| 释义 |
▪ I. mutate, a. and n.|ˈmjuːteɪt|
[ad. L. mūtāt-us, pa. pple. of mūtāre to change.]
A. adj. Bot. Changed. rare—0.
1840in Paxton Bot. Dict.
B. n.
1. Gram. A form having a mutated vowel.
1875–6H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 558 Several of the words given above may also be mutates, such as ded, sed, gredig.
2. Chess. (See quot. 1970.)
1922Hume & White Good Companion Two-Mover 297 We shall see that the term changed mate block (or ‘mutate’, as Brian Harley has suggested) is often indefinite in that it may include or exclude added mate features according to the individuality of separate problems. 1924Feast & White Simple Two-Move Themes 62 The changed-mate waiters, or Mutates,..classify more readily. Ibid. 66 Every type of mating strategy discussed in Part III may theoretically be treated in Mutate form. 1931B. Harley Mate in Two Moves ii. 20 We now come to the last of the big groups into which the two-mover can be divided: the Complete Block both before and after the Key, which changes one or more mates: that is, the Complete Block-Change, or, as I have christened it for short, the Mutate. 1959B. J. Horton Dict. Mod. Chess 85/1 He [sc. Brian Harley] did much to popularize the ‘mutate’ in his regular chess columns. 1962K. S. Howard Amer. Two-Move Chess Problem 11 More than any other type of problem, the attractiveness of a mutate is dependent on the excellence of its construction. Ibid. 12 Wurzburg in No. 133 utilizes a mutate setting to show a charming illustration of a Bristol withdrawal key. 1970J. M. Rice ABC of Chess Problems 182 Mutate is the term given to a complete-block problem in which White, with no mere waiting-move at his disposal, is forced to abandon one or more of his set mates and introduce new replies to Black's defences.
▪ II. mutate, v.|mjuːˈteɪt|
[f. L. mūtāt-, ppl. stem of mūtāre (:—older *moitāre, f. root *moi- to change, whence mean a.1): see -ate.]
1. a. intr. To undergo change, be transmuted. Now only Gram. to undergo mutation. b. trans. (Gram.) To cause mutation of (a sound).
1818J. Brown Psyche 53 Since men of rank, when they mutate From one into another state, Assume the nature most allied To that which they must throw aside.
2. Biol.
a. intr. To undergo mutation.
1913Amer. Naturalist XLVII. 12 A mutation need not be a loss, and..a recessive may revert in the sense that it may mutate. Ibid. 68 There is in Œnothera lamarckiana a tendency to mutate in certain definite directions generation after generation. 1926[see mutating ppl. a.]. 1951E. Hamilton Star Kings xix. 145 They're creatures of this crazy planet... I think they were human once—human colonists who mutated under radioactive influence. 1972Sci. Amer. Apr. 65/2 We have no reason to think the gene for cytochrome c mutates more slowly than the gene for hemoglobin. 1974Nature 1 Feb. 261/1 The evolution of enzymes in bacteria is studied by introducing novel substrates and selecting strains that have mutated to be able to use these substrates.
b. trans. To cause (genetic material) to undergo mutation.
1961Jrnl. Molecular Biol. III. 142 There are many genetic sites which can be mutated by HA. 1972Nature 14 Apr. 326/1 Clearly, in at least some phage genes certain segments of DNA are more readily mutated than others.
Hence muˈtated ppl. a., having undergone mutation; muˈtating ppl. a., undergoing mutation.
1875–6H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 549 It is extremely probable that all subjunctives originally had mutated vowels. 1903Amer. Naturalist XXXVII. 739 This particular factor in distinguishing between fluctuating and mutating variability therefore becomes a safe one, when it is modified to make mutating variability include only newly acquired and transmissible qualities. 1913Ibid. XLVII. 71 Such study should be continued for many years, breeding..from some highly mutating stock. 1919T. H. Morgan Physical Basis Heredity xx. 248 When these are recessive it is probable..that the actual mutation occurred several generations before the mutated genes came together to produce the mutant character. 1926Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XII. 687 The first frequently mutating character observed in Drosophila virilis was the body ‘reddish’, which was found to mutate frequently to wild type. 1945Genetics XXX. 497 From outcrossing flies of the mutating cultures to those of normal cultures (Reed⁓sport) the results..in table 2 were obtained. 1964Jrnl. Molecular Biol. IX. 352 (heading) Identification of the altered bases in mutated single-stranded dna. 1967Biol. Abstr. XLVIII. 3217/1 (heading) Notes on mutant forms among Philippine plants. IV. A case of a ‘recurrently mutating’ banana. 1973Guardian 18 May 18/1 There are reports of mutated fish in the lagoon and radiation sickness from eating the fish. |