| 释义 |
morpheme Linguistics.|ˈmɔːfiːm|
[F. morphème, f. Gr. µορϕή form, after phonème phoneme.]
a. An element such as an affix, preposition, conjunction, or stress pattern considered in respect of its functional relations in a linguistic system (now little used by linguists).
b. The smallest meaningful morphological unit of language, one that cannot be analysed into smaller forms.
1896R. J. Lloyd in Neueren Sprachen III. 615 The phonetic elements of a given word are its phonemes. But its significant elements, be they root, suffix, prefix, inflection or aught else, are morphemes. 1925P. Radin tr. Vendryès's Lang. ii. i. 74 By semantemes we understand the linguistic elements which express the ideas of the concepts..and by morphemes we understand those elements which express the connexions between the ideas... The morpheme is generally a phonetic element..indicating the grammatical relations between the ideas in the sentence. 1926L. Bloomfield in Language II. 155 A morpheme is a recurrent (meaningful) form which cannot in turn be analyzed into smaller recurrent (meaningful) forms. Hence any unanalyzable word or formative is a morpheme. 1931Amer. Jrnl. Philol. LII. 78 The morpheme of the dependent element indicates merely an unspecialised dependence (gender, number, person, case). Ibid. 79 Nouns are semantemes susceptible of morphemes of case. 1933L. Bloomfield Language x. 161 A linguistic form which bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to any other form, is a simple form or morpheme. Thus, bird, play, dance, cran-, -y, -ing are morphemes. Morphemes may show partial phonetic resemblances. 1935G. K. Zipf Psycho-Biol. of Lang. (1936) i. 15 One may view the same word [sc. untruthfulness] as a sequence of five units which we shall term morphemes..i.e. un-tru-th-ful-ness. 1948Word Apr. 20 If it is a bound form, the element must—in order to be a morpheme—be active. 1953C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form i. 5 As used in Europe, it [sc. morpheme] answers very approximately to one of two other American terms: (i) the morphemic component, including the morpheme with only one component, or (ii) the morphemic segment or ‘morph’... (The earlier distinction of morpheme and semanteme is obsolete except in non⁓structuralist circles.) 1959Archivum Linguisticum XI. 93 In the Prolegomena, morphemes (‘inflectional elements’, not, however, to be identified with morphemes in either the Prague or American [Bloomfieldian] sense) are regarded as constituting part of the content form of language. 1962E. F. Haden et al. Resonance-Theory for Linguistics iii. 40 The word is here defined..as a free form comprising one or more morphemes, occurring in a given position relative to other words. 1967General Linguistics VII. 65 Maslov discusses the shifts in meaning and utilization which the term ‘morpheme’ has undergone since its coinage by Baudouin de Courtenay in the 1880's. 1973Sci. Amer. Feb. 57/2 Every language has a stock of several thousand morphemes: the bearers of the basic semantic and grammatical content. An expression such as ‘can openers’ comprises four morphemes: ‘can’, ‘open’, ‘-er’ and ‘-s’.
c. attrib. and Comb., as morpheme-class, morpheme-combination, morpheme-configuration, morpheme-count, morpheme-sequence, morpheme-structure, morpheme-theory, morpheme-unit, morpheme-word; morpheme-based, morpheme-initial, morpheme-like, morpheme-medial adjs.; morpheme alternant = allomorph2.
1942Language XVIII. 171 We divide each expression in the given language into the smallest sequences of phonemes which have what we consider the same meaning when they occur in other expressions... The resultant minimum parts we call not morphemes, but morpheme alternants. 1947Ibid. XXIII. 402 Different phonemic shapes of a given base appearing before different suffixes..are morpheme alternants of the same morpheme. 1952,1955[see morph3]. 1963J. Lyons Structural Semantics ii. 11 A word-based grammar seems to be more satisfactory than a morpheme-based grammar for the description of languages of the ‘inflecting’ type.
1947Language XXIII. 81 Morphemes are assigned to morpheme-classes on the basis of the environments in which they occur. Each environment determines one and only one morpheme-class. 1963Ervin & Miller in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 76 Morpheme classes can be divided into two groups, lexical and function classes.
1953C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form vii. 81 But here it is not simply a matter of sorting out incommutable morphemes, but also a case of including commutable morpheme-combinations.
1935G. K. Zipf Psycho-Biol. of Lang. (1936) iv. 136 If a morpheme-count reveals..that accent tends to settle on morphemes of the greatest average interval..we shall have reached the very heart of the dynamics of accent. Ibid. 154 The crystallization of phonemes in a morpheme-configuration. 1964Language XL. 35 Morpheme-initial s is replaced by x if it is preceded by a vowel or a velar and is followed by a vowel.
1962H. M. Hoenigswald in Householder & Saporta Problems in Lexicography 107 There are, in the view of many linguists, morphemes and morpheme-like entities with so-called grammatical meanings. 1965Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics Fall 36 If paralanguage is a dual system, with phoneme and morpheme-like units,..it would be difficult to imagine the primes of a more rudimentary system exceeding in number the primes of a more complex one, language.
1951Z. S. Harris Methods in Structural Linguistics x. 129 English has morpheme-medial clusters like /rtr/ (partridge) but never like /trt/. 1953Language XXIX. 86 The morphophonemics of a language is then a set of rules for transducing morpheme-sequences to phoneme-sequences. 1955Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxiv. 20 All argots spoken in America are obviously patterned on English, though their specialized morpheme structure usually renders them partially or totally unintelligible to those who speak only the language of the dominant culture. 1972Language XLVIII. 372 The asymmetrical vowel-harmony rule [in Turkish] is accompanied by an accidental gap in the inventory of suffixes, and a systematic morpheme-structure constraint on polysyllabic roots.
1971D. Crystal Linguistics iv. 197 Proponents of the morpheme theory have been..convinced of its validity..as a general explanation for grammatical phenomena.
1942Language XVIII. 171 Am, which occurs only in phrases with I, and are, which never occurs with I, are put into one morpheme unit... A morpheme unit is..a group of one or more alternants which have the same meaning and complementary distribution.
1933L. Bloomfield Language xiii. 209 Morpheme-words, consisting of a single (free) morpheme: man, boy, cut, run, red, big.
Hence morˈphemic a., morˈphemically adv.; also (rare) morpheˈmatic a., morpheˈmatically adv., morˌphemiciˈzation.
1930J. R. Firth Speech vi. 56 Dutchmen, Danes, Swedes, and Englishmen share many similar morphemic and phonæsthetic habits. 1933English Studies XV. 87 The alternating pairs..of phonemes..evidently form special units which, being conditioned by morphematic circumstances, are called morphonemes. 1935G. K. Zipf Psycho-Biol. of Lang. (1936) i. 15 One may..devise a morphemic alphabet to label all the different morphemes (e.g. prefixes, roots, suffixes, and endings) of a language. 1947Language XXIII. 322 We must have..a set of principles on the basis of which we identify, or refuse to identify, different stretches of speech as morphemically the same. 1953C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form vii. 83 Only semantic prejudices could lead one to suppose that there was a close content-relation with the morphemically distinct behind. 1957S. Potter Modern Linguistics i. 26 Plural forms of [some] substantives..which happen to end in a dental (nuts, lords..). Here the inflexion -s or -z is felt by the speaker to be morphemic. 1959R. Quirk in Quirk & Smith Teaching of English i. 34 Many of the curious and amusing forms in Finnegans Wake..require us to make morphemic associations in unfamiliar environments. 1964D. Ward in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 390 Such a system of orthography..would strip the graphic representation of morphemes..of morphematically conditioned modifications. 1964E. A. Nida Toward Sci. Transl. v. 102 Similarly, we must be able to analyse the relationships between expressions which are grammatically and morphemically (or lexically) different, but semantically equivalent. 1966Amer. Speech XLI. 116 The phonemicization of latter:ladder for those dialects that clearly have a voiced intervocalic stop would not be impossible... It would not be so much a problem..as it would be in morphemicization. 1971Archivum Linguisticum II. 49 The ‘ambiguity’ of morphemic -s equally characterizes -ing, to name only one further flection. Ibid. 59 A morphemically variable noun form. |