. 1976Jrnl. Heredity LXVII. 204/2 The germinability from one microscope field..in each drop constituted one replicate. Ibid., Values given represent data from a single pollen sample germinated in replicates as stated.
▪ II. replicate, a.|ˈrɛplɪkət|
[ad. L. replicāt-us, pa. pple. of replicāre: see reply v.]
1. Bot. Of a leaf, etc.: Folded back upon itself; also, folded so as to form a groove or channel (Ogilvie 1850).
1832Lindley Introd. Bot. 410 Replicate; when the upper part is curved back and applied to the lower, as in the Aconite. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 379 Outer lobes subvalvate with replicate edges. 1876Harley Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 394 Stigma simple or triple, minute and replicate.
2. Entom. Of the wings of certain insects: Provided with a joint by means of which the outer part folds back on the base.
1891in Cent. Dict.
3. Science. Being a replicate (replicate n. 2).
1961Lancet 29 July 231/2 Replicate assays (i.e. repeat assays on different days). 1972Science 26 May 914/3 Three to five replicate chemical analyses were made for each major tissue. 1978Nature 3 Aug. 459/1 The Institute of Petroleum method recommends that 24 replicate runs are carried out to obtain reasonable statistics.
▪ III. replicate, v.|ˈrɛplɪkeɪt|
[f. L. replicāt-, ppl. stem of replicāre: see reply v.]
1. To answer, reply; to say in answer. rare.
1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 651 Quhen he had schawin his mynd to him in plane, This ilk Makdufe he replicat agane. 1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe 73 They.., like rattes smothered in the holde, poorely replicated,..‘with hunger, and hope, and thirst wee content our selues’. 1820T. G. Wainewright Ess. & Crit. (1880) 70 ‘Anything you please, Sir’, replicated the waitère.
2. a. To repeat, reproduce (an action). rare.
1607Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. ii. x. 142 Our crosse commemorateth the popish crosse, replicateth in action the popish crossing. 1635,1857[see replicated below].
b. To make a replica of (a picture, etc.).
1882W. Sharp Rossetti iii. 234 The Proserpina has been replicated five or six times. 1964R. D. Heidenreich Fund. Transmission Electron Microsc. iii. 71 The intensity distribution bears a close relation to the topography of the surface being replicated. 1966D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 47 The original specimen surface may be preserved and the potential resolution of the carbon and silicon monoxide replica techniques still obtained by replicating the surface with a plastic material and then replicating this plastic negative of the surface with carbon or silicon monoxide. 1973Sci. Amer. Jan. 102/1 The simplest method of studying snow crystals is to replicate them by letting them fall into a thin layer of dilute solution of plastic and solvent. The solvent evaporates rapidly, leaving a thin plastic cast of the snow crystal.
c. Science. To repeat (an experiment or trial) and obtain a consistent result.
1923Biometrika XV. 283 We may obtain an estimate of what the variability would be if the conditions of any one trial could be replicated in a number of experiments with the same variety. 1969Sci. Jrnl. Dec. 49/2 Beveridge..replicated Thouless' experimental finding of differential cultural susceptibility to phenomenal regression. 1970T. Lupton Managem. & Social Sci. (ed. 2) iii. 74 The studies have since been replicated with similar groups and different groups. 1973J. L. Fleiss Statistical Methods for Rates & Proportions iii. 26 One often undertakes a study in order to replicate (or refute) another's research findings.
d. Biol. intr., trans., and refl. Of genetic material or a living organism: to reproduce or give rise to a copy of (itself).
1957J. Lederberg in McElroy & Glass Chem. Basis Heredity vii. 743 The very interesting statement that the bacterial nucleus apparently does not replicate by a non-dispersive mechanism. 1958New Scientist 10 July 341/1 A characteristic of living matter is its ability to replicate itself. 1960New Biol. XXXI. 20 They [sc. the genes] may continue for millions of years exactly replicating their complex structure. 1965Listener 2 Sept. 332/1 It would be fallacious..to suppose that the major code-bearing molecules, the nucleic acids, can..replicate themselves in isolation. 1968H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm i. 7 The other possibility which could account for the persistence of this information in the enucleate cell is that the relevant RNA might be replicated in the cytoplasm. 1969Listener 10 July 34/1 Arthropods survive, replicate, live off their environment. 1972Proc. R. Soc. B. CLXXXI. 29 DNA is replicated at fork-like growing points. 1977Sci. Amer. Nov. 54/3 Attributes by which we identify living things—their capacity to replicate themselves, to repair themselves, to evolve and to adapt. 1979Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 645/1 The bacterium rapidly divides and replicates.
e. To imitate; to make or be a model or replica of.
1958Word XIV. 365 It is worth considering whether a formalized investigation replicating the game [of ‘Twenty Questions’] would not produce a valid and economical description of a vocabulary. 1966J. J. Katz Philos. Lang. iv. 99 Verbal exchanges between the computers replicate the publicly observable phenomena that occur when human speakers communicate in a natural language. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour x. 194 Other activities may be used including..setting up groups in cooperation or competition to replicate organizational problems. 1971Sci. Amer. Oct. 53/2 Synthetic melts of lunar composition can replicate the texture seen in the granular moon rocks. 1977Times 19 Nov. 14/4 Striations that could be replicated with modern but not ancient tools. 1979Times 24 Dec. 10/8 The gallery is to have three rooms that replicate rooms at Hutton Castle.
f. To copy exactly.
1970Computers & Humanities IV. 233 The index entries that have been generated in this way, using the computer's ability to replicate strings of characters, are sorted into alphabetic sequence. 1971Sci. Amer. June 88/3 Since binary data are generally consumed within calculation centers, the ability to replicate the data for future manipulations is essential. 1976Ibid. June 63/1 The signal transmitted from the earth is received by the spacecraft's radio system, which faithfully replicates the received phase, increases its frequency by 10 percent and transmits it back to the earth.
3. To fold or bend back. Also fig.
1777[see replicated below]. 1880[see replication 3 c]. 1881P. Robinson Under the Punkah 92 Better for him had his arms remained feet, his ears never been replicated.
Hence ˈreplicated ppl. a.; also ˈreplicating vbl. n. (usu. attrib.) and ppl. a.
1635J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 127 Him, who by replicated good-turnes proclaimed..her faults and ingratitude. 1777Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) IV. 102 Aperture wrinkled; upper part replicated. 1857Heavysege Saul (1869) 43 Fire answering to fire as sound to sound, As though to match the replicated peals. 1926Jrnl. Min. Agric. XXXIII. 506 A replicated experiment provides a valid estimate of error. 1957F. H. C. Crick in McElroy & Glass Chem. Basis Heredity vii. 747 In a replicating structure one expects the bases to pair rather accurately, so that mistakes are rare. 1960New Biol. XXXI. 23 Some persistent change has therefore occurred in the replicating system for proteins. 1961M. E. Haine Electron Microscope x. 245 The replica..has one surface flat and the other following the topography of the replicated surface. Ibid., Replicas were formed in plastic and were limited by the large molecular size of the replicating material. 1971Nature 13 Aug. 502/1 Cellulose acetate replicating tape is used to prepare negative replicas of the etched surfaces. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 17 July 15/3 It appears easy to come up with organic compounds and water. But the big gap is, How often do you get replicating organisms? That, if you will, is the missing link in the origin of life. 1977Jrnl. Agric. Sci. LXXXVIII. 127 (heading) Response to family selection based on replicated trials. 1978Nature 20 July 212/2 The combined nicking-closing and negative supercoiling activity of gyrase are presumed to act at some site at or beyond the replicating fork to relieve the positive supercoiling strain which builds up during replication and to aid unwinding. |