| 释义 |
representative, a. and n.|rɛprɪˈzɛntətɪv|
[ad. F. représentatif, -ive (1330), or med.L. repræsentātīv-us: see represent v. and -ative.]
A. adj.
1. a. Serving to represent, figure, portray, or symbolize. Also const. of (the thing figured, etc.).
1387–8T. Usk Test. Love ii. xiii. (Skeat) l. 41 Also, in good by participation, and that is i-cleaped ‘good’ for far fet and representative of godly goodnesse. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. xvii. (Arb.) 51 They playing places, and prouisions which were made for their pageants and pomps representatiue before remembred. 1609Bible (Douay) Ezek. ix. comm., Which signe..is representative and commemorative of our Redemption. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 69 They take vp the representative Bodie, intimating thereby his Resurrection. 1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) II. 395 You are sure never to admire the representative-beauty, except for the sake of the original. a1740Waterland Def. Queries Wks. 1823 I. ii. 32 Not merely as representative of God the Father..but as strictly and truly God. 1844W. H. Mill Serm. Tempt. Christ iii. 66 The prophet Ezekiel..is required to bear for forty days the representative penalty of his people's sins. 1851Mansel Proleg. Log. (1860) 12 That sensitive perception takes place through the medium of a representative idea. 1867Howells Ital. Journ. 179 The group of statuary..representative of the Maremma and family returning thanks to the Grand Duke.
†b. Apparent, seeming. Obs. rare—1.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 82 That the bodies of Flies, Pismires and the like, which are said oft times to be included in Amber, are not reall but representative.
c. Presenting, or capable of presenting, ideas of things to the mind.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. App., Representative power, in metaphysics, a term introduced by Leibnitz, to signify that power of the human soul, by which it represents to itself the universe. 1814W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XXXVIII. 211 The representative memory must be exercised. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) II. xx. 13 We have thus a Representative Faculty; and this obtains the name of Imagination. 1842― Diss. in Reid's Wks. II. 822/1 The distinction between perception as a presentative, and Memory,..as a representative, cognition.
d. Relating to mental representation.
1847Blackw. Mag. LXII. 242 It is the very essence..of the representative theory to recognise, in perception, a remote as well as a proximate object of the mind. 1934A. C. Ewing Idealism vi. 283 By the term ‘representative theory of perception’ I mean to cover any theory of perception which admits the existence of physical objects in the realist sense but is not a direct theory.
e. representative fraction: the ratio of a distance on a map to the distance it represents on the ground. Cf. R.F. s.v. R II. 2 a.
1886H. D. Hutchinson Mil. Sketching made Easy i. 2 If the Representative Fraction is marked on a sketch, the scale can be understood, and the sketch can be used, by anyone, even though it be a foreign one. 1969G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs vii. 99 Whether written as a fraction or a ratio, this means of expressing the scale is called the representative fraction (R.F. for short) of the map.
2. a. Standing for, or in place of, another or others, esp. in a prominent or comprehensive manner.
c1624Lushington Recant. Serm. in Phenix (1708) II. 494 The number is universal; not collective, but representative for the whole primitive church. a1715Burnet Own Time i. (1715) I. 80 The Nation, of which the King was only the representative head. 1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith vi. §4. 356 The disobedience of our representative father entailed..a fallen nature. 1861Trench Comm. Ep. 7 Churches Asia 3 A king or queen, as representative persons in a nation.
b. spec. Holding the place of, and acting for, a larger body of persons (esp. the whole people) in the work of governing or legislating; pertaining to, or based upon, a system by which the people is thus represented.
1628A. Leighton in Camden Misc. VII. 7 An indelible dishonour it will be to you, the state representative. 1643Chas. I Conc. Treaty at Oxford Wks. 1662 II. 330 The two Houses of Parliament being the Representative Body of the Kingdome. 1769Junius Lett. xxxv. (1788) 185 A question of right arises between the constituent and the representative body. By what authority shall it be decided? 1819Mackintosh Parl. Suffrage Wks. 1846 III. 206 The representative assembly must therefore contain some members peculiarly qualified for discussions of the constitution and the laws. 1844Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. vi. (1862) 89 We mean by a Representative Government one in which the body of the people..elect their deputies to a chamber of their own. 1879Gladstone Gleanings I. viii. 214 We have, proh pudor! found no better method of providing for peace and order in Jamaica..than by the hard and vulgar, even where needful, expedient of abolishing entirely its representative institutions. 1921H. Samuel Let. 8 May in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1977) IV. Compan. iii. 1461 The very early establishment of representative institutions. 1975J. Plamenatz K. Marx's Philos. Man xv. 464 How..would they [sc. the workers] ensure that this system was not as much of a sham as bourgeois representative government was, according to Marx?
c. Connected with, or based upon, the fact of one person representing another.
1766Blackstone Comm. II. 225 The issue or descendants..are severally called to the succession in right of such their representative proximity. 1845Stephen Comm. Laws Eng. (1874) II. 663 By inheritance or other such representative title as in the Act specified.
3. Typical of a class; conveying an adequate idea of others of the kind.
1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 165 The college of princes and prelates..reduced to four representative votes the long series of independent counts. 1853De Quincey Autobiog. Sk. Wks. 1853 I. 8 So representative are some acts, that one single case of the class is sufficient to throw open before you the whole theatre of possibilities in that direction. 1869Tyndall in Fortn. Rev. 1 Feb. 238 This experiment is representative, and it illustrates a general principle. 1873Symonds Grk. Poets xi. 391 Amid this multitude of poems it is difficult to make a fair or representative selection.
4. Taking the place of, replacing, other forms or species (cf. quot. 1863).
1845Darwin Voy. Nat. iii. (1879) 53 This close agreement in structure and habits, in representative species..always strikes one as interesting. 1863Bates Nat. Amazon xiii. (1864) 430 Many of these were ‘representative forms’ (species or races which take the place of other allied species or races) of others found on the opposite banks.
B. n.
1. a. A person (or thing) representing a number or class of persons (or things); hence, a sample or specimen.
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §119 All which drew the eyes of most..towards him, as the Image and Representative of the Primitive Nobility. 1676G. Towerson Decalogue 10 Noah and his sons..were..the representatives of all mankind. 1693J. Edwards Author. O. & N. Test. 110 They were punish'd for what Adam their representative did long ago. 1712Addison Spect. No. 457 ⁋2, I have two Persons, that are each of them the Representative of a Species. 1824Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Blakesmoor in H―shire, A few bricks only lay as representatives of that which was so stately and so spacious. 1848R. I. Wilberforce Doctr. Incarnation viii. (1852) 191 Through the indwelling of Deity, the representative of mankind was viewed with favour. 1873Tristram Moab vi. 104 Three terebinth trees, the solitary representatives of timber we met with. 1896Lydekker Brit. Mammals 62 Since the sole British representative of this Family is the Common Mole [etc.].
b. A typical embodiment of some quality or abstract concept.
1715Addison Freeholder No. 27 ⁋7 Among other statues he observed that of Rumour whispering an ideot in the ear, who was the representative of Credulity. 1743Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas 208, I don't believe there ever was a worse Representative of Royalty upon the Face of the Earth. 1809–10Coleridge Friend (1866) 124 Providence..had marked him out for the representative of reason. 1845Maurice Mor. Philos. in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) II. 622/1 The person who always stands as the type and representative of the..scepticism of this period is Pyrrho. 1865R. W. Dale Jew. Temp. x. (1877) 103 He [Christ] is the great Representative of our religious life.
2. a. One who († or that which) represents a number of persons in some special capacity; spec. one who represents a section of the community as member of a legislative body; a member of Parliament or (U.S.) of the House of Representatives.
1635Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1862) IV. 93/1 By the towne rep[re]sentative, 22 of the 12th moneth. 1658Stat. Virginia (1823) I. 502 Wee find..the present power of government to reside in such persons as shall be impowered by the Burgesses (the representatives of the people). 1660R. Coke Power & Subj. 109 We will therefore enquire..whether a House of Commons, as it now stands, can be their Representative. 1671E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. Eng. i. ii. ii. (ed. 5) 37 The Clergy of England had antiently their Representatives in the Lower House of Parliament. 1713Steele Englishm. No. 10. 67 The Elected became true Representatives of the Electors. 1769Junius Lett. xxxv. (1788) 184 The English nation declare they are grossly injured by their representatives. 1787Consititution U.S. i. §2 No person shall be a representative who shall not..be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 1809Kendall Trav. I. v. 27 The deputies are now frequently denominated representatives. They were anciently called committee⁓men. 1863H. Cox Instit. i. iii. 13 The election of representatives of the Commons. 1977Time 18 July 10/3 Young proved himself a sensible and reasonable Representative—and also an independent one. 1979Daily Tel. 8 Jan. 8 Members of Parliament are representatives and not delegates.
b. House of Representatives, the lower or popular house of the United States Congress or of a State legislature. Also, similar legislative bodies in Australia and New Zealand.
1789Constit. U.S. i. §1 A congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 1852Act 15 & 16 Vict. c. 72 §32 There shall be within the Colony of New Zealand a General Assembly, to consist of the Governor, a Legislative Council, and House of Representatives. Ibid. §40 For the Purpose of constituting the House of Representatives of New Zealand it shall be lawful for the Governor,..to summon and call together a House of Representatives in and for New Zealand. 1861Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. App. ii. 410 The House of Representatives is chosen every two years by each of the States of the Union electing Deputies. 1891National Australasian Convention Debates 23/1 This Convention [of Sydney, March 1891] approves of the framing of a federal constitution, which shall establish,—1. A parliament, to consist of a senate and a house of representatives. 1930L. G. D. Acland Early Canterbury Runs 1st Ser. ii. 27 He was a member of the House of Representatives and of the Provincial Council. 1965Austral. Encycl. VII. 9/1 The Speaker's chair in the House of Representatives is also of interest.
†3. A representative body or assembly. Obs.
1648W. Ashhurst Reasons agst. Agreement 1 The people who shall subscribe this paper shall agree..to choose an equall Representative consisting of 300 men. 1651N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. xvi. (1739) 83 Such are the ways of debate in the Grand Representative of the Kingdom. 1726Swift Gulliver iii. vii, I desired that the Senate of Rome might appear before me in one large Chamber, and a modern Representative in Counterview, in another. 1761Hume Hist. Eng. III. lx. 292 They pretended to employ themselves entirely in adjusting the laws, forms, and plan of a new representative.
4. a. One who represents another as agent, delegate, substitute, successor, or heir; also spec. a person specially appointed to represent his sovereign or government in a foreign court or country.
1691D. Granville Lett. (Surtees No. 37) 121, I cannot..cease to charge the guilt of soe great a sin upon you my representative in my parish. 1751Earl of Orrery Remarks Swift (1752) 212 From hence perhaps, kings have thought themselves representatives of God. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. xiii. 398 About the reign of king Henry the eighth..lord lieutenants began to be introduced, as standing representatives of the crown. 1766Ibid. II. xiv. 210 Whenever a right of property transmissible to representatives is admitted. 1828Scott F.M. Perth iv, Are we not representatives and successors of the stout old Romans..? 1864Pusey Lect. Daniel 154 Perdiccas, Antipater..were..guardians of the weak or infant representatives of Alexander. 1957Clark & Gottfried Dict. Business & Finance 299/1 Representative, in selling, a salesman, either one employed by the seller or operating as an agent. 1961P. F. Payne Brit. Commercial Institutions v. 70 The manufacturer's agent carries out functions similar to those of the wholesaler's representative. 1976Gramophone June 37/3 Raymond Cooke and Robert Cox of KEF demonstrated the excellence of their loudspeakers and there were recitals by record industry representatives.
b. One who or that which in some respect represents another person or thing.
1691–8Norris Pract. Disc. (1711) III. 184 A Good man is the greatest Representative of God upon Earth, he represents the best and greatest of his Perfections. 1788Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xv. 122 Money is only a commodious representative of the commodities which may be purchased with it. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 30 Every simple sound would have its distinct character; and that character be the representative of no other sound. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. ix. 94 The veritable sugar has been long ago defunct; but we have its representative molasses. 1896Lydekker Brit. Mammals 62 The arm-bone, or humerus, in the True Moles is almost square, and..unlike its representative in ordinary Mammals.
†5. Representation. Obs. rare.
1688Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 238 He had used means to have a due representative of y⊇ attending there, according to y⊇ Charter. 1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. II. 63 A family picture, the representative of a brother. |