| 释义 |
▪ I. mushroom, n.|ˈmʌʃruːm|
Forms: α. 5 musseroun, 5–7 muscheron, 6 mus(s)heron, mousheroun, 7 mucheron (muceron), 8 mushroon; β. 6 musherom, mousherom, mushrum(m)e, -romme, (mushorme), 6–7 mushrum, -rom, 7 muschrom(be, (mes-, musrume, mustrome), 7 musheroom, mushroome, 6– mushroom; γ. 6 moshrump, (mushrumpt), moushrimpe, 6–7 mus(c)hrump(e, mushrompe, (mustrump); δ. 6 mushrubbe, 7 mushrub. See also mousseron.
[a. F. mousseron (OF. moisseron, 1389 in Hatz.-Darm.), usually held to be a derivative of mousse moss.]
1. In early use, a fungus of any of the larger ‘umbrella-shaped’ species, to which the names toad's hat and toadstool were also applied indiscriminately. Now commonly restricted to the common edible mushroom, Agaricus campestris, or to this and species that closely resemble it in general appearance. Some apply mushroom to any fungus supposed to be edible, and toadstool to any that is believed to be deleterious. Certain botanical writers have used the word as equivalent to fungus. The mushroom is a proverbial type of rapid growth.
14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 597/13 Mussetum, musserouns. c1440Promp. Parv. 349/1 Muscheron, toodys hatte, boletus, fungus. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 89 Beware of musherons,..and al other thinges, whiche wyll sone putrifie. 1563T. Hill Art Garden. (1593) 30 The Toad stooles or Mushrooms, which grow out of the Walnut tree, and bee stiffe and hard. 1595Southwell Poems (Grosart) 69 He that high grouth on cedars did bestowe, Gave also lowly mushrumpes [v.r. mushrumpts] leave to growe. 1612W. Parkes Curtaine-Dr. 20 That Cædar..Vnder whose girdle, nay beneath whose knee, The little Mesrumes louingly agree. 1656Marnette Perf. Cook i. 312 With Sparagus, with Hartichokes, with Muscherons, with Cream [etc.]. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc. i. 258 Mushrooms contain an Oil of a volatile Salt. 1818Keats Endym. iv. 234 For wine we left our heath, and yellow brooms, And cold mushrooms. 1846Lindley Veg. Kingd. 37 In Paris none [i.e. no fungi] are permitted to appear in the markets except the common Truffle, Morel, and Mushroom. 1887Bentley Bot. (ed. 5) 378 Fungi or Mushrooms.
2. fig.
a. A person or family that has suddenly sprung into notice; an upstart. Also applied to a city, an institution, etc., that is of sudden growth.
a1593Marlowe Edw. II (1598) C 1 b, A night growne mushrump, Such a one as my Lord of Cornewall is. 1622Interpreter A 3 b, He may not..seeme to shrinke, withdraw, giue way, whilst other mushrumpes doe the state betray. 1651Howell Venice 204 Which Commonwealths may be sayed to have bin but Mushrumps in point of duration. 1721Amherst Terræ Fil. No. 13 (1754) 66, I hear them scornfully call a rising great man an upstart, a mushroom, and a thing of yesterday. 1787Bentham Def. Usury xiii. 179 Sheffield is an old oak; Birmingham is a mushroom. 1864Burton Scot Abr. I. ii. 96 The Stewarts..were mere mushrooms beside the descendants of the Guelphs.
†b. A contemptible person. Obs.
1594? Greene Selimus Wks. (Grosart) XIV. 282 Summon a parley sirs, that we may know Whether these Mushroms here will yeeld or no. 1676D'Urfey Mad. Fickle ii. i, Come Ladies, I'le be your Gaurdian; Let these Musrumes stand if they dare. 1680D. Granville in Life (1902) 224, I will make a filthy bustle before I dye among the Clergy of the nation, as contemptible a mushrump and silly ignoramus as some do make me. 1769Public Advertiser 4 Oct. 2/2 A gouty Mushroom of an Earl from the West.
†c. An excrescence. Obs. rare.
1648Prynne Plea for Lords 2 They are..the Exorbitances and Mushromes of Prerogative, the Wenns of just Government.
†d. A spontaneous growth. Obs.
1670C. Gataker in Gataker's Antid. Errour Ep. Ded. A ij b, Who endeavour to forget that they are Gods offspring, and would fain be taken for the Mushrooms of Chance.
3. transf. Something shaped like a mushroom.
†a. In ornamental waterworks (see quot.). Obs.
1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 214 Mushrooms are a sort of inverted Bowl-dishes, cut with Scales on the upper Part, over which the Water falls into the Bason below.
b. = mushroom anchor (see 6 c).
1890Nature 10 Apr. 539 A temporary light-vessel is substituted,..but probably before her mushroom bites the ground it has dragged somewhat.
c. Archit. A reinforced concrete pillar that broadens out towards the top, with the reinforcing rods passing upwards and outwards into a reinforced concrete slab forming part of the floor above, which is thereby supported by the pillars without the use of beams. Freq. attrib.
1907Western Architect May 51/1 The essential feature of this new construction is the formation of a so-called mushroom at the top of each column, by extending its reinforcing rods, laterally, some four feet or more out into the slab in a radial direction and supporting on these, ring rods, which, in turn, carry the lighter reinforcement for the slab construction. 1927T. P. Bennett Archit. Design in Concrete 14 A scheme similar in principle has been employed in a number of factory buildings, and has acquired the name of ‘Mushroom’ construction. 1936Archit. Rev. LXXX. 113/1 (caption) These conditions have been met by an adaptation of the ‘mushroom’ floor slab type of construction. Each floor consists of a reinforced concrete slab, 10 ins. thick, supported on external wall columns, spaced 21 ft. centre to centre, and two internal columns with mushroom caps. 1941S. Giedion Space, Time & Archit. vi. 374 The American engineer C. A. P. Turner had been experimenting with the mushroom system a year before Maillart, but the Swiss engineer had employed slabs as basic elements in bridges since the beginning of the century. 1963tr. Hatje's Encycl. Mod. Archit. 182/2 His [sc. Robert Maillart's] most important invention in the field of high structures was made in 1908 with mushroom slab construction, which he used for the first time on a large scale in 1910. 1969W. R. Dalzell Architecture 41 (caption) Reinforced concrete mushrooms support slab constructions.
d. A cloud (of smoke, fire, etc.) that spreads upwards and outwards.
1916J. Buchan Greenmantle xxi. 291 There was the dull shock of an explosion and a mushroom of red earth. 1924A. J. Small Frozen Gold iv. 110 A sudden, abrupt mushroom of smoke spread out above the building on the uprush of air. 1945N.Y. Times 26 Sept. 16/6 At first it was a giant column that soon took the shape of a supramundane mushroom. 1952G. Wilson Julien Ware xvi. 129 He..pulled energetically at the stem until a mushroom of smoke hung above his head. 1954Amer. Speech xxix. 275 Mushroom, a fire which, reaching a ceiling and finding no outlet, starts to spread out and burn downward.
e. A mushroom-shaped implement used in darning.
1931‘R. Crompton’ William's Crowded Hours viii. 172 The cavity through which both her fist and the darning ‘mushroom’ slipped so unavailingly. 1931R. H. Heaton Perfect Hostess 95 Little comforts for the work-basket... Ribbon threader. Mushroom for darning. 1969E. H. Pinto Treen vii. 134 Cabbage pressers..are larger versions of ‘mushroom’ darners, usually with the button end about 5 in. in diameter.
4. a. slang. An umbrella.
1856[see mush n.2 1]. 1871‘M. Legrand’ Cambr. Freshm. 87 Mr. Pokyr said he would take care of my umbrella—‘mushroom’ was the term he used.
b. colloq. A low-crowned circular hat, esp. a lady's straw hat with down-curving brim.
1865Hotten's Slang Dict., Mushroom, an inelegant round hat worn by demure ladies. 1896G. M. Stisted Capt. Sir R. F. Burton xi. 265 Many a pretty face..surmounted by the ‘mushroom’ or ‘pork-pie’. 1898Westm. Gaz. 21 Apr. 3/2 The mushroom..is a quite round straw with a low crown. 1902Ibid. 31 May 2/1 Mimi's costume consisted of a short holland overall and a brown straw mushroom.
5. = mushroom-colour (see 6 c).
1884West. Daily Press 25 Apr. 7/6 The fanciful shade of mushroom. 1903Westm. Gaz. 10 Sept. 4/2 A shade called mushroom..a fascinating sober and unusual tone.
6. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib., as mushroom-juice, mushroom-ketchup (mushroom-catchup), mushroom lip, mushroom minaret, mushroom omelette, mushroom pickle, mushroom-sauce, mushroom sculpture; parasynthetic and similative mushroom-coloured, mushroom-like, mushroom-shaped adjs.
1748*Mushroom juice [see ketchup].
1808Mrs. Rundell Dom. Cookery (1824) 168 *Mushroom Ketchup. 1839T. C. Hofland Brit. Angler's Man. viii. (1841) 147 Mushroom catchup.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Heath-moss, The brown *mushroom-like Coralloides.
1962D. Harden Phoenicians xi. 150 In tombs at Carthage jugs with *mushroom or trefoil lips abounded.
1930R. Campbell Adamastor 50 Their *mushroom minarets and toadstool towers.
1892Encycl. Pract. Cookery I. xiii. 961/2 *Mushroom omelet—Either fresh or canned mushrooms may be used for this. 1954G. M. Lapolla Mushroom Cooking 78 Mushroom omelette. One way of using mushroom stems. 1972P. D. James Unsuitable Job iv. 137 She made herself a mushroom omelette.
1747H. Glasse Art of Cookery ii. 35 Add a Spoonful of *Mushroom Pickle, pickled Mushrooms, or fresh, if you have them. 1911W. Owen Let. 25 Sept. (1967) 85 In the kitchen making mushroom pickle.
1747H. Glasse Art of Cookery ii. 35 To make *Mushroom-Sauce for White Fowls of all Sorts. 1771E. Haywood New Present 46 Mushroom Sauce. 1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery 118 White Mushroom Sauce.
1970Washington Post 30 Sept. B 1/5 This holy *mushroom sculpture of gray volcanic stone is part of the pre-Columbian art exhibit.
1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 39/2 The principal organ of motion in the pulmograda is the large..*mushroom-shaped disc.
b. attrib. quasi-adj. with the sense: Resembling a mushroom in rapidity of development or growth or in brief duration of existence; upstart; ephemeral.
1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. i. ii, These mushrompe gentlemen, That shoot vp in a night to place and worship. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. vi. §293 This was the end of that mushrump-army, which grew up and perished so soon that [etc.]. 1703Savage Lett. Antients lxviii. 207 A Mushrome Love sprung from a transitory View. 1707E. Filmer Defence Plays 130 A new, upstart, Mushroom Sect, sprung from their own filthy Dunghill. 1818–60Whately Comm.-pl. Bk. (1864) 145 He outlived his own mushroom-reputation. 1887Westm. Rev. June 269 Radical millionaires, and mushroom aristocrats.
c. Special combinations: mushroom anchor, a mooring anchor having a saucer-shaped head upon a central shaft; mushroom-bed, a bed of horse-dung and fine earth specially prepared for mushroom growing; mushroom city, = mushroom town (below); mushroom cloud, the cloud of smoke that forms above the site of a nuclear explosion, with the characteristic shape of a tall pillar with a broad, flattish top; also fig.; (cf. sense 3 d); mushroom colour, a pale pinkish colour resembling that of a mushroom; so mushroom-coloured a.; † mushroom-coral = fungite; mushroom earth, earth containing mushroom spawn; mushroom-faker slang, an itinerant umbrella-mender; mushroom-flap obs., the cap of a common mushroom when fully opened; † mushroom gall (see quot.); mushroom-grown a., sprung up spontaneously like mushrooms; mushroom growth, rapid growth like that of a mushroom; mushroom hall dial., a house or hut erected by stealth (see quot.); mushroom hat = sense 4 b; mushroom head, (a) a kind of ‘head’ for a church bell; (b) the nose-plate on the inner part of the breech-plug of a breech-loading cannon (Cent. Dict. 1890); mushroom-headed a. (see quot.); mushroom house, a house specially constructed for growing mushrooms; mushroom loaf (see loaf n.1 2 d); mushroom-man (see quot.); mushroom powder, dried mushrooms powdered to serve as a flavouring; mushroom-ring = fairy-ring; mushroom spawn, the vegetative mycelium of mushrooms, usually embedded in an earthy matrix; mushroom-stone = fungite; mushroom sugar, mannite derived from fungi; mushroom town, a town that has sprung up rapidly; mushroom valve, a lift valve whose moving element somewhat resembles a mushroom in shape.
1845Encycl. Metrop. XIV. 548/1 An anchor of a very peculiar kind is employed to secure the vessels..; it is technically called the *mushroom anchor.
1763Mills Syst. Pract. Husb. IV. 186 The spawn of mushrooms may be procured at almost any time, by those who have not already had *mushroom-beds in their gardens.
1860H. Greeley Overland Journey 140 A rush of three or four hundred, mainly men of broken fortunes from the dead *mushroom ‘cities’ of Nebraska and Kansas. 1948P. Johnston Gold Rush 42/1 By April 1850, Downieville had become a mushroom city of large proportions with a population of about 5000.
1958Spectator 17 Jan. 63/1 If Europe is not to go up in a *mushroom cloud we must find an area of agreement with the Soviet Union. 1964M. Gowing Britain & Atomic Energy ix. 267 Dr Penney was one of the scientific observers who saw the mushroom cloud rise from the ruins of Nagasaki. 1965Spectator 5 Feb. 167/1 Hatred grows to mushroom-cloud proportions.
1900Westm. Gaz. 16 Aug. 3/1 It is as near as you can get to it unless you say *mushroom-colour.
1904Daily Chron. 13 Feb. 8/5 A..skirt of delicate *mushroom-coloured face cloth.
1681Grew Musæum iii. i. iii. 280 *Mushroom-Coral. Fungites. So called from a little likeness it hath to a Toad-Stool.
1731Miller Gard. Dict. s.v. Mushrooms, You should put in some of the Knobs of *Mushroom Earth, about six Inches asunder.
1839H. Brandon Poverty, Mendicity & Crime 164/1 *Mushroom fakers, itinerant umbrella makers and repairers. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 127/2 The mushroom-fakers will repair any umbrella on the owner's premises.
1747H. Glasse Art of Cookery xi. 121 Two Quarts of the large *Mushroom Flaps rubbed to Pieces. 1861Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. 226 Choose full-grown mushroom-flaps, and take care they are perfectly fresh-gathered.
1753Chambers Cycl. Suppl., *Mushroom Galls..a name given by authors to a small species of galls very common on the leaves of the oak in September and October.
1827G. Higgins Celtic Druids 86, I have no experience of *mushroom-grown men.
1911E. Wallace Sanders of River viii. 108 These secret societies he knew well enough... He knew their *mushroom growth; how they rose from nothingness with rituals and practices ready-made. 1931Economist 2 May 944/2 Thus has terminated the career of a bank which enjoyed a mushroom growth immediately after the war.
1872R. Heath Eng. Peasant (1893) 145 It was a notion held among the peasantry in olden times, that he who could in one night erect a ‘*Mushroom Hall’..without hindrance from the officials of the manor, had obtained a copyhold right to the land.
1879C. M. Yonge Magnum Bonum I. xi. 206 She looked up under her brown *mushroom hat. 1888― Beechcroft at Rockstone iv. 73 A..lady in a mushroom hat. 1897Westm. Gaz. 17 June 3/2, ‘The mushroom hat’, the peculiar genius of which shape dwells in that coy droop of the brim. 1912[see ablow adv. or pred. a.]. 1963Guardian 29 Jan. 7/7 Dots..come on giant mushroom hats.
1872Ellacombe Bells of Ch. in Ch. Bells Devon viii. 393 The bell being turned a quarter round by the button or *mushroom head by which it is hung. 1899Westm. Gaz. 30 Nov. 4/2 Over this is placed a block of steel called the mushroom head.
1839Lindley Introd. Bot. iii. (ed. 3) 454 *Mushroom-headed; cylindrical, having a rounded, convex, overhanging extremity. 1875Pitt-Rivers in Proc. R. Inst. Gt. Brit. VII. 514 We see [in the plate] the mushroom-headed waddy, with its projecting ridge flattened, then [in a later stage of development] curved.
1817Neill in Edin. Encycl. XI. 238/2 A *mushroom-house, constructed on Oldacre's plan.
1892Labour Commission Gloss., *Mushroom-men, men, having very little or no capital, who hire looms and start to compete in the cotton industry, on the principle that they have all to gain and nothing to lose.
1747H. Glasse Cookery xi. 122 To make *Mushroom Powder.
1807Wollaston in Phil. Trans. XCVII. 138, I cut a groove..along the diameter of a *mushroom-ring.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Mushroom, Into this [trench]..should be put in the knobs of *Mushroom spawn. 1850Pereira Elem. Mat. Med. & Therap. (ed. 3) II. i. 952 Mushroom spawn is the name given by gardeners to the white branching cottony fibres (mycelia) which form the so-called root of the mushroom. 1668Charleton Onomasticon 267 Fungites..Mushrum-stone.
1840Pereira Elem. Mat. Med. ii. 572 *Mushroom sugar has been found identical with mannite.
1819R. L. Mason Diary 9 Dec. in Narr. in Pioneer West (1915) 66 Those *mushroom towns in a short time will produce their own death. 1938H. Asbury Sucker's Prog. 310 The invasion reached its peak with..the building of the trans-continental railroads which the gamblers followed step by step, carrying on their thieving business in every mushroom town that sprang up along the route. 1957Economist 12 Oct. 105/2 These peasants turned workers..are the most interesting feature of the whole Polish social landscape. The mushroom town..displays the problem in a nutshell.
1877Design & Work 7 July 114/3 Exhaust valve, consisting of ordinary *mushroom valve. 1924S. G. Wheeler Marine Engin. I. vii. 102 Occasionally steam engines are controlled by ‘mushroom’ valves like internal combustion engines. 1966J. A. Dolan Motor Vehicle Technol. I. ix. 91 The valves used in motor vehicle engines are called poppet or mushroom valves.
▪ II. mushroom, v.|ˈmʌʃruːm|
[f. mushroom n.]
1. trans. To elevate (a person) in social position with great suddenness. nonce-use.
1747Richardson Clarissa (1749) I. xl. 270 None but the prosperous upstart mushroom'd into rank (another of his peculiars) was arrogantly proud of it.
2. a. intr. Of rifle-bullets: To expand and flatten. Occas. with out. b. trans. To cause (a bullet) to ‘mushroom’.
1893F. C. Selous Trav. S.E. Africa 431 Such a bullet will mushroom on striking an animal. 1896Westm. Gaz. 16 Dec. 6/3 The bullet was either mushroomed or the nickel shell and lead had parted company. 1900Brit. Med. Jrnl. No. 2054. 1158 The result is that the lead mushrooms out.
3. intr. To gather mushrooms. Chiefly in pr. pple. or gerund.
1894Westm. Gaz. 2 Jan. 7/2 While walking across a field mushrooming. 1901Essex Weekly News 25 Oct. 3/3 He had been ‘mushrooming’.
4. intr. To rise like a mushroom; to expand or increase rapidly; also const. up, out. Freq. fig.
1903Sun (N.Y.) 2 Nov. 3 The flames had gone up the stairs to the very top of the house, and had then ‘mushroomed’ out, as the firemen say. 1911Ithaca Jrnl. 10 Aug., The flames mushroomed from the shaft on all floors above. 1937D. L. Sayers Busman's Honeymoon v. 97 The loosened soot of centuries came plunging in a mad cascade down the chimney; it met the floor with a soft and deadly violence and mushroomed up in a Stygian cloud. 1947J. C. Rich Materials & Methods of Sculpture ix. 249 If the end [of the chisel] receiving the impact of the carving hammer is too soft, it will quickly ‘mushroom’. Ibid. ix. 261 The untempered ends of working chisels will frequently begin to mushroom..after repeated hammer blows. 1959Daily Tel. 1 Dec. 11/8 A private Bill, promoted by the L.C.C.; it is intended to secure greater control of clubs which have ‘mushroomed’ into existence in recent years. 1962Listener 9 Aug. 223/2 His characters are huge, they mushroom out one after the other and yet the plays aren't shapeless. 1972Language XLVIII. 429 The number of publishing companies, both in Europe and North America, which have prepared new editions of primary sources [in linguistics] has mushroomed. |