| 释义 |
moderation|mɒdəˈreɪʃən|
[a. F. modération (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. moderātiōn-em, f. moderārī to moderate: see -ation.]
1. The action or an act of moderating.
†a. Limitation, restriction; a fixed limit; a restricting provision or clause. Obs.
1437Rolls of Parlt. IV. 508/1 For ye reste of the saide Wolles and Wollefell, over the moderation aforesaid. 1461Ibid. V. 467/1 The Kyng..assenteth to this Petition, and hit accepteth, with certeyn moderacions, provisions and exceptions. a1646J. Gregory Posthuma (1650) 12 This Moderation of the words, though it hath not so much evidence as would bee required, yet it hath a notable pretens. 1700C. Davenant Disc. Grants, etc. §111. 192 The Moderations or Savings put in writing as afore are in Number Forty Two.
†b. Control, rule, governance. Also, a system or method of government. Obs.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 89 Whan holy persones..seeth them selfe to profyte greatly and encrease in prosperite in maner by a moderacyon of the heuenly dispensacyons. 1531Elyot Gov. i. i, A body lyuyng, compacte or made of sondry astates and degrees of men, whiche is..gouerned by the rule and moderation of reason. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 706 For surely he [sc. Humfrey Duke of Gloucester]..beyng a lyue, and hauing the moderation and gouernaunce of the common welth, king Henry had neuer wauered in so many hasardes. 1593Bilson Govt. Chr. Ch. ix. 111 It cannot be doubted, but the moderation of the keies, and imposition of hands were at first setled in the Apostles and exercised by them. 1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 7 He hath lost all the bridle and moderation of himself. 1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 130 My righteous judgements in the moderation of the world and ordering all the affaires of my Church. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 77 Those who are entrusted with the supream authority and moderation in publick Affairs.
†c. Settlement by arbitration or compromise; an arrangement, a compromise. Obs.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 47 b, Wherin not withstandyng to use this moderation, that suche as be in possession already, be permitted to enjoye the rente. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 731 If it might please the king of Englande to appoint certayne of the yomen..to appoint not onely who should enter, but also the number of them, he thought that this moderation should be both suretie and pleasure to both the parties.
d. Abatement of severity or rigour; restriction within moderate limits. Now rare. Also, † reduction (of expenditure), abatement or lowering (of pecuniary charges).
1598R. Grenewey Tacitus' Ann. iii. v. (1622) 71 They debated the matter concerning the moderation of the law Papia poppæa. 1601F. Godwin Bps. of Eng. 515 [He] went about by course of law to stay him and force him to a moderation of expence. 1621H. Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 110 Moved, whether a generall jubelee shalbe for the debtes, or whether a moderacion? 1629Massinger Picture iv. i, In extreames Of this condition, can it be in man To vse a moderation? 1692Dryden St. Euremont's Ess. 202, I find but two things that may render it [sc. Life] happy: The Moderation of a Man's Desires, and the good use of his Fortune. 1709Strype Ann. Ref. I. xlvii. 475 It would be with some Moderation only for Strangers. a1716South Serm. (1727) VI. i. 31 What is all Virtue but a Moderation of Excesses?
e. Nuclear Sci. The action or process of slowing down neutrons by the use of a moderator.
1945H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes ii. 20 The process of slowing down or moderation is simply one of elastic collisions between high-speed particles and particles practically at rest. 1958O. R. Frisch Nucl. Handbk. v. 17 The moderation of fast neutrons to thermal velocities occurs by transfer of energy on elastic collision. 1969New Scientist 25 Sept. 639/2 The three essential functions of a blanket are neutron moderation, tritium breeding, and heat-transfer.
2. a. The quality of being moderate, in various senses; now only with reference to conduct, opinions, demands, desires, or their indulgence; avoidance of extremes; self-control, temperance; occasionally, † avoidance of severity or rigour, lenity, clemency.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 31 This Marcus Antonius..moderate grevous lawes and constitutions with other of gretter moderacion. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xii. (Percy Soc.) 49 But moderacyon in theyr myndes is had, So that outrage may them not overtake. 1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. 63 A pacience and quiet moderation of hart. a1628Preston Breastpl. Love (1631) 212 The moderation that keepeth from actions wherein is excesse, is good. 1702Steele Funeral v. (1734) 79 Oh! grant me, Heav'n, grant me Moderation! 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 209 He admired much the moderation I had used. 1782V. Knox Ess. (1819) I. ii. 12 Moderation is the law of enjoyment. 1796Lamb Let. to Coleridge 5 July, Can you write with sufficient moderation, as 'tis called, when one suppresses the one half of what one feels or could say on a subject? 1827Disraeli Viv. Grey vi. i, There is moderation even in excess. 1855Brewster Newton II. xxiv. 346 Constantius..in place of persecuting the Athanasians, treated them with the greatest moderation. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 68 He is sensible that moderation is better than total abstinence.
b. Phr. in moderation: in a moderate manner or proportion.
1867Chambers' Encycl. IX. 350/2 The habitual use of alcoholic drinks in moderation. 1903Pilot 17 Oct. 375/1 How about that cruel bearing rein? In strict moderation it may do no harm..but then in moderation it does not produce the effect aimed at by those who use it.
c. Sc. Applied to the views and policy of the ‘Moderate’ party in the Church of Scotland (see moderate B. b). Hence occas. the Moderation = ‘the party of moderation’, the ‘Moderates’.
[1735Erskine Serm. Wks. 1871 II. 357 There is a generation of Gallios and Laodiceans who under the name of moderation, falsely so called, will look upon you as madmen.] 1753Witherspoon (title) Ecclesiastical Characteristics..being an humble Attempt to open the Mystery of Moderation. 1801T. Brown in D. Welsh Life v. (1825) 165 The governing churchmen have persuaded the Dundases that it is absolutely necessary to secure the interest of moderation. 1831J. M. Campbell in Mem. (1877) I. 78 The Moderation was not half so excited against me as the Evangelicals... The ‘Moderation’ in my presbytery are not better than the rest.
3. Sc. The action of ‘moderating in a call’ (see moderate v. 3 b); a meeting of a congregation together with the presbytery, for the purpose of signing a ‘call’ to a minister-elect. See also quot. 1808.
1782Acts Gen. Assemb. Ch. Scotl. (1843) 811 The resolution of Assembly respecting the moderation of calls. 1808Jamieson s.v. Moderation, When a minister is appointed to preside in this business [sc. of electing a pastor], it is said that the Presbytery grant a moderation to the people. 1867A. Duncan in D. Duncan Discourses Memoir 5 The moderation was delayed till the month of June, when he received a unanimous call. 1875J. Grant One of the ‘600’ v. I. 72 The provost and minister gabbled about presbyteries and synods, the moderation of calls, elders, deacons [etc.]. 1904R. Small Hist. U.P. Congregat. I. 125 A moderation was applied for, {pstlg}100 of stipend being promised.
4. pl. In the University of Oxford, the ‘First Public Examination’ for the degree of B.A., conducted by the Moderators (see moderator 5 b). Colloquially shortened to Mods.
1858J. C. Thomson Almæ Matres 224 The next compulsory examination is called ‘moderations’. 1883A. Barratt's Phys. Metempiric Pref. 13 When he was reading for double Honours in Moderations.
5. Comb., as (sense 2) moderation-monger; (sense 3 Sc.) moderation day.
a1716South Serm. (1727) VI. 80 No Moderation-monger under Heaven shall ever persuade me that St. Paul would have took such a Course with such Persons. 1904R. Small Hist. U.P. Congregat. I. 353 His rejection on the moderation day was the last straw that broke the camel's back. |