| 释义 |
modelling, vbl. n.|ˈmɒdəlɪŋ|
[f. model v. + -ing1.]
†1. The action of drawing or projecting plans. Obs. rare—1. (The word may possibly be the ppl. adj. used absol. = ‘modellers’.)
1581Mulcaster Positions v. (1887) 35 Whose vse [sc. of Drawing] all modelling, all mathematikes, all manuaries do finde and confesse to be so notorious and so needefull.
2. fig. The action of bringing (anything) to a desired or desirable form or condition.
a1653Binning Serm. (1845) 486 That constant..rule, which the Lord gives concerning the modelling and carriage of the armies of His people in all their wars. 1671Milton Samson, Of Tragedy, In the modelling..of this Poem..the Antients and Italians are..follow'd, as of much more authority. 1676G. Towerson Decalogue 431 He who invests another person..should have the modelling of his own grant. 1722Wodrow Hist. Suff. Ch. Scotl. II. 277 The Council's Letter..contains some other Things anent the Modelling of the Justices of the Peace. 1749Mrs. Delany in Life & Corr. (1861) II. 513 She is a fine lively girl, but wants a good deal of modelling.
3. a. The action or art of making models; the art of constructing representations of things in clay, wax, plaster, or the like; spec. the art of making a model in clay or wax to be copied in more permanent materials by the sculptor or founder.
1799G. Smith Laboratory II. 84 They are very expert in carving and modeling. 1856Eng. Cycl., Biogr. II. 163 Chantrey..therefore turned his attention to modelling in clay. 1860Our Eng. Home 167 These beautiful modellings and arboresque chasings. 1872J. Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 351 Associated with and dependent upon casting is another new handicraft, called modelling. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1458/1 The largest attempt at geographical modeling was by Mr. Wyld.
b. transf.
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 90/2 A new school of taxidermists, with new methods, whose aim is to combine a knowledge of anatomy and modelling with taxidermic technique, are now coming to the front, and the next generation will discard all processes of ‘stuffing’ in favour of modelling.
c. The action of model v. 8; the work of a fashion-model. Also attrib.
1949Chicago Tribune 17 Feb. 10/3, I never thought of modeling as a career. 1959‘J. Christopher’ Scent of White Poppies iv. 55, I did do some modelling there. 1963G. Marx Let. 11 Apr. (1967) 63 She is abandoning the modeling school and plans to embark upon..settlement work. 1964[see fashion-modelling vbl. n. s.v. fashion n. 13 a]. 1973Sun 25 May 3 She started her modelling career when a fashion photographer spotted her on a beach near Rimini.
d. The devising or use of abstract or mathematical models (model n. 2 e).
1965C. H. Springer et al. Adv. Methods & Models i. 4 The best way to untangle the confusion which many people have about mathematical modeling as a method for solving important business problems is to untangle the whole idea of model building as a way of thinking about the world we live in. 1971J. Howlett in B. de Ferranti Living with Computer ii. 13 The computer has..made it possible to apply this method—mathematical modelling followed by numerical solution of the resulting equations—to problems that would be quite intractable without its aid. 1974Nature 2 Aug. 450/3 It also gives the reader some feel for the vast problems involved in any worth⁓while quantitative modelling of climatic change.
4. Art. The representation of solid form in sculpture; transf. the representation of material relief and solidity in painting.
1874Symonds Sk. Italy & Greece (1898) I. viii. 134 An ideal Roman head, with the powerful square modelling. 1884H. Wallis in Athenæum 8 Nov. 599/2 The drapery also has all his careful elaboration and accurate modelling. 1889Academy 25 May 365/1 The modelling in the numerous portraits..is painstaking rather than really firm or expressive of the structure beneath.
5. attrib., as modelling-clay, modelling-wax; modelling-board, a board used in loam-moulding to give shape to the mould (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875); modelling loft = mould-loft (Ogilvie 1882); modelling-plane, a short plane used in planing rounded surfaces (Knight); modelling-stick, -tool, tools used by modellers in clay or wax.
1886Encycl. Brit. XXI. 571/1 Over this iron skeleton well-tempered *modelling-clay is laid and is modelled into shape.
1807A. M. Porter Hungar. Bro. iv. (1832) 40 She plied the *modelling-sticks, or the chisel, with equal vileness.
1846Penny Cycl. Suppl. II. 313/1 *Modelling tools, are made of wood and wire.
1845Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 790/1 To make the best *modelling-wax, take two cakes of virgin wax [etc.]. 1866Brande & Cox Dict. Sci., etc. II. 551/1 Modelling wax consists of bees-wax melted with a small quantity of Venice turpentine, with which a little flake white in powder, or other powdered colour is mixed. 1891Kipling Light that Failed x. (1900) 201 A piece of red modelling-wax. |